The Protestant Reformation. Prologue The Printing Press: developed in the 1440 s by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany
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1 The Protestant Reformation Prologue The Printing Press: developed in the 1440 s by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany
2 The Protestant Reformation Prologue The Printing Press: developed in the 1440 s by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany - used single-letter moveable type - allowed for cheaper, faster production
3 The Protestant Reformation Prologue The Printing Press: developed in the 1440 s by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany - used single-letter moveable type - allowed for cheaper, faster production - fast spread of knowledge & ideas encouraged free expression & exchange of ideas
4 The Protestant Reformation Prologue The Printing Press: developed in the 1440 s by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany - used single-letter moveable type - allowed for cheaper, faster production - fast spread of knowledge & ideas encouraged free expression & exchange of ideas
5 The Protestant Reformation Prologue The Printing Press: developed in the 1440 s by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany - used single-letter moveable type - allowed for cheaper, faster production - fast spread of knowledge & ideas encouraged free expression & exchange of ideas Christian Humanism - northern European movement that incorporated Christian piety through education & self-discipline
6 The Protestant Reformation Prologue The Printing Press: developed in the 1440 s by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany - used single-letter moveable type - allowed for cheaper, faster production - fast spread of knowledge & ideas encouraged free expression & exchange of ideas Christian Humanism - northern European movement that incorporated Christian piety through education & self-discipline - they resented the Church s favoritism toward the nobility
7 The Protestant Reformation Prologue The Printing Press: developed in the 1440 s by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany - used single-letter moveable type - allowed for cheaper, faster production - fast spread of knowledge & ideas encouraged free expression & exchange of ideas Christian Humanism - northern European movement that incorporated Christian piety through education & self-discipline - they resented the Church s favoritism toward the nobility - supported & funded by merchants & scholars, those literate enough to challenge the Church s corruption - sought reform & return to piety, not revolt
8 The Protestant Reformation Prologue The Printing Press: developed in the 1440 s by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany - used single-letter moveable type - allowed for cheaper, faster production - fast spread of knowledge & ideas encouraged free expression & exchange of ideas Christian Humanism - northern European movement that incorporated Christian piety through education & self-discipline - they resented the Church s favoritism toward the nobility - supported & funded by merchants & scholars, those literate enough to challenge the Church s corruption - sought reform & return to piety, not revolt Erasmus ( ) - Dutch scholar & cleric - most famous Christian Humanist
9 The Protestant Reformation Prologue The Printing Press: developed in the 1440 s by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany - used single-letter moveable type - allowed for cheaper, faster production - fast spread of knowledge & ideas encouraged free expression & exchange of ideas Christian Humanism - northern European movement that incorporated Christian piety through education & self-discipline - they resented the Church s favoritism toward the nobility - supported & funded by merchants & scholars, those literate enough to challenge the Church s corruption - sought reform & return to piety, not revolt Erasmus ( ) - Dutch scholar & cleric - most famous Christian Humanist - a councillor to kings and popes - his works spread rapidly due to printing press
10 The Protestant Reformation Prologue The Printing Press: developed in the 1440 s by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany - used single-letter moveable type - allowed for cheaper, faster production - fast spread of knowledge & ideas encouraged free expression & exchange of ideas Christian Humanism - northern European movement that incorporated Christian piety through education & self-discipline - they resented the Church s favoritism toward the nobility - supported & funded by merchants & scholars, those literate enough to challenge the Church s corruption - sought reform & return to piety, not revolt Erasmus ( ) - Dutch scholar & cleric - most famous Christian Humanist - a councillor to kings and popes - his works spread rapidly due to printing press - stressed that education was the only hope for a unified, peaceful Christian Europe
11 The Protestant Reformation Prologue The Printing Press: developed in the 1440 s by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany - used single-letter moveable type - allowed for cheaper, faster production - fast spread of knowledge & ideas encouraged free expression & exchange of ideas Christian Humanism - northern European movement that incorporated Christian piety through education & self-discipline - they resented the Church s favoritism toward the nobility - supported & funded by merchants & scholars, those literate enough to challenge the Church s corruption - sought reform & return to piety, not revolt Erasmus ( ) - Dutch scholar & cleric - most famous Christian Humanist - a councillor to kings and popes - his works spread rapidly due to printing press - stressed that education was the only hope for a unified, peaceful Christian Europe - Handbook of the Christian Militant - in it, Erasmus pleaded for a simple religion devoid of greed & power
12 The Protestant Reformation Prologue The Printing Press: developed in the 1440 s by Johannes Gutenberg in Germany - used single-letter moveable type - allowed for cheaper, faster production - fast spread of knowledge & ideas encouraged free expression & exchange of ideas Christian Humanism - northern European movement that incorporated Christian piety through education & self-discipline - they resented the Church s favoritism toward the nobility - supported & funded by merchants & scholars, those literate enough to challenge the Church s corruption - sought reform & return to piety, not revolt Erasmus ( ) - Dutch scholar & cleric - most famous Christian Humanist - a councillor to kings and popes - his works spread rapidly due to printing press - stressed that education was the only hope for a unified, peaceful Christian Europe - Handbook of the Christian Militant - in it, Erasmus pleaded for a simple religion devoid of greed & power -Praise of Folly - he attacked the Church s pomposity, greed, lust for power
13 Thomas More - English scholar and Christian Humanist, friend of Erasmus Thomas More Desiderius Erasmus
14 Thomas More - English scholar and Christian Humanist, friend of Erasmus - lord chancellor of England - Henry VIII s chief political officer Thomas More Desiderius Erasmus
15 Thomas More - English scholar and Christian Humanist, friend of Erasmus - lord chancellor of England - Henry VIII s chief political officer - Author of Utopia (1516) - detailed an imaginary land of public schools, no private property, communal kitchens & hospitals, dedicated to pursuit of knowledge & natural religion Thomas More Desiderius Erasmus
16 Thomas More - English scholar and Christian Humanist, friend of Erasmus - lord chancellor of England - Henry VIII s chief political officer - Author of Utopia (1516) - detailed an imaginary land of public schools, no private property, communal kitchens & hospitals, dedicated to pursuit of knowledge & natural religion - executed for protest of Henry VIII s split w/ the Church over a divorce Thomas More Desiderius Erasmus
17 Albrecht Durer s 1513 engraving, an illustration for Erasmus s Handbook of the Christian Militant
18 THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION 3 Factors contributed to religious upheaval:
19 THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION 3 Factors contributed to religious upheaval: 1. The poor - saw Church as wealthy, oppressive ruling class
20 THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION 3 Factors contributed to religious upheaval: 1. The poor - saw Church as wealthy, oppressive ruling class 2. Middle classes - wanted same autonomy in Religion as they had in economics and politics
21 THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION 3 Factors contributed to religious upheaval: 1. The poor - saw Church as wealthy, oppressive ruling class 2. Middle classes - wanted same autonomy in Religion as they had in economics and politics 3. Kings & princes - fought Church over taxes, territories
22 THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION 3 Factors contributed to religious upheaval: 1. The poor - saw Church as wealthy, oppressive ruling class 2. Middle classes - wanted same autonomy in Religion as they had in economics and politics 3. Kings & princes - fought Church over taxes, territories Reformation = Revolution -Goal was change, not reform - Church itself was wrong in principle
23 Martin Luther and the Holy Roman Empire
24 Martin Luther and the Holy Roman Empire - ( ) An Augustinian monk who felt that he still was not on track for salvation
25 Martin Luther and the Holy Roman Empire - ( ) An Augustinian monk who felt that he still was not on track for salvation - He felt that ONLY FAITH could save you - good deeds had nothing to do with it - you could not buy your way in to heaven by your actions or w/ $$
26 Martin Luther and the Holy Roman Empire - ( ) An Augustinian monk who felt that he still was not on track for salvation - He felt that ONLY FAITH could save you - good deeds had nothing to do with it - you could not buy your way in to heaven by your actions or w/ $$ - He believed faith was a gift given by God alone
27 Martin Luther and the Holy Roman Empire - ( ) An Augustinian monk who felt that he still was not on track for salvation - He felt that ONLY FAITH could save you - good deeds had nothing to do with it - you could not buy your way in to heaven by your actions or w/ $$ - He believed faith was a gift given by God alone - Indulgences - Luther rejected the Church s practice of selling forgiveness for the living & deceased. He also rejected the sacrament of Penance, where a priest hears & forgives sins
28 Martin Luther and the Holy Roman Empire - ( ) An Augustinian monk who felt that he still was not on track for salvation - He felt that ONLY FAITH could save you - good deeds had nothing to do with it - you could not buy your way in to heaven by your actions or w/ $$ - He believed faith was a gift given by God alone - Indulgences - Luther rejected the Church s practice of selling forgiveness for the living & deceased. He also rejected the sacrament of Penance, where a priest hears & forgives sins 95 Theses - in 1517, Luther nailed his complaints on a church door - they were quickly printed & circulated throughout the Holy Roman Empire
29 Martin Luther and the Holy Roman Empire - ( ) An Augustinian monk who felt that he still was not on track for salvation - He felt that ONLY FAITH could save you - good deeds had nothing to do with it - you could not buy your way in to heaven by your actions or w/ $$ - He believed faith was a gift given by God alone - Indulgences - Luther rejected the Church s practice of selling forgiveness for the living & deceased. He also rejected the sacrament of Penance, where a priest hears & forgives sins 95 Theses - in 1517, Luther nailed his complaints on a church door - they were quickly printed & circulated throughout the Holy Roman Empire
30 Martin Luther and the Holy Roman Empire - ( ) An Augustinian monk who felt that he still was not on track for salvation - He felt that ONLY FAITH could save you - good deeds had nothing to do with it - you could not buy your way in to heaven by your actions or w/ $$ - He believed faith was a gift given by God alone - Indulgences - Luther rejected the Church s practice of selling forgiveness for the living & deceased. He also rejected the sacrament of Penance, where a priest hears & forgives sins 95 Theses - in 1517, Luther nailed his complaints on a church door - they were quickly printed & circulated throughout the Holy Roman Empire - He was supported by young Christian Humanists called Evangelicals- they represented social groups most likely to challenge the Church -merchants, artisans, educated lay people - they attacked Church corruption & called for reform, at first.
31 Luther Cont d
32 Luther Cont d - He believed that only the Bible contained the teachings necessary for salvation - you did not need the Pope/clergy s interpretations to help save your soul
33 Luther Cont d - He believed that only the Bible contained the teachings necessary for salvation - you did not need the Pope/clergy s interpretations to help save your soul - He supported the German nobility & called on them to support him against the Church - many nobles supported him as a way to resist the centralizing power of the HRE
34 Luther Cont d - He believed that only the Bible contained the teachings necessary for salvation - you did not need the Pope/clergy s interpretations to help save your soul - He supported the German nobility & called on them to support him against the Church - many nobles supported him as a way to resist the centralizing power of the HRE - illiterate lower class also backed him - shared his apocalyptic, end-of-days view
35 Luther Cont d - He believed that only the Bible contained the teachings necessary for salvation - you did not need the Pope/clergy s interpretations to help save your soul - He supported the German nobility & called on them to support him against the Church - many nobles supported him as a way to resist the centralizing power of the HRE - illiterate lower class also backed him - shared his apocalyptic, end-of-days view John Tetzel - a friar authorized by the Church to sell indulgences - he was a focal point of Luther s anger
36 Luther Cont d - He believed that only the Bible contained the teachings necessary for salvation - you did not need the Pope/clergy s interpretations to help save your soul - He supported the German nobility & called on them to support him against the Church - many nobles supported him as a way to resist the centralizing power of the HRE - illiterate lower class also backed him - shared his apocalyptic, end-of-days view John Tetzel - a friar authorized by the Church to sell indulgences - he was a focal point of Luther s anger
37
38 - Social, nationalist, religious protests fused w/ lower class resentment of the wealthy Church - reflected the Czech revolt that emerged w/ Jan Hus protest against the Church
39 - Social, nationalist, religious protests fused w/ lower class resentment of the wealthy Church - reflected the Czech revolt that emerged w/ Jan Hus protest against the Church - Diet of Worms, meeting called by HRE Charles V to address Luther s issues
40 - Social, nationalist, religious protests fused w/ lower class resentment of the wealthy Church - reflected the Czech revolt that emerged w/ Jan Hus protest against the Church - Diet of Worms, meeting called by HRE Charles V to address Luther s issues - Here I stand... - Luther professed his desire not to reform the Church, but to reject the Catholic hierarchy entirely - he was excommunicated as a result and became an outlaw in the HRE - avoided Hus s fate due to the protection of a German noble Frederick the Wise, elector of Saxony
41 - Social, nationalist, religious protests fused w/ lower class resentment of the wealthy Church - reflected the Czech revolt that emerged w/ Jan Hus protest against the Church - Diet of Worms, meeting called by HRE Charles V to address Luther s issues - Here I stand... - Luther professed his desire not to reform the Church, but to reject the Catholic hierarchy entirely - he was excommunicated as a result and became an outlaw in the HRE - avoided Hus s fate due to the protection of a German noble Frederick the Wise, elector of Saxony
42 Huldrych Zwingli & John Calvin Huldyrch Zwingli
43 Huldrych Zwingli & John Calvin -Huldrych Zwingli ( ) - Swiss preacher from Zurich who attacked Church corruption & other Church dogma Huldyrch Zwingli
44 Huldrych Zwingli & John Calvin -Huldrych Zwingli ( ) - Swiss preacher from Zurich who attacked Church corruption & other Church dogma - differed with Luther on concept of Transubstantiation- idea that Christ is literally present in the bread (Eurcharist) and wine - that it is miraculously transformed through the mass into the actual body and blood of Christ: Huldyrch Zwingli
45 Huldrych Zwingli & John Calvin -Huldrych Zwingli ( ) - Swiss preacher from Zurich who attacked Church corruption & other Church dogma - differed with Luther on concept of Transubstantiation- idea that Christ is literally present in the bread (Eurcharist) and wine - that it is miraculously transformed through the mass into the actual body and blood of Christ: - Luther believed it, Zwingli believed the bread & wine were SYMBOLS of Christ s union w/ believers Huldyrch Zwingli
46 Huldrych Zwingli & John Calvin -Huldrych Zwingli ( ) - Swiss preacher from Zurich who attacked Church corruption & other Church dogma - differed with Luther on concept of Transubstantiation- idea that Christ is literally present in the bread (Eurcharist) and wine - that it is miraculously transformed through the mass into the actual body and blood of Christ: - Luther believed it, Zwingli believed the bread & wine were SYMBOLS of Christ s union w/ believers - attempts to reconcile their opposing views failed - other rifts formed that split the Reform movement into several different sects Huldyrch Zwingli
47 Huldrych Zwingli & John Calvin -Huldrych Zwingli ( ) - Swiss preacher from Zurich who attacked Church corruption & other Church dogma - differed with Luther on concept of Transubstantiation- idea that Christ is literally present in the bread (Eurcharist) and wine - that it is miraculously transformed through the mass into the actual body and blood of Christ: - Luther believed it, Zwingli believed the bread & wine were SYMBOLS of Christ s union w/ believers - attempts to reconcile their opposing views failed - other rifts formed that split the Reform movement into several different sects Colloquy of Marburg - meeting of major reformers organized by German princes to settle doctrine disputes - it failed to unify Protestant reformers Huldyrch Zwingli
48 CALVINISM JOHN CALVIN - French clergyman, humanist, lawyer - a generation younger than Luther *Agreed with most Lutheran thought Institutes of the Christian Religion - his most famous work - denounced Church, professed his views
49 PREDESTINATION - your salvation/damnation is already known by an omniscient God. You cannot earn salvation.
50 PREDESTINATION - your salvation/damnation is already known by an omniscient God. You cannot earn salvation. LUTHER VS. CALVIN
51 PREDESTINATION - your salvation/damnation is already known by an omniscient God. You cannot earn salvation. LUTHER VS. CALVIN 1. Calvin more obsessed w/ predestination - believed very few were saved - piety was a sign that you were saved.
52 PREDESTINATION - your salvation/damnation is already known by an omniscient God. You cannot earn salvation. LUTHER VS. CALVIN 1. Calvin more obsessed w/ predestination - believed very few were saved - piety was a sign that you were saved. 2. Role of the state - Luther revered civil authority, Calvin rejected it outright.
53 PREDESTINATION - your salvation/damnation is already known by an omniscient God. You cannot earn salvation. LUTHER VS. CALVIN 1. Calvin more obsessed w/ predestination - believed very few were saved - piety was a sign that you were saved. 2. Role of the state - Luther revered civil authority, Calvin rejected it outright. 3. Lutheran & Anglicans had bishops, Calvinists did not
54 PREDESTINATION - your salvation/damnation is already known by an omniscient God. You cannot earn salvation. LUTHER VS. CALVIN 1. Calvin more obsessed w/ predestination - believed very few were saved - piety was a sign that you were saved. 2. Role of the state - Luther revered civil authority, Calvin rejected it outright. 3. Lutheran & Anglicans had bishops, Calvinists did not 4. Calvinists - militant, uncompromising - called Puritans in Britain and America
55 The Anglican Church in England
56 The Anglican Church in England HENRY VIII - Defender of the Faith
57 The Anglican Church in England HENRY VIII - Defender of the Faith - Wanted a male heir to ensure stable succession of the Tudor line
58 The Anglican Church in England HENRY VIII - Defender of the Faith - Wanted a male heir to ensure stable succession of the Tudor line - Wanted divorce from Catherine of Aragon, daughter of Ferd. & Isab. of Spain, to marry Anne Boleyn
59 The Anglican Church in England HENRY VIII - Defender of the Faith - Wanted a male heir to ensure stable succession of the Tudor line - Wanted divorce from Catherine of Aragon, daughter of Ferd. & Isab. of Spain, to marry Anne Boleyn -C of A s nephew was Charles V, HRE - Pope could not afford to offend him, refused annulment
60 The Anglican Church in England HENRY VIII - Defender of the Faith - Wanted a male heir to ensure stable succession of the Tudor line - Wanted divorce from Catherine of Aragon, daughter of Ferd. & Isab. of Spain, to marry Anne Boleyn -C of A s nephew was Charles V, HRE - Pope could not afford to offend him, refused annulment
61 The Anglican Church in England HENRY VIII - Defender of the Faith - Wanted a male heir to ensure stable succession of the Tudor line - Wanted divorce from Catherine of Aragon, daughter of Ferd. & Isab. of Spain, to marry Anne Boleyn -C of A s nephew was Charles V, HRE - Pope could not afford to offend him, refused annulment ACTS OF SUPREMACY - HVIII established the Anglican Church with himself as its spiritual head - still mainly Catholic in doctrine
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