Development of an English For Gospel Purposes Vocabulary List: the Latter-Day Saint Lexicon as a Second Language

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1 Brighm Young University BYU SholrsArhive All Theses n Disserttions 1995 Development of n English For Gospel Purposes Voulry List: the Ltter-Dy Sint Lexion s Seon Lnguge Jennifer H. Burrill Brighm Young University - Provo Fol this n itionl works t: Prt of the English Lnguge n Literture Commons, n the Mormon Stuies Commons BYU SholrsArhive Cittion Burrill, Jennifer H., "Development of n English For Gospel Purposes Voulry List: the Ltter-Dy Sint Lexion s Seon Lnguge" (1995). All Theses n Disserttions This Thesis is rought to you for free n open ess y BYU SholrsArhive. It hs een epte for inlusion in All Theses n Disserttions y n uthorize ministrtor of BYU SholrsArhive. For more informtion, plese ontt sholrsrhive@yu.eu.

2 p Q Q p 1 evelopment ENT OF AN ENGLISH FOR GOSPEL PURPOSES voulry LIST THE LATTERDAY DAY SAINT LEXICON AS A SECOND LANGUAGE A THESIS PRESENTED TO THE eprtment OF linguistis BRIGHAM YOUNG university IN PARTIAL fulfillment OF THE requirements FOR THE DEGREE MASTER OF ARTS BY JENNIFER H BURRILL AUGUST 1995

3 this thesis y jennifer H urrill is epte in its present form y the eprtment of linguistis of righm young university s stisfying the thesis requirement for the egree of mster of rts rh A esott mry leesott lee4tott Le ijio jio ommittee hir L mrk tnner ommittee kommittee tee memer r L Grhlh hl C ry grhm hia j 7j ommittee t memer 7 pgj L te m kn kn5 1 yi A yielvin mielvin eivin w w4 luth lut lut4 pryment 40r meht Y hir 11

4 knowlegments fter yer n four months of eing rrie on the shoulers of fmily friens professors n every other srifiing selfsrifiing soul who got in the thik of this msters thesis where on erth oes one egin n knowlegments pge I1 suppose on ones knees let me first however ow to those who serve n exhusting twohours s my sujets I1 woul e tless without you thnk you n hunrefol to my eprtment n the istne lerning projet espeilly to oorintors ellen unker n mrshll murry s well s other tem memers I1 shout my grtitue the osts of reserh whih were overe euse you re out wht I1 ws oing re osts whih woul hve prevente me from oing this stuy ltogether I1 hope I1 hve one work whih you re prou of n whih will enefit you A numer of iniviuls eserve plque engrve with their nme n irth te they re forever to go own in my history in no prtiulr orer they re kthryn hll euro rrillo ruio mihelle oxoro n nerly 40 memers of the provo sureno surefio gureno spnish wr for their time eition n muh too generous effort helping me to trnslte n evelop my reserh instruments lso to r mry lee sott r heryl rown r ry grhm r mrk tnner ine strong kruse n r grimshw n greg jones of the sttistis eprtment I1 ll own lessings from heven for the hours upon hours of rft reing sttistil onsulttion n other ssistne I1 reeive from you n then there re ll those others who of their own free will helpe me immesurly if only y keeping me sne my friens jen eeler stephnie jenson leslie gonzles hether frog sheel lur prie tny & tyler heryl white en erikson mike smith in svgelk rry miii

5 johnson sergio ysutoshi too koo fre liff mike nsh mtt hrris nre & tulio fernnez jorge perez & luz lewis perez li & jose luis pen pefi gerro lvro molin lui sujo & quique griel pol lui silvi ren euro ponho lejnro n ll my other gret stuentfriens from the english lnguge enter just too mny to nme n of ourse plo osr ivn noe rihie ln felipe vi popultion in provosl vi tti koki JJ n the rest of the ltin ProvoS LC who welome me into the ltin worl with wrm herts esitos egitos meringue instrution sernes serenes yummy foo n lots of gret prties lso in this tegory ut in fr more others s well is leo julio pz speil thnks to him for the rgentine musi his smile help with my qulittive nlysis n just for eing there hnging roun me liking me n ill tell you lter ut of ourse this meger note of grtitue woul not e omplete without the knowlegment of my inreile fmily grnmom Grn mom stegll & grn urrill thnks for keeping me wrm the sweters n helping me get roun the r mom how oul you stn gring ll of those tests 7 7 I1 literlly oulnt hve written this without you ti you know I1 hve no etter frien n no greter support thn you the yers will never l me to fin the wors to express how grteful I1 m to you ll I1 n only hope my tions will I1 love you guys with ll my hert n lst ut not lest there re two other fountions upon whih my reserh ws se without whih I1 oul not hve one nything most importntly my hevenly fther n jesus hrist for the tlents n lessings they enowe me with however uneserving ut not insignifint n I1 feel s if I1 must mention it lso y wy of thnks unto go is the gret gift of moem tehnology where on erth woul my nlyses n formtting e without omputers n the inreile softwre pkges of toy gris iv IV

6 evelopment OF AN ENGLISH FOR GOSPEL PURPOSES voulry LIST THE LATTERDAY DAY SAINT LEXICON AS A SECOND LANGUAGE TABLE OF CONTENTS 0 CHAPTER ONE introution 1 introution elimittions 1 6 CHAPTER TWO REVIEW literture OF LITERATU 8 SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY supportive voulry STUDIES isovering THE LDS LEXICON NATIVE ENGLISH SPEAKERS AND THE LDS LEXICON NONNATIVE NATIVE ENGLISH SPEAKERS AND THE LDS LEXICON 24 SUMMARY AND onlusions hypotheses CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH DESIGN 30 SUBJECTS pproprite CONTEXT INCLUSIVE SAMPLES PRIOR APPROVAL instruments THE voulry TEST PROCEDURE THE EGP ulturtion SURVEY THE emogrphi questionnire formsprts TEST FORMS SPARTS & preprtion PACKET rrngement ROOM TESTING questionniresurvey SURVEY ministrtion ANALYSES esriptive sttistis TEST VALIDITY iffiulty ITEM VARIABLE ssessment

7 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND isussion 51 esriptive sttistis OF SUBJECTS AND TEST SCORES esriptive sttistis OF IRT ANALYSES testvliity TEST VALIDITY 58 ITEM iffiulty VARIABLE ssessment onlusions SUMMARY implitions FOR TESL suggestions FOR FUTURE RESEARCH CHAPTER FIVE referenes 84 ppenies 89 A B TWO txonomies OF THE LDS LEXICON EXCERPTS TAKEN FROM DISTANCE LEARNING PROJECT orresponene C STAHLES 249wor WORD ENGLISH LDS voulry TEST 91 D E F G H MULTIPLE CHOICE ITEM preprtion guielines BACK trnsltion OF 134 ITEMS TEST FOR NATIVES il FORM X PARTS I1 AND II 11 FORM Y PARTS I1 AND 11 FORM Z PARTS I1 AND 11 II 100 loo 101 loi lol I1 FINAL ITEMS GLOSSED efinitions & UNIQUE NUMBER 126 J K L M N LINKED TEST ITEMS BY FORM & WITH UNIQUE NUMBER ENGLISH AND SPANISH questionnire FORM X PROCTOR instrutions SUBJECT instrutions IN ENGLISH AND SPANISH esriptive sttistis FOR TEST FACE VALIDITY O0 ENGLISH AND SPANISH IRT ITEM LOGITS P englishspnish LEVELS OF iffiulty Q lultions FOR 95 onfiene RANGE ENGLISH SPANISH 135 R SCATTER PLOT GRAPHS FOR ITEMS SCA I1 I1 R S T U V W ABSTRACT ENGLISH ABILITY LEVELS SPANISH ABILITY LEVELS multivrite ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE FOR IRT DATA ANOVA OF ENGLISH IRT DATA ANOVA OF SPANISH IRT DATA 156 igo VI vi

8 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE 1 FIGURE 2 GRAPHIC representtion OF RESEARCH DESIGN representtion OF COMPLETE VS MISSING VALUES IN A DATA SET OF 131 ITEMS FOUND ON THREE SEPARATE TESTS X Y Z LNKNG ITEMS GIVEN GWEN 15 LINKING I1 FIGURE 3 FIGURE 4 representtion OF ITEM RESPONSE THEORY IRTS reistriution OF THE 131 UNIQUE ITEMS ACCORDING TO THEIR RELATIVE iffiulty IN omprison TO LINKED ITEMS EXAMPLE OF SPANISH X ENGLISH ITEM LOGIT AND PLo RANGE PLOTTING TrING USING 2 X THE STANDARD ERROR SE FIGURE 5 SAMPLE OF PLOTTED PLOTFED FED ITEM RESPONSE THEORY IRT 62 DATA LIST OF TABLES TABLE 1 TABLE 2 TABLE 3 TABLE 4 TABLE 5 TABLE 6 TABLE 7 SUMMARY OF SAMPLE SIZE BY GENDER LOCATION AND FORM TESTED perentges AVERAGE TEST SCORES AND STANDARD evitions SD BY FORM LOCATION AND GENDER AVERAGE ifferenes BETWEEN SPANISH AND ENGLISH SCORES BY GENDER ITEM RESPONSE THEORY esriptive sttistis FOR PERSONS AND ITEMS BY LANGUAGE RELATIVE iffiulty OF WORDS orresponing TO THE QUADRANTS OF THE SCATTER PLOTS OF ITEM LOGIT VALUES AND RANGES AS FOUND IN APPENDIX R proportionl BREAKDOWN OF tegories OF iffiulty BASED ON overlpping RANGES WORDS WITH overlpping RANGES AVERAGE iffiulty BY LANGUAGE vu vii sii sil

9 CHAPTER ONE introution to prtiipte in or unerstn onepts within speilize fiels suh s usiness tehnology meiine or sholrship knowlege of egree of speilize voulry is usully require in the fiel of tehing english s seon lnguge tesu TESL TESQ this require speiliztion n e prolemti the overwhelming mount of ontent voulry neee y stuents intereste in speilize fiels ouple with lemm emm lerningg other essentil spets of english present gret hllenges to oth the teher n the stuent to llevite some of these hllenges oth puli n privte entities hve evelope ourses in english for speifi purposes ESP whih t lest prtilly fous on speifi lexion or ontent still the terminology of mny speilize fiels hs not een equtely explore or explore t ll n instrution in this terminology my not even exist one suh overlooke re is the fiel of religious terminology n more prtiulrly the unique lexion of the hurh of jesus hrist of lttery sints herefter the LDS hurh uner the nspies uspies of righm young university shool owne n operte y the LDS hurh n ESP ourse english for gospel purposes EGP is urrently eing evelope the impetus for suh ourse is ue to the lrge numer of nonntive ntive english speking hurh memers living in the unite sttes n n who hve nee of hurh relte english istne lerning lernine proposl 1994 unker 1993 in ft 441 nonenglish english hurh units ongregtions exist in the unite sttes n n n while these hurh meetings re onute in the

10 2 memers ntive lnguge with only one exeption eh of these units forms prt of suprunit unit lle stke whose meetings n other tivities re en lish 9 onute in english memership y unite sttes n n wrs n Brnhe rnhe51993 rnhes while the hurh is not onerne with whih lnguge gospel instrution tkes ple in it ertinly esires tht its gospel messge is unerstoo y every memer worlwie the growing interntionl memership memershipl memership1 memerships1 invokes esperte nee for trnsltion of sripturl mterils unique to the LDS hurh 2 this is not to mention the vrious lesson mnuls use to teh gospel priniples nor the vriety of hurh pulitions ville for further enrihment whih hve usully een written in english yet further omplition exists for the nonenglish hurh units in the US n n euse of the nture of intertion with the englishspeking speking stke for those in unit leership positions reeiving n rrying out instrutions from the stke whih usully ome in the form of offiil letters offiil hnooks or leership trining meetings n e omplite y lnguge rriers n thus unit leers must often e hosen from mong those who spek english n not ll o sine personl worthiness for hurh positions hs never epene on wht lnguge one speks yet the prtility of this sitution emns it e onsiertion worthy memers of these non english units re often unle to help fill ertin positions in the hurh even though willing to o so nees ssessment interview trnsriptions 1994 lin 1 pril of 1995 totl memership rehe the mrk with memership reportely growing t rte of 840 new memers per y sine 1991 hurh memership rehes nine million pril 1995 p 77 menwhile over 140 ifferent lnguges re spoken y the 543 of lttery memership with only y sints or eing ntive english spekers spnish spekers fol with the next est totl t or portuguese spekers ome in thir t or 5.6 Lnzues 56 lnguges lnzues lnzies spoken mrh 1995 p 79 urrently the ook of mormon hs eenn trnslte ompletely into 38 lnguges 46 other lnguges hve only seletions trnslte lmn n the hurh is 1993 hurh working with 250 other lnguges t the present time trnsltion of even the ook of mormon usully tkes severl yers istne lerning proposl 1994

11 3 perhps n even greter nee for gospelrelte english exists when there is limite english profiient LEP memer living in n re of n english speking ountry where there re not enough smelnguge hurh memers to rete n entire hurh unit with ll hurh meetings n tivities eing in english spiritul progress might e in jeopry without suffiient unerstnmg unerstning espeilly if the memer is reent onvert to the hurh for these resons n s mtter of servie to the hurh whih supports the shool the linguistis eprtment of righm young university propose to the generl hequrters of the hurh the retion of istne lerning projet whih woul he the evelopment of speilize ourse in LDS n survivl english istne lerning proposl the pprove projet hs een nme english for gospel purposes EGP n is urrently uner evelopment fter extensive nees ssessment telephone interviews n onsite iniviul n group interviews with lol memers n leers were onute through hurh stkes in new york ity southest texs long eh liforni n northern uth in orer for the EGP projet to meet its gols to soilly integrte nonntive english spekers living in n englishspeking speking LDS gospel ommunity hrteriztion of the LDS lexion is essentil EGP projet ommittee memers nee to know wht LDS terminology is iffiult or not eing lerne y nonntive english spekers so tht instrutionl mterils will not e proue ove the urrent level of LDS english known y the mjority of these memers n instrution of essentil LDS terminology will not e overlooke oring to the proposl sumitte y the istne lerning projet the EGP ourse is expete to instrut nonntive ntive englishspeking speking hurh memers living in the US n n in five mjor res soil integrtion into englishspeking speking hurh units expnsion of english reing ility of sriptures n LDS instrutionl mterils english usge to fulfill hurh non responsiilities ommunition with hurh leers who o not spek the nonntives ntives lnguge n pplition of english skills to the roer ommunity ie survivl skills istne lerning proposl 1994

12 4 lso relte to the gol of EGP mterils evelopment re issues in text preprtion for LEP lerners A omprehensive stuy ws one y unker 1988 to test n prtly onsolite guielines for suh text preprtion in the se of voulry guielines her finings supporte the reommentions tht 1 wors e ommon n fmilir ie e wors suh s those on the le wor list of si english voulry 2 wor hoies e onsistent ie the numer of wors use only one shoul e miniml 3 tehnil terms n jrgon e use springly or with equte onrete efinitions n 4 wors e repete more thn five times pp 6973 however to keep the lnguge ommon n fmilir et ut lso to use n ttempt to teh the very speilize terminology tht mny ntive englishspekers spekers woul fin unfmilir ut tht hurh memers use regulrly in their hurhrelte relte intertion is mtter of gret prox fortuntely stuy onute y sthle 1981 provies springor from whih to egin nswering this prox it lso egins to hrterize the lexion in question fter ssessing the frequeny of wors in vriety of LDS written mterils sthle teste the most frequent 850 wors in multiple hoie formt to see whih of them were omprehene y 80 of ntive englishspeking speking LDS fourth grers y theoretil stnrs when wor is omprehene y 80 of fourth gre ge spekers it is onsiere si voulry ie the wor is more thn likely prt of every ntive speking ults ore voulry results from sthles testing showe tht 249 wors whih were ly frequent oul lso e onsiere si for LDS hilren it seems therefore tht nonntive ntive englishspeking speking LDS ult hurh memers living in english environments ought to e fmilir with suh ore wors unfortuntely one nnot ssume tht the seon lnguge ult lerner will hve h equte exposure to the sme wors ntive speker hs grown

13 5 up with even while living in the trget lnguge environment the nonntive ntive my or my not hve ome into ontt with these terms t ll retesting sthles 1981 list of si LDS voulry on nonntive ntive english speking popultion n relting it to how muh exposure the sujet hs h to the english lnguge n the LDS hurh woul help mterils evelopers etter eie whih si LDS wors woul est e inlue in vrious levels of n EGP ourse of instrution As spnishspeking speking hurh units onstitute the mjority of nonenglish units Cn out of 441 or memership y unite sttes in the usn US 285 n n wrs n rnhes 1993 this mkes spnishspekers spekers ly impte popultion spnish is lso loser to english linguistilly thn for exmple thi or lotin thus filitting trnsltion of pproprite portions of sthles 1981 test instrument whih is esirle in orer to help ensure internl vliity the purpose of this stuy then ws twofol primrily this stuy sought fht to explore how iffiult the si oug LDS wors of sthles supplement were for spnishspeking speking LDS ults relte to this ws the seon purpose n ssessment of the vriles whih might e ffeting how iffiult these wors were for the sujets the foling two reserh questions sions iret the stuys foi 1 how iffiult re sthles 249 wors for ntive spnishspeking speking LDS ults when teste in english n when teste in spnish 2 wht effet oes unit lnguge ttenne t n english vs spnish hurh wr or rnh time in n englishspeking speking environment n length of exposure to the LDS hurh hve on the mount of LDS english

14 6 voulry omprehene s represente y n extrt of sthles supplement to the le wor list y nswering the ove stte questions this reserher hopes to ontriute to further hrteriztion of the LDS lexion in reltion to ntive spnish spekers n in prtiulr to the evelopment of n ESP ourse ttempting to teh this lexion s seon lnguge elimittions severl elimittions of this stuy must e note most notly n s mitte lso y sthle 1981 the 249wor list nnot lim to e exhustive other wors not on this list nor even on the originl 850wor list oul e frequent in LDS mterils whih sthle i not ssess n therefore might lso e known y 80 of ntive englishspeking speking LDS fourth grers this stuy however will use only the 249 wors n will not ttempt to ssess whih other wors might lso e si the time lpse sine sthles stuy provies nother limittion of this stuy lnguge hnge ie usge hnge n introution of new terminology my well hve influene the frequeny of the wors eing teste however it ppere more proutive to use sthles perhps outte t rther thn hve to renlyze new orpus n retest her entire sujet smple on ount of the possiility of minor hnges more importnt thn frequeny hnges re hnges in usge n none of the wors eing teste hve gone out

15 7 of use 4 nor hs their semnti mening hnge ppreitively lthough new terms n other menings of the sme terms my hve sine ome into use 5 4the the 4 the reserher herself is onvert to the hurh of 5 yers n ws yet fmilir with every wor on the list 5where menings i seem to e slightly ifferent though silly the sme these efinitions were revise oringly As for new wors or menings whih my e in use now the urrent stuy n hve no ering on them future reserhers oul ertinly to the fountion li y sthle n now this stuy y investigting urrent LDS mterils s well s orl soures for suh inventionshnges

16 8 CHAPTER TWO REVIEW OF literture LMRATURE this stuy ws irete t exploring the iffiulty levels of numer LDS voulry wors n t ssessing the sujet vriles whih my e ffeting the iffiulty levels foun ntive spnishspeking speking LDS ults living in the southern texs northern uth n long eh liforni were teste the wors teste were erive from previous stuy sthle 1981 whih evelope 249wor LDS supplement to the lehll wor list the reserh questions use to iret the retesting of sthles list were s fols spnish speking 1 how iffiult re sthles 249 wors for ntive spnishspeking LDS ults when teste in english n when teste in spnish 2 wht effet oes unit lnguge ttenne t n english vs spnish hurh wr or rnh time in n englishspeking speking environment n length of exposure to the LDS hurh hve on the mount of LDS english voulry omprehene s represente y n extrt of sthles supplement to the le wor list these reserh questions were evelope fter n extensive review of the literture tht hs een written out the reltionship etween group memership n voulry usequisition the isussion whih fols will use quisition etil this reltionship in the foling five setions soil lerning theory supportive voulry stuies isovering the LDS lexion ntiveenglish english LDS

17 9 spekers n the LDS lexion n nonntive ntive english LDS spekers n the LDS lexion SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY A view of lerning tht shoul e onsiere in ttempts to provie ny type of instrution is tht expresse y the institute for reserh on lerning se in plo lto liforni tit jit it is view tht emphsizes the reltion etween knowlege n ientity this is view tht sees lerning not s trnsfer of knowlege ut s proess of uiling unerstning A new lerning gen 1993 p 1 this is soil view of lerning n the LDS hurh is soil ommunity whih hs long emphsize the role of lerning from soil ontext most likely euse this role is tught s otrine in LDS sripture 6 n is prtie rigorously through its progrms n soil struture the institute ehoe tht priniple in LDS sripture when it stte tht soil ynmis re prt of the tul proess of lerning n when our institutions tret the soil s purely motivtionl tret knowlege s sustne tht n e elivere trnsferre pplie n seprte lerning from the rest of life they onstrut rriers to lerning n in so oing they further the lerning risis A new lerning gen 1993 p 2 expouning seven priniples of soil lerning theory the institute est explins the resons ehin ny ESP instrution in their sixth priniple it hols tht filure to lern is the norml result of exlusion from prtiiption or in other wors if one nnot prtiipte euse of lnguge rrier for instne then one will not e le to lem lern le As sorenson 1973 put it 6see see otrine n ovennts 1989 setion on pge 170 whih egins y sying teh one nother the otrine of the kingom ie lem lern le y exmple et n ontinues y expouning upon the things tht shoul e stuie

18 10 lerning the lnguge of role in the hurh system is in mny wys the essene of opting the role n it is ler tht the onverse is lso true when person fils to mster the ommunitive symols whih must e mnipulte in fulfilling new position in the hurh he or she nnot funtion effetively one woners how often those hurh memers who eome intive ie non prtiiptors prtiiptory o so from illitery in the neessry lnguge of the role expete of them p 4 itlis e note lso tht this filure to lern hs nothing to o with levels of intelligene or lziness wht this mens in regrs to the LDS hurh is tht memers even nonntive ntive english spekers living in englishspeking speking res who my lrey e struggling with limite ommn of si english must e provie with situtions whih give them the gretest potentil for lerning tht is situtions in whih memers hve meningful n tive roles roles tht hve onsequenes for themselves n the hurh ommunity re the ones whih will enle memers to grow in their knowlege of the gospel so without ess to the instrutionl mterils n soil ontexts of the LDS gospel euse of lnguge rriers nonntive ntive english spekers in english hurh environments who hve limite LDS english skills my e ore only mrginl or tenttive memership in the ommunity euse they re not le to ontriute or rete their own mening n ientity whih soil lerning theory esries s so neessry for lerning A new lerning gen 1993 p 4 5 the gret egree to whih voulry plys prt in this ility to lern through prtiiption in the group will e isusse in the foling setion

19 11 supportive voulry STUDIES lttery sints hve unique ilet whih hs een fostere y their religious peulirities where the sints hve lso een geogrphilly lose n linguistilly the sme s is most historilly true of those who hve grown up in the uthiho regions this ilet hs h in its ompniment istintly LDS ulture terme mormon whih hs in effet ompoune the speiliztion of the ilet ookster 1973 stte it this wy this mormon ulture while hevily steepe in the ommon religious heritge is not ientil to the lttery y sint religion or its otrine in ft one oul e quite un mormon n still e strong tive hurh memer p 50 setting suh ulturespeifi speifi spets sie for moment to someone who is not memer of the LDS hurh the group in question linguisti rriers in omprehening otrinerelte relte speeh ltter irete t lttery sints for exmple n e gret As reporte y wolsey 1973 A prominent uthn not too long go not memer of the hurh si you mormons ont know how to tlk to nonmormons non mormons very well ut the y you lem lern le the y you lem lern to let the worl know wht relly tremenous wy of life you hve thts the y youll hve more onverts thn you know wht to o with p 36 sorenson ehoe this remrk when he si it my well e tht linguisti shok the suen exposure to too lrge ose of new voulry n onepts is mjor omponent in some ses where people re unle to fol is the missionries 1973 p 4 oming from previously nonmemer perspetive himself wolsey lso suggeste to hurh memers wishing to isuss religion with memers of other fiths tht they rememer to sk

20 12 themselves if they re ommuniting to themselves or ommuniting to the outsie worl 1973 p 37 even for memers of the LDS hurh ertin egree of ulture shok will nerly lwys our when first expose to the ulture e they even from the sme ntive lngugeulture kgroun hene the invention of the term mission fiel to enote those who re not from ulture res more rsti then must e the ul linguistiul ulture or possily tri ulture 1 shok whih ours when lttery ie lngugeulture they hve strte from y sints ross orers no mtter whih iretion euse no LDS speifi stuies were foun whih resse the topi of voulry n group memership empirilly 7 7other other speilize fiels will e investigte for further isussion n support of the soil lerning theory whih so justifies the nee for EGP instrution n the retion of n EGP voulry list the first of four relevnt stuies whih will e inlue to estlish this theoretil se is one y mhin 1990 though essentilly review of other stuies it serves to tie numer of relte points into ohesive whole mhin looke t the prolems whih women in usiness hve fe fitting in with their mle ounterprts n eing le to fit in mhins isussion fouses on the lexil rriers women fe in the usiness worl rguing tht euse isourse in professionl ommunities erive in lrge prt from oes rete y the militry n sports tht womn who is unfmilir with this moe of isourse n its sutle oes is unle to ffirm her memership in the isourse ommunity p 6 exmples whih were note were terms suh s punt pull rnk n seventh inning streth s well s very telling survey 7see see thoms 1973 however for rief n lightherte herte isussion of LDS in groupness whih els in prtiulr with hurh missionry slng

21 13 tht h een given to usinessmen sking them wht they lerne from piym9 plying ym SP sports p 6 nswers to the survey not only mirrore the ommon merin usiness mentlity esp in regrs to ompetition n temwork ut i so with striking lexil similrity A seon issue onerning voulry n group memership ws explore y smith n selfe seife 1988 their stuy tully onerne n innimte ommunity omputers ut seeme ly pertinent nonetheless their reserh involve surveying fulty in the humnities eprtment t mihign tehnologil university in ttempts to isover just how muh ttitues towrs omputers h hnge they were ompring their survey to 1982 survey of the sme eprtment whih h een one y selfe the kgroun to their interest in this topi will explin its relevne As most of us know when omputer tehnology ws first introue into the less tehnologil fiels suh s the humnities for exmple the hrwre ws t its umersome stge n worse still omputer lnguge ws nerly impenetrle if not simply unfmilir in the yers to fol however progrmmers n mrketing gents lerne to pkge their prout in wy whih ws more user frienly to orrow the term the omputing lexion roppe muh of the militrytype type violene tht it onnotte notte in fvor of less intimiting terms where one use to exeute lo terminte kill espe runh zp mke tstrophi or ftl error ort om rsh or strike one oul now expet to I iselet open lose sve elete opy eit hnge quit retry hoose fin n formt none of whih souns s wrlike or immorl p 3 wht this hnge in lexiogrphi stne ontriute to ws inee mirulous the pprehension tht mny one felt for using omputers iminishe not only ws the tehnology now more epte ut non

22 14 tehnologilly ent people sense tht they too not just the llknowing evelopers oul fit into worl full of omputers smith n selfe seife stte their onlusions thus omputer tehnology is no longer the seretive mystery of the lk ox the fer of omputer tehnology hs een lessene y onstnt exposure n ess n onerte effort to emystify the tehnology n reue the linguisti rriers there seems to e shift in ttitue towr omputers tht fouses on utility inste of innovtiveness true this tren shoul use less ifferentition etween the hves if n hve nots ots less ifferentition ifferentltion n perhps more relisti n humnisti ttitue towr miroomputers p 12 two other stuies even more expliitly investigte the role of lexion n group memership the first one hronologilly ws y twy 1976 twy use personl n prtiipnt oservtion n interviews to reor n esrie the lnguge use ptterns of ftory workers t hin proution plnt in new stle pennsylvni the stuy ws esigne speifilly to explore the hrteristis n unerlying fetures of ouptionl jrgon n to exmine the prt jrgon plys in refleting the workers knowlege of their jos n their ttitues towr them p 2 some of the hrteristis n fetures most notly isusse were how soiliztion intertion ily ontt n the teneny to imitte speeh ptterns oul etermine the tehnil terminology use s well s influene its quisition p 14 within the ftory it ws foun tht usge levels ie groups existe n tht one elonge to them oring to ones knowlege of the ftory lexion whih rnge from unerstning sientifi terminology to eprtmentspeifi speifi slng these usge levels usully equte with ones position

23 15 in the hierrhy of the ftorys mngement n therefore lso with ones eutionl sttus pp some memers of the er usge levels however esily pte their use of the lexion when interting with er level s twy esrie in the foling exmple mngement workers regrless of their ouptionl level quikly pt to the speeh hits of the workers with whom they re involve uring their work y their ility to opt the speeh forms of workers in ifferent eprtments reflet their teneny to imitte speeh ptterns n their ttitue s worker oriente most mngement personnel were promote from union jos n prie themselves on their knowlege of ifferent eprtmentl opertions n their knk of offitting fitting in p 17 itlis e lerly the ftory ontext ws hrterize not only y ouptionl jrgon whih prevente nonworkers from elonging to their speeh ommunity ut lso y sugroups within this ommunity whih were istinguishe y their knowlege of one or notherform of the ftory lexion one gin memership in the group ws seen to e influene y the egree to whih lexion in use oul e omprehene the finl stuy whih will e isusse here is tht of hrrow 1981 whih ontine extensive nlysis of the lexion n linguisti struture of glese Ie leglese or the lnguge of lw se on psyholinguisti methoology n isourse nlysis of stnr jury instrutions hrrow esrie the finer points of legl lnguge most notly onluing tht leglese serves to estlish n mintin solirity mong its users n to keep out outsiers it is lso prestigious vriety of english those who re fluent in it generlly ommn respet in ft leglese is more like ilet thn jrgon its

24 16 history its struture its soil funtions n its metho of quisition eing fr more omplex thn those of jrgons hrgons p 25 lexilly how i leglese ome to signify suh sttus hrrow gives the foling exmples summrize from mellinkoff frequent use of ommon wors with unommon menings tion for lwsuit 2 frequent use of ol n mile english wors one in use ut now rre foresi iwheres et use s jetives 3 frequent use of ltin wors n phrses mius urie mens ye re ye te re 4 use of frenh wors not in the generl voulry lien esement tort 5 use of terms of rt ie jrgon month to month tenny eminent omin 6 use of rgot ie professionl lnguge or ingroup group ommunition piere the orporte veil ue re 7 frequent use of forml wors 1 I o solemnly swer hoyez 8 elierte use of wors n expressions with flexile menings ompenstion resonle mn unue influene 9 ttempts t extreme preision for n in onsiertion of to me in hn pi remise relese n forever ishrge hrrow 1981 pp p onsiering just these spets of the lw lexion it is no woner hrrow rew the onlusion quote ove tht leglese in ft represents its own ilet this stuy hols long with previous reserh whih will e isusse e tht the english LDS lexion is similrly prt of suilet of english proper in ll its mny vritions hene the gret nee for EGP instrution n s rgue n ompnying EGP voulry list erive from this lexion to lose the present isussion quote from sorenson 1973 seems ly fitting if one were to evelop n pproprite test instrument I1 expet tht it woul e possile to rte ojetively how well hurh memer unerstns the ls1 LDS lnguge p 4 in the se of the present stuy it is

25 17 hope tht just tht pproprite test instrument ws foun first however etter esription of the LDS ilet n its english form must e given isovering THE LDS LEXICON mny spets of LDS lnguge hve een explore y reserhers over the yers prtiulrly in onjuntion with n nnul onferene8 onferenes8 hel t righm young university john L sorenson opene the 1973 onferene with the foling efinition of mormon lnguge wht o I1 onsier mormon lnguge to onsist of when lttery sint in uth or flori or liforni uses english in wy whih is perfetly unerstnle to those who know nothing in etil of mormon life he nnot usefully e si to hve use mormon lnguge ut when he turns to expressions with uniquely LDS menings then wht I1 onsier the lnguge of the mormons hs ome into ply p 1 sorenson lter s tht this lnguge is present in vriety of other lnguges n ultures where lttery sints live n tht the primry hrteristi of this lexion is not whih lnguge it exists in ut rther tht it is system of expression lithi with withi thousns of wors phrses nmes n stylisti fetures tht hve peulir LDS signifine 1973 p 1 to voi onfusing terminology I1 hve hosen to refer to this mormon oe s the LDS lexion or LDS voulry rther thn mormon lnguge 8the the first of these onferenes entitle onferene on the lnguge of the ormons mormons Mormons ws gnize orgnize in 1973 y hrol S msen n john L sorenson introutory notes onferene 1973 in 1975 the sponsorship ws hnge to n orgniztion n the nme ws hnge to the eseret lnguge n linguisti soiety DLLS symposium proeeings of DLLS symposium 1975

26 18 lso t the 1973 onferene wlle provie txonomy for the LDS lexion inluing n pproximtely 2515wor working list of the mormon lnguge lexion whih r sorenson h evelope wlle 1973 pp p the txonomy esries items suh s people ples mottoes folklore literture imgery n orgniztion ommonly n for the most prt uniquely known to memers of LDS soiety sorenson 1973 lso set up lssifition of the LDS lexion oring to the ie of emergent levels whih reserhers in the fiel of soiology often use to tegorize humn tivities the emergent levels whih sorenson esrie s most pertinent to unerstning the soures of the LDS lexion re ieology vlues knowlege ommunitive symols soil orgniztion n popultion istriution muh of this n the previous lssifition overlp ut oth i esription of the origins of the omplex lexion of the LDS hurh ppenix A ontins outlines of these two txonomies nother reserh tool often employe to evlute voulry use is the wor frequeny stuy with the help of omputer progrms the frequeny of eh wor in written oument or trnsrie speeh n e tllie with these tllies the reserher might lso isover the unique wors in text whih wors our regrless of how mny times they pper s well s nlyze wors of prtiulr interest oring to their every lotion to etermine if their menings re stle or vrie euse of this tehnology mny forml n informl frequeny stuies of LDS soures oth spoken n written hve een onute in pst yers n ontinue to e evelope toy the ult litery progrm of the hurh hs lrey provie list of the five hunre most frequently use wors in the LDS sriptures this list is foun in the ppenix of the si sripture litery prt ourse mnul ye shll hve my wors tehers guie prti prtl1 1993

27 19 however this ourse is intene to teh these wors to illiterte or semi illiterte ntive english spekers ie it is not n EGP ourse lso notle mong frequeny stuies re the foling onr n weiner 1973 sorenson 1974 norton 1975 fogg 1990 n fogg et l 1991 n sthle 1981 these will e isusse in tht orer with emphsis on sthles stles St ue to its reltionship with the present stuy onr n weiner 1974 set out to nswer the foling question through use of wor frequeny ount of one month of pulitions printe y the former eseret news press whih pulishe for n LDS uiene it is now known s eseret ooks wht re the wors tht hurh trnsltor woul hve to know in orer to give the gospel to his or her people in their ntive tongue p 32 while this stuy promise welth of informtion out the LDS lexion it ws never omplete sorenson 1974 ssesse hnges etween the 19th n 20th entury wor frequenies in the messges of the first presieny of the LDS hurh the presient n two ounselors he notie ovious trens in usge whih orrespone to prtiulr ers in hurh history n suggeste tht overll it oul e si tht the LDS lexion h expne over these yers oth norton 1975 n fogg 1990 onsiere muh nrrower frequeny stuies norton looke t the usge ptterns of thou thy 1 I n thine mong lttery sints n fogg isusse ommon terms of ress hurh memers use suh s rother n sister so n so the fous of these stuies oes not help to evelop roer unerstning of the LDS lexion s this stuy esires fogg et l 1991 however ttempte to hrterize ontexts n trens in the nmes lttery sints use for jesus hrist using prtiipnt oservtion n textul nlysis the foling topi were explore nmes for

28 20 hrist in speeh spoken sripture n musi hurh pulitions sriptures n hurh generl onferene resses unfortuntely while this stuys results oul hve een ly signifint to EGP instrution there were multiple prolems with interrter rter reliility whih were left unresolve n therefore ontminte the onlusions sthles 1981 stuy ws lso se on wor frequeny ounts s previously mentione in hpter one sthle onstrute voulry test of 850 wors frequent in LDS literture whih she then teste on ntive english speking LDS fourth grers the test ws threeoption multiple hoie non ontextul voulry test the 850 items were rnomly ssigne to 25 seprte test forms of 34 questions eh onehlf her frequeny ounts were erive from two soures 1 orpus of over hlf million wors with nerly unique wors tken from 1978 hurh mgzines generl n re onferene resses the gospel otrine mnul n the fmily home evening mnul n 2 the go then urrent hurh pulitions of gospel priniples I1 n gospel gosl2el essentils whih onsiste of over 6000 unique wors these two frequeny lists of LDS terms were ompile y the righm young university trnsltion servies eprtment n the hurh informtion systems eprtment respetively p 29 fter foling guielines for ounting ifferent forms of the sme wor eliminting most proper nmes most wors lrey on the le wor list of si english voulry n wors tht i not our t lest ten times 1264 wors remine these wors were then given to four juges who tegorize them s LDS relte or not eliminting wors tht three of the four juges eie were not LDS relte reue the list to 791 wors sthle however

29 21 inrese the list to 850 wors to ount for multiple menings of some wors whih epene on their ontext sthles smple onsiste of ntiveenglish english speking LDS fourth grers from popultions resiing in the unite sttes n the ritish isles ustrli n new zeln thirtyeight hurh stkes were use to generte strtifie rnom smpling from uth other western sttes the miwest estern sttes n the res outsie the US within eh of these stkes then the four units whih were to e use were lso rnomly selete 9 fter piloting her test inluing vliity hek y ministering the test to numer of ults sthle teste totl of 854 fourth grers whose ges rnge from eight to eleven istriution y gener ws roughly 5050 the istriution of responses y region ws uth western sttes the miwest estern sttes n outsie the US sthles t were ollete fter pproprite pprovl y stke representtives of the hurh smpling system ivision of the hurh orreltion eprtment the representtives reeive 1 n explntion of the purpose of the stuy 2 letter of uthoriztion to e shown to the pproprite unit leers 3 ooklet of instrutions for the protor 4 test forms equte for the numer of fourth grers in tht stkes four selete wrs 5 iretions intene for the stuents n 6 selfresse stmpe envelope testing shooljessons ourre uring primry lsses suny shool lessons for the fourth gre ge group test forms were istriute so tht firly equl numer of eh form ws respone to y eh stke with eh stuent in the primry lss reeiving unique test form sthle notes tht hurh t estimte tht most units h pproximtely five fourth grers who regulrly tten primry

30 22 sthles results showe tht 249 of the 850 wors were omprehene y 80 of the hilren teste n oul therefore e onsiere si to the ntive englishspeking speking ult who hs h mple exposure to the LDS hurh euse of this it ws onsiere n pproprite list to strt with in n ssessment of the nonntive ntive english spekers s present stte of knowlege of the LDS english lexion the next setion will isuss in more etil the purposes ehin sthles reserh n how they o n o not relte to the urrent stuy NATIVE ENGLISH SPEAKERS AND THE LDS LEXICON reilitylo Reility 10 reility10 lo of texts formuls 11 tht purport to ssess it n the formuls11 formuls1l is topi muh ete presently reility hs een efine s the ility of given piee of writing to rehi n ffet its uiene in the wy tht the uthor intens tekfi 1987 p 262 in other wors text tht is rele is tekli text tht n e ompletely omprehene y ny nme group suh s fourth grers ttening US shools so tht in this se tht text woul hve fourth gre reility level reility formuls re lultions esigne to preit reility levels of texts n re tritionlly onerne with vriles suh s sentene length n nomplexity numer of syllles per wor unique wors to totl wors n how ommon usully efine s eing known to 80 of fourth grers those unique wors re 12 toy however most reserhers prefer to isuss the essiility of text this onept ounts for muh roer rnge of textul vriles in ition to voulry level suh s syntti omplexity topi evelopment isee tsee losee vison 1986 for muh more thorough isussion thn wht fols here 11tekfi utekfi 1987 presents goo overview of these formuls for those intereste le provie 769wor list ie 12le whih ws lter expne to 3000 wors with the lehll formul tekli tekfi 1987

31 23 n isourse mrkers sujet interest n motivtion ulturlpersonl kgroun knowlege shem n in some ses even the pperne of the text on the pge reility formuls re now use with ution usully in instnes where wht is esire is only n ssessment of the level of the voulry use unfortuntely one of the reurring prolems ssoite with the formuls ws their inility to ount for tehnil voulry whih though not ommon woul e ommonly known to prtiulr uienes tekfi tekli 1987 ttempts to ompenste for this inequy hve proue supplementl voulry lists esigne to preit the reility of mterils written with speil uienes in min in ft this ws preisely the gol of sthles 1981 stuy s one n see y her title lone mesurmg Mesurm mesure mesuring the reing levels of LDS mterils A supplement to the le wor list the 249 wors whih were known y 80 of ntive englishspeking speking LDS fourth grers were suggeste s n pproprite hll LDS supplement to the le list whenever the lehll reility formul is pplie to LDS mterils p 43 more pertinent here however is not the pplition of this list to reility formuls s suggeste erlier reserhers re hesitnt to reue the mesure of reing omprehension to voulry omprehension ut LDS reserhers hve long lmente the lk of rele mteril for even ntive hwii english spekers lie pk t the time professor of TESL t the yuhwii BYU mpus nlyze vst rry of LDS reing mterils from hurh mgzines n lesson mnuls to pmphlets ulletins n letters of instrution to ssess grelevel level iffiulty using the stnr lehll formul n the fry reility grph she ws primrily onerne tht gret ifferenes in grelevel iffiulty existe mong the mterils surveye fter ssessing these iffiulty rtings pk ommente tht the ifferenes seeme

32 24 to e not so muh ue to the uiene for whih the ommunitions were intene ie whole hurh or sugroup s muh s they were to the writing level of those who prepre the mterils 1974 p 59 prt of the writing level ws the egree of speilize terminology use 13 if ntive english spekers then re experiening iffiulty with LDS mterils how re nonntive ntive english spekers fring it eomes very pprent tht while EGP instrution must introue LDS terminology it must o so with gret re voulry guielines suggeste y unker 1988 whih were isusse in hpter 1 will help with this tsk ut the prolem yet remins whih LDS english voulry wors re iffiult for nonntive ntive lerners n why As hs een si EGP mterils evelopers must e me wre of how iffiult the voulry is tht they re using in orer to suessfully write EGP lessons NONNATIVE NATIVE ENGLISH SPEAKERS AND THE LDS LEXICON euse so mny res of LDS otrine n soil intertion involve ly speilize terminology trnsltors of LDS mterils lso fin tht working with the LDS lexion n e n lmost insurmountle hllenge there re numerous ftors whih ontriute to this hllenge for exmple in trnslting the lnguge of the first presient of the hurh joseph smith jr iffiulties with rhi voulry n syntx ptterns rise on top of the ly ense sripturl n LDS ulturl referenes whih hrterize nother nother BAnother relte stuy worthy of notie is johnson 1982 whih isusse the nee n use of simplifie missionry isussions mterils use y the hurh for missionry trining one gin the writing level of the mterils intene for ntive english spekers ws seen s er thn esirle for esy omprehension

33 25 smiths writings john C llemn linguist in the trnsltion eprtment of the LDS hurh isusse this prolemti sitution A proposition whih unerlies ll of the trnsltion work one in the hurh is tht one nnot trnslte tht whih one oes not unerstn the ifferenes etween joseph smiths vriety of english n the norml stnr english of toy or rther stnr LDS english mke proper unerstning of the originl text iffiult 1973 p 22 to help llevite these n other trnsltion prolems numerous trnsltion is hve een evelope inluing those intene to help with smiths writings n of prtiulr interest here the LDS interntionl glossry guielines the glossry guielines were evelope to provie guielines for interulturl ommunitors rther thn just set of efinitions in orer to help mke the trnsfer of LDS lnguge s omprehensile s possile tyler 1973 p y the 1973 onferene pproximtely 2500 terms peulir to LDS english or hving LDS shes of mening h een gthere n out 1600 of them were efine given rnge of ontexts if neessry 15 these efinitions were then in the finl eiting stges efore pulition they yet lke fiel evlution trnsltion to other lnguges n verifition proess tht is essentilly never ening the most reent version of the glossry ville to the puli euse the glossry ws primrily intene for hurh trnsltors n is not generlly ville to the puli is lngugespeifi speifi germn version whih ws pulishe in 1973 n revise in eemer 1974 this version ontine 1235 efine terms the efinitions were in english usee see 15see tyier tyler see lso folsom 1982 for more thorough isussion of the purposes of the glossry oyier 1973 for the riteri elineting the hoie of terms to e efine s well s the list of glossry terms oth foun in the ppenix to his rtile p 5763

34 26 nothing ws one with the glossry until 1994 when revision ws proue to upte the list n efinitions inlue the glossry now usully referre to s the trnsltion glossry exists in mny versions one written entirely in english n t lest twelve to twenty other versions in ullnguge lnguge formt ie spnish n english et the glossry is still only given to those who re oing trnsltion work for the hurh sine it is not ment to stn s otrine for some of the efine terms this woul e n issue the trnsltors use it s guie trnslting terms into their ntive lnguge s neessry the terms n efinitions however re y no mens seret ut were glene from soures suh s the gospel priniples mnul the ile itionry Dition W whih fols the new testment in the LDS proution of the holy sriptures n rue R monkies MCon mormon otrine K lunt lunt personl ommunition pril still this glossry oes little to nrrow the floo of new terminology whih oul e tught to nonntive ntive english spekers 16 lst of ll in the re of nonntive ntive spekers n the LDS lexion mention must e me of the english for lttery sints ourses whih were evelope hwii t the yuhwii BYU mpus in the lte 1970s english for lttery sints II 11 si lessons n onferene listening 1978 while serving similr purpose to the EGP instrution urrently eing evelope they were trgete primrily t memers in jpn n kore s oppose to the EGPs gol of filitting omprehension of the LDS setting for nonntive ntive englishspeking speking hurh memers living in the unite sttesn Sttes Cn in other wors ue to the ifferent purposes of these two ourses one oul not sustitute for the other of more importne to this stuy however these english for lttery x y sints ourse mnuls woul lso e limite in their pplition to generting ifor more etil out n exmples of speifi trnsltion is other thn the glossry see ernst 1974 n folsom 1982

35 27 vli EGP voulry list unless the lessons h een se on preliminry fiel reserh of the english LDS lexion n therefore inlue the most signifint LDS wors even then knowing whether or not these wors were lrey ommonly known to nonntive ntive spekers woul neessitte testing one gin sthles 1981 stuy remins the est soure for investigting the EGP prolem t hn SUMMARY AND onlusions C LUSIONS this stuy questions wht wors might e first tught to nonntive ntive englishspeking speking popultion of LDS hurh memers who nee english to prtiipte in the gospel ommunity A vriety of soures were explore in orer to fin systemti pproh to eveloping this english for speifi purposes voulry list sthle 1981 will provie the kone for the stuy sthle 1981 supplies list of si LDS voulry whih ws ompile from t initing tht these wors were ly frequent in hurh literture n were known y 80 of ntive englishspeking speking LDS fourth grers sine it is not known whih of these wors nonntive ntive englishspeking speking LDS popultion might know this stuy will retest sthles list on ntive spnish speking memers of the hurh living in the unite sttes s they onstitute the mjority of the popultion in question in short it is supporte y oth theory n reserh tht the length of exposure to the LDS ommunity will positively ffet the persons knowlege of LDS terminology ll other things eing equl tht is the ftors note e onerning mg time in m n englishspeking speking environment oul relte to time in the LDS ommunity exept tht in the lter se lnguge istintion is eing me whether memer is in spnish or english LDS ommunity is not

36 28 importnt n if the memer hs h limite qulity exposure to the ommunity munity oni onl it shoul e pprent from their ntive lnguge test sore therefore positive iretionl hypothesis ws put forth stte e on the other hn it nnot e ssume tht the length of time in n englishspeking speking environment positively effets lerning or hs ny prtiulr reltionship t ll As most nyone who hs tught or lerne foreign lnguge knows the qulity of the time spent seems to e fr more importnt thn the quntity spent iniviul vrition in lnguge lerning ility rte n opportunity mong other ftors will rstilly influene egrees of lnguge lerning suess n seem to fr outweigh how long it took the person to suee similrly though one woul expet tht inrese exposure to the trget lnguge english LDS lnguge woul positively influene the mount of voulry unerstoo y sujets however it woul e impossile to ssess whether some of these wors were lerne in ontexts other thn hurh our ssessment of lnguge exposure then ws limite to noting in wht lnguge the sujets were ttening or h ttene hurh n null hypothesis formt ws use H there is positive reltionship etween length of exposure to the LDS hurh n the mount of wors omprehene oth in spnish n english hoi hol mount of time in n englishspeking speking environment oes not show ny orreltion to the mount of wors omprehene in english ho2 h02 ho unit LDS hurh wr or rnh lnguge english spnish or oth oes not show ny orreltion to the mount of wors omprehene in english

37 29 lso note tht these three hypothesis relte only to the seon reserh question the first question isexplortory explortory n no hypotheses oul e me from it

38 30 CHAPTER THREE RESEARCH DESIGN As presente in hpters one n two the reserh questions this stuy ws esigne to nswer re s fols 1 how iffiult re sthles 249 wors for ntive spnishspeking speking LDS ults when teste in english n when teste in spnish 2 wht effet oes wr lnguge english vs spnish time in n englishspeking speking environment n length of exposure to the LDS hurh hve on the mount of LDS english voulry omprehene s represente y n extrt of sthles supplement to the le wor list hypotheses relting to question numer two hve lso een stte hi H there is positive reltionship etween length of exposure to the LDS hurh n the mount of wors omprehene oth in spnish n english hoi hol mount of time in n englishspeking speking environment oes not show ny orreltion to the mount of wors omprehene in english ho2 h2 h unit LDS hurh wr or rnh lnguge english spnish or oth oes not show ny orreltion to the mount of wors omprehene in english SUBTECTS SUBJECTS in orer to nswer the questions stte ove ntive spnishspeking speking ults nyone ge eighteen or oler ttening the LDS hurh in southern

39 31 texs long eh liforni n northern uth were selete for testing se on the foling rtionle pproprite ADproprlte ontext when this reserh ws in its erly evelopment proir the istne lerning projet DLP ommittee h lrey hosen n egun surveying mg in new york ity three sites where lrge perentges of nonntive ntive english speking LDS ults resie these nonntives ntives were preomintely spnish speking n the sites were hosen on ount of tht sine spnish spekers onstitute the ulk of the nonntive ntive hurh memers living in the US n n fter it ws isovere tht the gols n purposes of oth projets were ly onuive to eh other n oul esily e onute t the sme time this reserh ws e to the gen of the next two DLP t olletion trips texs n liforni this reserher ws lso fortuntely le to work for the DLP n onut oth portion of their surveying n the mjority of her own testing euse n estimte 6080 of the generl popultion t oth the texs n liforni sites ws ntive spnishspeking speking unker 1993 this ment tht the preominnt lnguge of the ommunity in whih the memers of the hurh live ws spnish not english exposure to n use of the english lnguge is sometimes limite in suh n environment n hurh memers english skills my e impte y this therefore itionl testing in uth where mny ntive spnishspekers spekers lso live ut in preominntly english speking environment ws onute in se the speifi lotion or ommunity type seeme to e ffeting how muh voulry hurh memers knew one lst thing to note is tht t ll three sites there were hurh meetings onute in oth n englishonly only n spnishonly formt n in texs there ws lso one mixelnguge formt where meeting trnsltion woul lternte

40 32 weekly this is signifint in tht memers h the opportunity to hoose the egree of exposure to the LDS english lnguge tht they esire inlusive smples ll ut three isusse e of the nine testing sessions were sheule y lol hurh leers either iretly fter hurh meeting times or uring the seon two hours of the hurh meeting ie uring suny shool n relief soietypriesthoo sessions soiety priesthoo testing uring the meeting lok ssure sujet smple whih inlue the mjority of the regulrlyttening ttening memers it ws ssume ll ults over ge 18 present tht y prtiipte with the exeption of persons responsile for tehing youth lsses when testing ourre iretly fter threehour hour hurh lok however s in three of the four texs units sujets my hve een less motivte to volunteer ue to numer of ftors suh s meltimeonflit onflit or testversion or in the se one of the texn wrs onfliting event the ptism of new memer in these ses sujets were strongly enourge y their unit leers to prtiipte n osionlly this ws even y personl invittion sine the sujets whih i volunteer espite suh onitions were rnomly ssigne to test surveying only one of the DLP tsks ie fous group or the testsurveying the motivtion ftors were ontrolle for s muh s possile similrly sujets were unwre tht gifts provie y the DLP were to e given out fterwrs so volunteers i not prtiipte se on tht riteri the gifts inlue hoie of one of severl t shirts n englishspnish spnish gospel itionry ook of youth hurh tlks or ssette tpe of hurh musi one prolem whih ourre in the uth wr testing however ws loss of t this ws ue to the ft tht the testing ws onute for one hour only on two onseutive sunys uring relief soietypriesthoo soiety priesthoo s oppose to hour the norml one suny twohour lok sheule mny of the persons teste on

41 33 the first suny were not present the seon suny pproximtely 20 sujets n when the surveying rn slightly overtime into the suny shool hour on the seon suny prtiipnts were le to finish the survey t home n return it to their ishop most of them i ut few were lost in this proess too the three testing sessions onute outsie of the immeite hurh settings n the ontext were in m uth two of these sessions ourre in shool settings17 other one in the reserhers home these prtiipnts volunteere se on personl invittion from either the reserher or frien of the reserher most were ttening spnishspeking speking wrs ut few of the younger stuents went to english wrs the totl numer of these prtiipnts ws thirtytwo two thirty of the totl numer teste only four of whih were teste in the reserhers home prior pprovl piprovl piprovl the finl riteri for seletion of sujets ws tht the testing ws previously pprove y LDS hurh hequrters s well s the lol leers whih woul e iretly involve pprovl to onut lnguge nees ssessment reserh ws grnte to the DLP y LDS hurh hequrters permissions to minister voulry test were susequently quire y DLP oorintors ellen unker n lter mrshll murry who were lso responsile for oorinting the DLP visits in generl see ppenix B for exerpts from the orresponene sent y the oorintors to the speifi hurh leers involve one 11 sujets t righm young universitys english lnguge enter shool for 170ne primrily ollegeoun interntionl stuents neeing to inrese their english skills the other 17 sujets t the elre enter extension of provo s ESL progrm whih extension is esigne for oler lerners oth of these shools re lote in provo uth

42 34 LA kl X instruments three instruments were use simultneously to ollet the t neessry to nswer the reserh questions the first instrument the voulry test is n pttion of n instrument previously esigne n teste y sthle 1981 s esrie in hpter two of this stuy the seon instrument the EGP ulturtion survey ws reserhe n esigne y TESL msters egree reviewe revise nites heryl white n en erikson n reviewerevise y the EGP ommittee whih onsiste of BYU TESL professors the thir instrument rief emogrphi questionnire ws evelope y the uthor pertinent etils regring the evelopment of these instruments fol the voulry test sthle 1981 teste 850 LDS relte wors in three option multiple hoie formt s estlishe previously only 249 of these wors were to e teste y this stuy s they were the ones foun to e si their orresponing multiple hoie items were foun in the ppenies to sthle 1981 n were type up s one test form A few initil hnges were me to efinitions whih ontine lnguge whih ws no longer politilly orret n few puzzling efinitions were revise 18 A forth option 1 I ont know ws lso e in ttempts to limit guessing see ppenix C sthles revise 249wor LDS english voulry test note tht her formtting ws not retine the test ws then trnslte into spnish euse this stuy unlike sthles 1981 elt with nonntive ntive english spekers trnsltion of thetest test instrutions n ll efinitions strengthene the vliity of the test tht is 18for exmple the efinition for hnippe ws hnge from lin or ripple to isle person n the one for priesthoo ws hnge from power go gives to goo men to the power to t in gos nme s this is how the prophets of lte hve een efining it other hnges me inluing those whih me euse of trnsltion n e seen y ompring ppenix C to ppenix I1

43 35 isoltion of the english wor ensure tht sujets were not missing the orret nswer euse they int unerstn the options whih were given the trnsltion ws one y ntive spnishspeker speker fluent in english who ws instrute to use the ilingul itionry the gospel in spnishel Sp srnishel evngel spnish el evngelio0 en espnol esvol tylor 1993 s guie n resoure where neessry sine englishspnish spnish LDS trnsltion is ly signifint to this stuy it must e mentione riefly efore going on soper 1974 isusse the prolems enountere y the hurh missionries who use to e ssigne s helth servies missionries n serve in the ltin merin ountries primrily in ples suh s rgentin olivi hile guteml n venezuel reognizing the two imensionl ie linguisti n ulturl ommunition prolems where gospel terminology n onepts re onerne soper presente the multiimensionl iffiulties of ommuniting helth informtion lnguge n ulturespeifi speifi terminology gps whih re ompoune y lk of fmilirity with western stnrs of helth in rurl res verses fmilirity with these stnrs in urn res where the sme lngugeulture exists p 15 the most pertinent topi whih he note ws the terminology gp etween the usully ntive english speking missionry n the spnish or portuguese memers in rurl res p 18 soper stte tht lthough nerly 80 of ll english meil terms re ner ogntes in spnish helth missionries nee to sy humn wstes rther thn fel mtter for exmple p 18 the implition this hs for the urrent stuy is gret woul the wors eing teste whih re in english e known to the sujets s trnslte into spnish or 1 re these US speifi ulturl onepts whih re not present in the spnish lngugeulture or 2 onepts whih re ommonly known ut lnguge ulture y ifferent trnsltion in other wors in orer to vlily test the english

44 36 terms n relte voulry omprehension to the ies of ommunities of prtie we must lso ssess the egree of ntive lnguge omprehension tht is to miss the english term euse the spnish term ws not known is fr ifferent thn to miss the english term ut know the spnish one for exmple when sujet is new to the hurh heshe eshe my not hve h muh opportunity to prtiipte in the hurh ommunity n therefore my not yet e ulturte or more speifilly heshe eshe my not e wre of ertin terms or their mening thus if signifint numer of sujets misse n item in the spnish tht item shoul e trete either s prolemti onept or mistrnsltion or s sign tht the sujet ws not suessfully ulturte to the LDS ommunity in their ntive lnguge in the first two instnes the woring woul e invli to test in the lst the item woul e ly interesting n ought to e exmine in further stuies istinguishing etween these two possiilities shoul e possile y heking the items trnsltion more losely nor onsulting with ntive spnish spekers for ulturl insight in onsequene of ll this eh test form ws me into two look like prts to ensure tht the question ws inee testing the english term n not the onept ltogether whih my or my not e trnsferle s presente prt 1I then teste the english wor with nswers in spnish n prt II 11 teste the sme term y its itionryspnish equivlent y mens of the sme spnish nswers sujets respone to oth prts one t time english wor first the two prts were linke y writing the DLP survey isusse e numer onto the emogrphi questionnire isusse e eforehn n when the spnish prt ws tken up the test numer whih ws ientil for oth prts ws written on the questionnire this proess linke the four instruments onfientilly

45 37 next ntive english speker fluent in spnish not the reserher who h previous trining in ESL lnguge testing n multiple hoie item writing n who ws lso finishing TESL msters egree serhe the spnish version of the test for other item weknesses whih my hve ourre uring trnsltion of prtiulr note were efinitions whih now ontine ogntes tht gve the orret nswer wy these efinitions were revise to eliminte those prolems the test ws then pilote on thirtythree three ntive spnishspeking speking ults in the provo uth sureno sureo ureo wr sujets were invite to tke the test primrily in orer to help hek its trnsltion ut lso to ssess the smoothness of the proeure the piloting revele numer of mjor ostles to the vliity n reliility of the test instrument s well s the testing proeure so the foling hnges were me the test ws rstilly shortene y throwing out wors whih visully i not iffer signifintly from spnish to english 115 totl leving only 134 terms to e teste n rnomly iviing the remining items etween three forms items on eh lrger print ws lso ntron utilize n the sntron sntlon form for mrking nswers whih h een so onfusing to sujets even fter etile instrutions ws isre A seon ntive spnishspeker speker ws lso onsulte to revise items whih still presente trnsltion prolems s this trnsltor ws not fmilir with multiple hoie item writing the uthor provie trining se on her own lnguge testing kgroun s well s n pttion of the test item riteri whih sthle 1981 esries in hpter three of her stuy these revise riteri re foun in ppenix D multiple hoie item preprtion guielines A k trnsltion of the entire test from spnish to english ws lso one to hek for item weknesses it ws ministere to ten ntive englishspeking speking ults simultneously to the uth form Y testing this test is foun in ppenix E

46 38 00 PJ 0 fter these hnges it ws neessry to provie mens for lter equting the three forms so tht in nlyzing the t the test oul e trete s whole not three prts n the iffiulty of the wors oul e ssesse ross the three forms n not simply within thin eh form the W full implitions of this s well s the theory ehin it will e isusse in more etil e uner nlyses here it is only pertinent to know tht se on theory urrent in the lnguge testing fiel lle item response theory ertin perentge of the totl numer of items h to e respone to y every person teste no mtter whih form they reeive these items ommon to eh seprte test re lle linking items theyinrese the totl numer of questions teste ut not the numer of unique items eing teste for this test fifteen of the 134 unique items were ple on eh test form tht is five items from eh form were e to the other two forms for totl of 55 items per form 19 n grn totl of 165 test questions 20 figure 1 on the next pge is grphi representtion of the reserh esign s esrie up to this point in ition it ws eie to present the entire test urlly s well s visully through use of n uiotpe reoring of the instrutions n the two prts of the test not only i this onveniently provie mens of ping the test so tht gin guessing woul e isourge ut more importntly it le the foling possiilities 1 sujets reognize wor when spoken ut might not hve reognize if only written 2 sujets were not literte in their ntive lnguge ut oul fol the numeril orer n the A B C D spoken in spnish hoies while listening to it one ne qne item sth ws use on oth form Y n Z in orer to mke the numer even the linking items were hosen se on the uthors sujetive impression of LDS 190ne 20the uniqueness tht is they were onsiere prtiulrly unique to the LDS lexion

47 39 sthle stle 1981 urrill x3 trnsltion 249 S P A N 134 Y 15 linke items 5 move from eh form unique 80 of LDS 4th th 850 grers most frequent 165 prt 1I english wor lter item nlysis of n englishonly version totl prt II 11 spnish wor reue the numer of unique items to 131 figure 1 grphi representtion of reserh esign efore reoring the test however suitle pe h to e estlishe to o this prt II 11 with the spnish term of form X ws ministere to non LDS ntive spnishspeker speker with the expettion tht some items very peulir to the LDS hurh woul use the sujet iffiulty n thus tke longest to nswer the sujet ws me fmilir with the purpose of the test n tol tht he ws only going to e time not teste ut oul tke s long s neessry to omplete the test As the sujet proeee ut without his knowlege the uthor lso time how long the sujet spent on eh item the verge time spent on eh item ws seons with the longest time spent eing 14 seons the items whih prove most iffiult for the sujet were isusse n s expete the most iffiult items were those without equivlene in other religions together with the sujet it ws gree tht the test woul proly hve tken him longer h the wors eing

48 40 teste een in english n proly hve tken memer of the LDS hurh lot less time on the spnish ue to time onstrints however the uthor ws unle to pretest ny other sujets for ping mesure it ws therefore eie tht on top of the time tken to re n item 8 seons of silene woul fol for the sujet to nswer question on the english version n five seons woul fol the time tken to re n item on the spnish version 21 the first three times the test ws ministere the sujets were ske prtwy through if the pe ws too fst none of them 30 totl felt tht either prt move too fst for them to nswer n in ft most sujets tene to finishe efore the reoring ws through thus the voulry test ministere to nswer this stuys reserh questions unerwent rigorous rethinking n revisions efore eing implemente view ppenies F G n H for test forms X Y n Z prts I1 n 11 II respetively see ppenix I1 for simplifie listing of the finl 131 unique items22 inluing glosse efinition tken from the spnish n ppenix J for list of the fifteen linke items with oth their originl test numers the orer they were rnomly given on form X Y or Z n their unique item numers the items were renumere so tht the linke items were not ounte twie the EGP ulturtion survey the EGP survey ws intene to ssess ommunity 23 n it ws memers mount of ulturtion to the english LDS ommunity23n 21 A ntive spnishspeker speker from mexio ws foun to reor the spnish sine most sujets in texs n liforni were expete to e from mexio the uthor provie the ntive english voie for the english terms reoring ws one in sounproof stuio on the mpus of righm young university n took pproximtely six hours 22three items were thrown out fter the k trnsltion mentione ove english version given to ntive english spekers showe them to e prolemti in english they will e isusse speifilly in hpter four 23the EGP survey ssesse gret el of informtion out the ontrsting english vs spnish lnguge use y sujets s well s the possile ftors tht my promote or inhiit hurh

49 41 use in onjuntion with this testing primrily for the purposes of future reserh wht ws tken from it for use in this stuy were severl emogrphi questions see e the survey ws esigne in prt on the sis of shumnns ulturtion moel n in prt from preliminry EGP nees ssessment telephone interviews unker 1993 n ws similr to the formt use y eggington egington Egg 1985 A ommittee of five BYU TESL professors reviewe rfts of the survey prepre y white n erikson efore the english version ws finlly pilote on pproximtely ten nonntive ntive spekers n revise gin the spnish trnsltion of the EGP survey only one of the mny trnsltions now heke omplete ws one y ntive spnish speker then rossheke y oth ntive englishspeker speker fluent in spnish n ilingul englishspnish spnish speker see white 1995 or erikson 1995 for more etils out the survey evelopment the first ministrtion of the spnish version of the survey ws rrie out with the pilot testing of the voulry test esrie ove ie in the provo uth sureno sureho gureno wr ue to its extensive nture however the survey will not e n ppenix to this stuy euse the t finlly selete for orresponing use in the nlyses onute here me from only three questions how ol re you how long hve you een in the unite sttes n how long hve you een memer of the hurh questions & 127 A smple of the survey n e otine y looking t either white 1995 or erikson 1995 the emogrphi questionnire the questionnire ws evelope to nswer few questions whih were not ssesse or not ssesse in the esire mnner y the EGP survey the mjority of the questions use likert sle ut memers quisition of english s seon lnguge ue to the nture of some positions in the hurh mle n femle versions of the survey were proue to urtely ssess lnguge use oring to ontext

50 42 few open ene heklist n fillin in types were lso use trnsltion of the questionnire ws one y ilingul englishspnish spnish speker n lter heke y the ntive spnishspeker speker who me finl revisions to the test instrument to filitte the pket preprtion esrie e three forms of the questionnire were me ut they iffere only y the preprinte printe form numer in the upper righthn hn omer orner oer see ppenix K for smple of the questionnire form X in english n then spnish sujets reeive only the spnish version PROCEDURE initilly it ws hope tht the uthor woul e le to protor ll testsurvey survey sessions ut in orer to ollet the most t possile in the time llotte other memers of EGP tem were trine to onut portion of the testing these tem memers were given etile esription of testing proeures whih were to e met the most importnt spets of these instrutions re summrize e ut n e lote in their entirety in ppenix L protor instrutions test formsprts FormsPrts n pket preprtion no more thn one reore test form X Y or Z ws ministere to sujets in the sme room it ws not possile to o otherwise prt I1 of eh test form ws numere onseutively he of time eh form eginning with numer one prt II 11 ws not numere t this point n the questionnires spe for the test numer ws lso left lnk t this stge however it ws neessry to mth eh questionnire to survey y ollting the two with the questionnire on top n writing the survey numer in the spe provie on the questionnire n mple supply of mle n femle surveys were ollte in this mnner so tht neither pket type ws run out of uring testing whih woul hve neessitte lstminute numering

51 43 room rrngement rrn the rooms utilize were lrge enough to omfortly set ll prtiipnts n met the foling testtking tking requirements 1 ll test tkers h something hr to write on preferly tle or esk where ville hymn ooks lso suffie in ire instnes 2 sujets were equtely spe h e room if t tle so tht it ws ovious if someone turne to look t someone elses test 3 the tpe plyer ws pproximtely entere with reltion to the sujets or in goo position to e her y everyone the poium n mirophone in the hpel worke espeilly well for this te testing sujets were welome n sete penils n sujet instrutions spnish version were psse out see ppenix M for opy of these instrutions in english n spnish the instrutions were then plye stopping the tpe when tht setion ws finishe fter un millon n e gris t this point moel item inserte into eh ssette se ws re lou n ny questions were tken one thing rought out with the moel item ws tht the nswers were not ext synonyms ut efinitions sujets were tol to hoose the est efinition of the wor though it my not e n ext or the only efinition of it when everyone ws s rey prt I1 only of the written test ws psse out to the sujets n when everyone h it the tpe ws strte gin sujets her prt I1 n the pproprite form numer this ws listene for n heke the test egn n the protor irulte if sujet finishe prt I1 efore the reoring of prt I1 ene n others were yet listening one of two onitionl options ws hosen 1 if sujets were not sete where others oul esily see their prt II 11 or sujets oul e move where others oul not see their prt 11 II then

52 44 prt I1 ws ollete from sujets one t time with protors writing prt I1 test numers in the lnk provie on prt 11 II n then giving the sujet their prt II 11 whih were the sme wors n options ut ll in spnish 2 if suh ws not the se then sujets were instrute to sit quietly until the reoring of prt I 1 ene n ll sujets h finishe it if the lter option ws hosen then the tester h to refully ollet eh prt I1 seprtely from one sujet t time so tht he or she oul write the test numer from prt I1 onto eh sujets prt II 11 uner no irumstnes ws the sujet permitte to see prt II 11 efore prt I1 ws ollete so prt nh ws never simply psse out nor were sujets ever le to write the test numer on the mthing prt for these resons erly finishers of prt I1 if it ws possile to seprte them me the testers jo muh esier n less onfusing uring the trnsition it lso ontrolle for those tht might hve onsulte with their neighors uring this trnsition most sujets tene to finish prt 11 rther quikly when sujet ws one erly or when the reoring ws over n gre perio of 5105 minutes h een given eh prt II 11 ws ollete seprtely so tht the test numer lemle oul gin e mthe to ie fille in on n pproprite femlemle questionniresurvey survey pket ie the questionnire n survey were given out together with the questionnire lwys on top s tht ws how the pkets were numere in ition to this stnr proeure trnsition h to e institute for the uth wr testing euse of the splitsession session formt gift signup sheet ws utilize to reor persons test n survey numer so tht the reserher ws le to lter mth the remining instrument the EGP survey ppropritely

53 nmes were fille in on the survey for the prtiipnt n use s type of roll iroll ll il li the next week questionnire n survey ministrtion the questionnire n survey ministrtion ws not trete s testtking tking sitution n ws s relxe s possile fter ll tests were ollete sujets were le to onsult testers with ny questions they h n oul leve their mterils t their set n get rink of wter if neessry while no other items shoul hve h sujet nmes written on them the survey i sk for their nme wr te n signture on the first pge ut this ws torn off when they hne it in for onfientility the survey ws still mthe to the other test items y the survey numer whih ppere on the seon pge fter the sujet omplete oth pges of the questionnire n the entire survey they oul hoose one of four gifts t shirt tpe ook or spnish english gospel itionry s thnkyou for their prtiiption the entire proess esrie ove took up to two hours inluing initil setup up n lenup the reoring of prt I1 lste pproximtely 24 minutes n prt 111 II kli kii out 20 minutes some sujets took up to 40 minutes to omplete the questionniresurvey ut others finishe muh fster questionnire survey ANALYSES fter the tests were mnully sore eh question ws worth one point this t n the t from the questionnires n surveys were entere onto omputer tse n nlyze sttistilly the foling ssessments of the t were me

54 46 esriptive sttistis A summry of the sujet pool ws tulte oring to lotion the test form ministere n gener of the prtiipnt n mens of test sores were lulte oringly y the sme ivisions mens stnr evitions n reliility of english n spnish ility s ogits esrie e n stnr evitions n reliility of english n spnish item s ogits esrie e were lso lulte test vi vliity esriptive sttistis for test fe vliity were ssesse from the lst eight questions of the emogrphi questionnire then in ition to using tritionl item nlysis to lote test items omputer se nlysis using item response theory IRT ws use to pinpoint test weknesses item iffiulty more importntly the IRT nlysis ws lso use to lulte the reltive iffiulty of the english or spnish items ross forms n rossforms therefore lso ross lotions ove uner test evelopment the neessity of this step ws riefly mentione note tht while the test forms werenow weresow equte the two lnguges were not n oul never e oth n english n spnish IRT were run this is how IRT omplishes the tsk first y ssessing the iffiulty of the linke items reltive to eh other for whih there is omplete set of t n then ssessing the iffiulty of the remining items respone to y iffering portions of the sujet pool reltive to the iffiulty of the linke items IRT nlysis spres the inomplete item t sets in the spes etween the linke item t set whih is omplete the foling visul representtion of this proess figures 2 n 3 shoul help to lrify this

55 47 figure 2 representtion of omplete vs missing vlues in t set of 131 items foun on three seprte tests X Y Z given 15 linking items shown y thik lk lines X Y figure 3 representtion of IRTs reistriution of unique ite items oring to their reltive iffiulty in omprison to linke itemsi some iffiulty levels my ontin more thn one item

56 48 the iffiulty levels of items re lle vlues n eh vlue is reporte with stnr error of mesurement er error for less omplete t while simple listing of vlues oul e n ws me for eh lnguge n oul e useful plotte representtion of the vlues y item me it possile to see the reltionship of iffiulty levels ross lnguges tht is using the xxis X for the spnish iffiulty vlue n the yxis Y for english eh of the unique items were plotte if the point fell in the upper righthn hn qurnt the item ws iffiult in oth spnish n english if it fell in the upper left qurnt it ws iffiult in english ut esy in spnish n so on thus list of wors y qurnt of reltive iffiulty ws evelope then to e sure tht the reltionship suggeste i not hppen y hne the rnge in whih n item oul hve fllen s reporte y eh items stnr error ws lso plotte 24 A 95 onfiene level require tht two stnr errors of mesurement e e est vlue possile or sutrte est vlue possile to eh reporte vlue see figure 4 on the foling pge for exmple of this n rnge plotting for 95 onfiene vrile ssessment in ition to equting the forms to ssess iffiulty levels the IRT nlysis provie two new epenent vriles to e use in multiple nlysis of vrine herefter MANOVA inste of persons english n spnish test sore whih ws reltive to the test form persons english n spnish ility level ws lulte se on the iffiulty of the items tht is person is of er english or spnish ility if they re only nswering the esiest items orretly n persons ility inreses s they 24those with rnges tht signifintly overlppe overlps lphe one or more of the qurnts were given speil note tht their sttus ws less ertin

57 49 spnse sknse ense engse item point spnx spn engy I itemi ikemi 1 sttement Y A Q j est Highest iguest vlue of spnish x S english item I1 u W40 5 I W i I oy o T Q f X est vlue of spnish x english item logi 0 1 C spnish x english item iter lterm vlue generte nlysis yirt IRT spnish iffiulty figure 4 exmple of spnish x english item n rnge plotting using 2 x the stnr error se respon orretly to more iffiult items 25 this ility level n e thought of s something kin to stnrize test sore z sore t it my help to use the figure 3 ove to unerstn this onept turn it siewys to the left imgining tht the lines t ottom represent the esiest items n those t the top re the most iffiult euse the orer of plement from esiest to most iffiult ws se on how mny people got it right or wrong we fin tht most iniviuls re now getting ertin hunks of the ontinuum right only esy items mostly esy items some moerte n so on n this is how their ility level is sle 261rt IRT lso lultes the fit of persons ility level tht is how norml or expete we n think of their responsesility level s eing for exmple when persons responses re more hphzr eg they miss most of the esy items ut get moerte n iffiult items

58 50 using these new vlues english ility level spnish ility level s the epenent vriles le the iffering test forms t to e ollpse into one tegory reltive mount of english or spnish voulry omprehene A MANOVA ws then performe on the english n spnish t with the foling inepenent vriles sex lotion time in the hurh time in the US n wr lnguge 27 ollpsing the t in this mnner oul only hve ourre otherwise h the MANOVA or n ANOVA tken into ount the test form long with the other inepenent vriles n even then euse there woul e gret mounts of missing t sine ertin forms were not teste s often or in every lotion the MANOVA woul e ly unlikely to fin signifine in or etween ny of the vriles 28 in other wors one of the most useful spets of IRT nlysis is its ility to ompenste for missing t whih mkes the testing n nlysis of lrge item tses more fesile n prtil orret IRT reors this person s hving outfit this is similr to plotting how losely z sores fll on stright line 27the inepenent vriles in this stuy were multilevele levele n mesure on vriety of sle types nominl orinl n intervl A MANOVA ws run to see if there ws ny reltionship ross lnguge ility levels however this proeure lso generte two univrite moels or ANOVAs nlyses of vrine whih looke t the english n spnish epenent vriles seprtely exept when speifilly referring to the results of the univrite moels the term MANOVA will e use to signify the sttistis run the MANOVA ws performe using the SAS sttistil pkge ville on the PC 28severl nlysis were tully ttempte in n effort to equte the three test forms efore IRT usefulness ws isovere n utilize the previous ttempts however onfirme tht sttistil signifine woul pper or ispper epening on how mny inepenent vriles were inlue in the nlysis of vrine

59 51 CHAPTER FOUR RESULTS AND isussion fter thorough exmintion of relevnt literture n the evelopment n ministrtion of test n survey instruments the foling results were otine y sttistil n qulittive nlyses relling the two purposes of this stuy the first exploring levels of iffiulty of LDS wors n the seon ttempting to ssess why the wors were iffiult or not iffiult shoul help to guie the reer through this isussion the isussion egins with sttistis whih summrize how mny sujets were teste n where fole y rief report of their verge sores next the esriptive sttistis for the ility levels n item iffiulty vlues of the IRT nlyses performe re reporte ut the isussion of these nlyses re fterwrs seprte into isussion of item iffiulty n vrile ssessment respetively these nswer questions one n two test vliity is isusse just prior to item iffiulty s it of ourse reltes to oth questions esriptive sttistis OF SUBTECTS SUBJECT AND TEST SCORES tle 1 summrizes the totl numer of persons teste wht test form ws use to test them wht region they were from n whether they were mle M or femle W perentges will e given lter

60 52 tle 1 summry of smple size y gener lotion n form teste smple size formx form formy formz forz form X form Y Z lotion totl totl gener texs liforni uth form totl men women I1 I men women men in women men women mw totl the est sore otinle on eh prt of eh form of the test ws 54 points fter one item from eh test ws remove this will e isusse lter tle 2 e summrizes the verge sores n verge ifferenes etween sores tht were otine oring to the test form tken the lotion n gener of prtiipnt s well s the perentges n stnr evitions ssoite with those results the verge test sores otine y the ove prtiipnts on oth the english n the spnish portions vrie only slightly ross the lotions teste As n e seen in most ses the verge english test sore for men ws only slightly er thn tht of the women exept on form X in texs n form Z in uth in generl sores for oth geners fell in the mitwenties to upper thirties rnge of 46.6 to 69.9 on the spnish portion of the test however women verge just slightly er thn men exept on form X entirely see note e ut gin oth geners sores fell etween the miforties to fifty points rnge to As expete the spnish sores were muh er thn the english sores on verge though iniviully mny persons performe eqully on the two prts iniviul soring ptterns however will not e isusse

61 53 tle 2 verge test sores perentges n stnr evitions s y form lotion n gener totl numer N 97 men women form X TX totl n women n n 33.3 men n8 form X CA totl n23 E women 0 vien e n n n english verge english verge spnish verge N spnish verge english s english s spnish s spnish s I1 form Y CA totl n53 english verge spnish verge english s spnish s women n men vien lien llen n form Y UT totl n79 english verge spnish verge english s spnish s women n vien lien n form Z TX totl n38 english verge spnish verge english s spnish s vomen women omen n vien men vlen n gig form Z UT totl n women nomen n n vien pien n7 english verge spnish verge english enlish s spnish s likewise the stnr evitions ss s or spre etween sores ie initing vrition for sujets spnish test were signifintly er thn for their english test usully y 10 points exept for men only on form Z TX &

62 54 UT n on form Y CA where the two ss s spnish n english were very nerly the sme points s on the spnish respetively vs n points s respetively on the english minus these three exeptions men lso h muh smller spre etween their spnish sores thn women i men usully roun points s n women roun 7 points on the other hn there ws very similr vrition for men n women etween their english test sores on form X CA n form Y CA & UT these ss s flling t pproximtely n 17 points spre respetively then gin on the rest of the forms the vrition etween sores ws more spre out ut only on form X TX ws it the women sujets who h more vrition vs s on form Z TX & UT the mens sores vrie fr more thn the womens n s for women vs n s for men though sttistis were not run on sores otine oring to test form or lotion the mens n stnr evitions shown ove point to some interesting ptterns n other nlyses on the t my revel signifine whih ws not shown in the nlyses whih were performe 29 the first of these ptterns ws note riefly ove form X in texs n liforni ws the only form where women verge less thn men on the spnish portion likewise the gretest ifferene in sores etween geners gi gl points on the english test ws foun etween men n women in texs tking form X men verge n women the gretest ifferene etween geners on the spnish test ws only 5 points n this ourre in texs on form Z women verge points or n men points or 29the nlyses were not run euse the primry fous of this stuy ws to ssess item iffiulty to o this IRT nlysis ws use to ompenste for missing t n this nlysis utomtilly equte the three test forms therey removing the two vriles of form n lotion however future reserh woul enefit this stuy y returning to the three test forms n running seprte ANOVAs y form n lotion it is possile tht suh nlyses my yiel results whih the omine form n lotion pproh of the IRT nlysis my not hve ught see lter isussion uner vrile ssessment

63 similrly the stnr evitions show gener ifferenes on some forms epening on the lnguge teste it is not ler whether lotion influene the results or not the seon pttern notiele lso relte to gener n is summrize in tle 3 whih fols on the next pge the t in tle 3 were otine y sutrting the english verge sore from the spnish verge sore n then lulting the ifferene etween men n womens verge ifferenes the ifferene etween the english verge n the spnish verge sore y gener rnge etween points n points ifferene etween lnguges for men n points n points ifferene for women ompring the verge ifferenes of men n women it ws only in liforni on form X tht the women verge smller ifferene etween the two lnguge sores thn the men points smller ifferene however in uth n liforni on form Y the verge ifferene etween geners ws the next est men verging n points less ifferene respetively in ontrst the lrgest verge ifferene etween men n women ourre in uth on form Z t points greter spre etween the two lnguge sores for women

64 56 tle 3 verge ifferenes etween spnish n english sores y gener 30 form X TX totl n31 ifferene spen gener omprison form Y CA totl n53 ifferene spen gener omprison women n men n8 n 33.3 form X CA totl n ifferene spen gener omprison women n32131 men n form Y UT totl n ifferene sp spen gener omprison women n n men n9 or form form Z TX totl n ifferene spen gener omprison women n men n N 61 form Z UT totl n ifferene spen gener omprison women wome ome n Me men n UWE women men n n en 86 n esriptive sttistis OF IRT ANALYSES while it seems possile to ompre verge test sores n verge ifferenes etween test sores ross lotions n test forms ution must e tken here for if one test form hppene to e more iffiult thn one or oth of the others whih perhps form X ws the omprison of these verges woul e invli this omprison therefore ws not one in orer to mke generl onlusions out sujet performne then the three test forms must e known to e equl or me so given lrge enough smple size multiple nlysis of vrine mnov31 woul suffie for the purposes of ssessing whether or not test form ws signifintly ffeting the overll results however ll other inepenent vriles woul nee to e investigte t the sme time n euse of the mnner in whih the t h 30the gener omprison lultion is ple in the row of the gener whose verge ifferene ws est 31see footnote numer twentythree three hoosing this proeure n isussion in hpter three for the riteri ehin

65 57 to e ollete not ll forms oul e given in ll lotions n most inepenent vriles were not ontrolle for s this ws primrily n explortory stuy this resulte in sujet smple tht ws not lrge enough for MANOVA inluing ll of the vriles to e performe 32 therefore in orer to ompre sujet performne n lter item iffiulty ross lotions n forms n nlysis lle item response theory IRT nlysis ws use to equte the three test forms the theory itself ws expline in etil in hpter three it will e rememere tht its strtegy for equting test forms is n ssessment of the reltive iffiulty of linke items questions hel in ommon on ll forms to whih n ssessment of the reltive iffiulty of unique items questions whih only our on one form is e in this wy items re orere y level of iffiulty n sujets performne eomes not test sore ut n ility level se on how mny esy moerte or hrer items were nswere orretly with this in min the foling mens of s ogits juste stnr evitions n reliility oeffiients were generte y the english n spnish IRT t s seen in tle 4 tle 4 item response theory esriptive sttistis for persons n items y lnguge english IRT persons items spnish IRT persons I1 items numer tive numer tive rell lo men 10 s ogits ISMno men s ogits weg4li juste s juste s reliility reliility Reli reilility s As note previously nlyses severl MANOVAs or even simply ANOVAs oul e performe on eh test form seprtely ut this ws not one here gin see isussion uner vrile ssessment whih fols

66 58 note tht the stnr evition ws juste y the IRT progrm se on the stnr error similrly the progrm utomtilly sets the item mens t zero n sles the vlues s plus or minus points the reliility oeffiient lso lulte y the progrm is rtio etween the stnr evition squre n the totl vrine ie within group vrine to totl vrine 33 it n e seen from this t just s with the men sores t tht sujets sore muh er s expete on the spnish portion of the test n with less vrition mong their spnish sores TEST VALIDITY two mesures of test vliity were performe fe vliity ssesse y the sujet questionnire n item nlysis ssesse y oth tritionl item nlysis n IRT nlysis the results otine y the questionnire regring test fe vliity were extremely positive eight ftors were onsiere test pe url lrity instrutionl lrity test length sujet pereption of english n spnish iffiulty levels enjoyment of the test n the sujets moo n overll rting ws tken from the moe sore vriles were ssesse on likert sle n were s fols 1 test pe ws onsiere goo 2 on sle from 1 to 4 2 the reoring ws esy to her 1 on sle from 1 to 3 3 the instrutions were very ler 3 on sle from 1 to 3 4 the length of the test ws goo 2 on sle from 1 to 3 33the reer is referre to the mirosle Miro nlysis mnul y wright & linre 1985 p g13 G for their isussion of the sttistil proeures rrie out y this pkge esigne for IRT nlysis the reliility formul ws not given

67 59 5 the iffiulty of english wors ws rte verge 2 on sle from 1 to 3 6 the spnish wors were very esy 1 on sle from 1 to 3 7 lmost everyone si tht yes they enjoye tking the test n 8 lmost everyone ws in very goo moo 5 on sle from 1 to 5 the mens stnr errors meins moes stnr evitions rnges n minimum n mximums possile for these ftors re summrize in ppenix N As mentione for item vliity two mesures were tken the first tritionl item nlysis performe on k trnsltion of the test whih ws given to ten ntive englishspeking speking LDS ults in uth revele repete onfusion on three items reltion numer 14 on form X ourge numer numer 13 on form Y n sueenumer 53 on form Z reexmintion of these items showe tht two nswers oul e orret though perhps not eqully so tht is it woul epen on how one looke t the possile nswers espeilly with the lter two items whih re more strt these three items were isre efore the susequent IRT nlysis of the t reuing the numer of unique items to 131 the seon item nlysis ws prt of the iffiulty level nlysis of IRT the IRT nlysis pinpoints item weknesses in regrs to their fit within the t were persons of the sme generl ility level nswering this item orretly or inorretly or ws this item less le or unle to preit persons ility level if n item hs little ility to preit persons ility itws level it is lmost impossile to sy whether it ws esy or hr n therefore the item is onsiere wek n shoul e thrown out IRT nlysis lote three other wek test items on the english version grief form Y numer 4

68 60 or unique item 58 n on the spnish version segurr ssure form X numer 9 or unique item 9 n rtel poster form X numer 24 or unique item 23 ppenix 0 ontins the english n spnish IRT item outfit n stnr error vlues note tht from these lists the wek items esrie ove n e lote y n outfit vlue of plus or minus two or greter this t n n shoul e re line y line ll the wy ross sine unique item numer one et unique item numer one et in english ws intene to e equivlent to in spnish n exmintion of these test questions revels tht in eh se ut epening on the lnguge there were two responses tht oul e onsiere orret this ifferene etween lnguges inites tht ifferenes etween ultures my e influening the weknesses of the items one other point to note onerning the item nlyses is tht three of the six items me from form X while only two were from form Y n only one from form Z if form X then ws shown to e more iffiult y nlyses not one here this ft my hve ontriute to tht ITEM iffiulty the most signifint portion of this stuys finings however onerne the omprtive iffiulty of the test items ie the wors prtiulrly epening upon whih lnguge they were teste in gin the IRT nlysis generte these t s hs een esrie to list the item t in ppenix 0 y orer of iffiulty esiest to most iffiult sort ommn ws rrie on in ppenix P sieysie englishspnish spnish listing of the sorte t n e foun however it woul e iffiult to ompre the reltive iffiulty of the wors ross lnguges with

69 61 only this type of list the first n lst points re t ifferent levels n the wors o not fol the sme orer ross lnguges wht ws neee ws twoimensionl plotte representtion of the iffiulty s ogits while eh vlue oul hve een plotte n ssesse y itself it ws foun more esirle to plot the rnge tht the t points might hve fllen into given the stnr error to ompute this with 95 onfiene two stnr errors were e n then sutrte to the originl vlue to proue the est n est vlue tht the vlue might hve een ppenix Q lists the tow t points for oth lnguges long with the stnr error n the originl vlue then using mirosoft exel this t ws plotte using the spnish iffiulty t points for the X xis n the english ones for the yxis Y the four qurnts of the plot represent the foling 1 wors in the upper left qurnt qurnt 1 I re iffiult in english ut esy in spnish 2 wors in the upper right qurnt 11 II re iffiult in oth lnguges therefore these two qurnts re the ones EGP mterils evelopers shoul e most onerne with if use the wors shoul e introue with re foling the guielines outline y unker the er left qurnt qurnt 1111 in illi represents wors tht re esy in oth lnguges n 4 the er righthn hn qurnt qurnt IV ontine wors tht were iffiult in spnish ut esy in english the wors in these lter two qurnts shoul not e left out of EGP mterils they re essentil for LEP memers to lem lern le though most nonntive ntive memers my lrey know them A smple of four plotte items one of them lele with the qurnt numers is given in figure 5 whih fols on the next pge

70 figure 5 smple of plotte IRT t item 4 selings elings item 6 holy H ghost 4 g Q S 2. G M 4 5 qurnt qurnt h ffl 1h A JL 15 f C A R y qurnt II 11 il qurnt qul Qui nt IV TV g ml M l Q 14 S 4.5 w 4.5 r 35 1 C t K 3 5 A K spnish iffiulty spnish iffiulty item 11 wikeness item 78 ommnment 3 s Q f 2 5 w 2.5 A k 8k it 3 5 A C 4 5 spnish iffiulty g W A n i r s to r wj M f spnish iffiulty i I1 35

71 63 note tht the ifferene in rnge size se on stnr error epene on how mny responses there were to the item ws it unique or ommon ws tht items form teste more frequently thn the others lso some points n some rnges s well fell so lose to zero or eqully overlppe two or more qurnts tht it ws impossile to e ertin tht the wor ws in one or nother of the qurnts in these ses however the wor ws ple oring to its ext vlue sine no other ssessment oul e me in figure 5 item four elings selings ws one suh overlpping item whether it ws truly iffiult or esy in english is somewht questionle though it ws more thn likely esy in spnish similrly holy ghost item six my or my not hve een iffiult in english ut it ws more ertinly iffiult in spnish item eleven wikeness however ws without out quite iffiult in oth lnguges n ommnment item 78 ws efinitely esy in oth spnish n english this ssessment of reltive iffiulty ws of ourse me more ext y smller rnge note the ifferene etween wikeness or holy ghost linke items n ommnment only on form Y in prtiulr from the plotte t then listing of wors y qurnt ws me the wors whih were less ertinly ple re shown with one sterisk if the english level ws unertin oule sterisk if the spnish ws unertin n if oth were unertin triple sterisk ws use the list fols in tle 5 ppenix R ontins the 131 stter plot grphs from whih this list ws tken the grphs like the smples in figure 5 show the onfiene rnges whih re not pprent from the list from the list in tle 5 then the foling qulittive nlysis of item iffiulty will help to expn our unerstning of the t

72 i A ole ot olt tle 5 reltive iffiulty of wors orresponing to the qurnts of the stter plots of item vlues n rnges see key s foun in ppenix R LLD I 1F 1I DIFF IN ENGEASY IN SP 25 OR 19.1 igi II DIFFICULT IN BOTH 35 OR eyon 127 st out 108 evelopment 52 isourge 39 isourgement 119 out 34 forgve 87 fun 53 hnout 60 heneforth 38 improvement 103 journl 20loyl 126 nursery 46 priesthoo holer 14 punishment 105 rejet 19 righteous 55 Ssth I 1 59 selfishness 37 skill 31 strive 129 tithe 44 unselfish 85 wiow 21 omplish 28 meetinghouse 111 omplishment 72 hieve 86 visor 22 lmighty 9 ssure 88 ttenne 74 lling 26 hllenge 26hrenge 74 hpel 18 everlsting 95 foler 58 grief 130 hols the priesthoo 6 holy ghost 49 illness 66juge 114 knowlege 100 mo 92 offering 102 prtnership 82 pttern 23 poster 94 prie 67 sttere 1I sttement 51 strength 43 strengthen 70 supply 89 therefore 71 wike 11 II wikeness 32 wor of wisom 10 worship 111 III lii EJ EASY IN BOTH 46 OR 35.1 igli igi 351 IV DIFF IN SPEASY IN ENG 25 OR nestors t 5 pprove 98 lessings elestil kingom 69 hpter 78 ommnment 117 ontt 54 onvert 61 ounil 57 ustom 64 epresse 99 isuss 118 isussion 79 elet 13 fith 27 fsting 116 fore 33 forever 109 forgive 128 forgiveness 113 fulfill rem 15 gospel 12 guilty 2 hnippe 29 hevens 104 kneel 96 meetings 36 mirle 24 neey 131 numerous 97 perform 83 priesthoo 56 relly 73 reltive 25 relief soiety 81 request 4 selings elings 120 somey 124 stnr 107 storge 101 storehouse 8 suess 65 suggest 17 testify 80 tithing 77 trnsltion 199 sene 47 ssignment 62 elestil mrrige 93 onvert 91 rete 63 fithful 48 firstorn 35 full time 50 hevenly fther 112 ounilor 42 messenger 7 mormon pioneers 6 purpose 3 reptism 76 reipe rememrnes 110 rememrnet 125 restore 106 sre 41 svior 30 stke 75 support 115 unerstn 68 wr et 90 welfre 121 worlwie key vertilly overlpping rnge horizontlly overlpping rnge vertilly n horizontlly overlpping rnge oling holing rnge non overlpping nonoverlpping rnge rely overlpping

73 65 ssesse from the vlue lone proportiontely the wors fell into the four qurnts s fols twentyfive igi igl five eh or were iffiult in english ut esy in spnish n iffiult in spnish ut esy in english thirtyfive five wors were iffiult in oth lnguges 26.7 were esy in oth forty six n fortysix however when the onfiene rnge ws tken into ount of these wors fell into suspet only 21 wors or igo h rnges whih i not overlp qurnts these 21 wors re the ole terms in tle 5 in qurnt I1 iffiult in english esy in spnish journl loyl n selfishness while these wors re likely to e unfmilir in english the responses to the test question my lso hve een somewht triky s in journl hving one response s long trip whih hve teste spelling in qurnt 11 II iffiult in oth lnguges mny more omplish omplishment hieve ssure everlsting juge meetinghouse mo prtnership poster sttere therefore wike wikeness wht is most interesting out these wors is the ft tht they re the mjority of the ones whih we n e sure of then within this tegory the wors tht were teste in two ifferent prts of speeh omplishomplishment omplishment n wikewikeness wikeness strengthen their tges lges position in the tegory euse oth forms were iffiult in oth lnguges two of the wors in qurnt II 11 however were test items foun to e ssure n poster n these wors my not tully e iffiult in either lnguge in qurnt III in 111 lii esy in oth lnguges ommnment elet n storge one oul esily sy without reserhing this tht ommnment is use numerous times every suny then oth elet n storge might e known from outsieofhurh of ontexts finlly in qurnt IV iffiult in spnish esy in english reptism this wors trnsltion el utisto utismo e nuevo or the ptism of new new ptism seems less speifi thn the english

74 66 term n perhps oul hve een onfuse with the inorret response umplir 8 f nos flos wheres with the english term most people hve lerne tht the prefix re mens gin euse of the gret egree of overlp note ove however system ws esigne to more urtely tegorize the wors the tegories were erive y nlyzing whih iretion horizontlly vertilly or oth tht the 95 onfiene rnges overlppe qurnts the sterisks in tle 5 inite the iretion of overlp one sterisk ment vertil overlp two ment horizontl overlp n three ment overlp in two iretions prentheses were use to enote rnges whih only rely overlppe nother qurnt sometimes this ment wor rely overlppe in one iretion ut gretly overlppe nother for exmple T ment tht the rnge rely overlppe vertilly ut gretly overlppe horizontlly this new tegoril ssessment yiele the foling proportions s reporte in tle 6 e tle 6 proportionl rekown of tegories of iffiulty se on overlpping rnges qqurnt tegory Q I1 QII QIII QIV Q totl of ol igo T T totls wht these tegories tully men epens in prt on the iretion its rnge seems to tke it ie overlps if rnge overlppe horizontlly then tht wors level of iffiulty in spnish ws loser to n verge iffiulty

75 67 thn n esy or hr level of iffiulty likewise if the rnge overlppe vertilly then the english iffiulty tene to e only verge if rnge overlppe in two iretions then in oth lnguges it ws verge then epening whih qurnt wor ws originlly mlly mily ple in the iretion of overlp ment more speifilly whether the level of iffiulty ws uner or overestimte estimte wor in qurnt I1 or III HI 111 ili lii whih overlppe qurnt 11 II or IV TV respetively horizontl movement my e more iffiult in spnish thn we originlly si it ws n vie vers if the wor ws originlly in qurnt II 11 or IV respetively similrly if the wor ws in qurnt I1 or nh n vertilly overlppe qurnt 111 III lii lil or IV respetively then tht wors english level my e esier thn we thought n vie vers if the wor ws in qurnt III 111 ili ill or IV n vertilly overlppe I1 or nh respetively ni with this in min regrouping of the wors whih ounts for verge iffiulties y lnguge is given e summrize in tle 7 this is not inluing the 21 wors in the ole tegory whih were not verge iffiulty wors the tegory titles re ompnie y the oing system where prenthetil oing ws use the wors in these tegories were susume uner the min tegory the one without prenthesis n the wors themselves re in prenthesis note tht the totl numers n perentges in eh of these new tegories re lso given

76 68 tle 7 wors with overlpping rnges verge iffiulty y lnguge ve eng esy spn QI III 111 ve eng iff spn QII IV ve spn esy en QIII ve spn iff eng QI 11 II ve eng ve spn IV 55 sth 99 isuss 27 fsting 80 tithing 109 forgive 15 gospel 4 selings elings 104 kneel 6 purpose 86 visor 26 hllenge 90 welfre 40 hpel 6 holy ghost 68 wr 1 sttement 51 strength 10 worship 93 onvert 63 fithful 7 mormon pioneers 76 reipe 41 svior 123 nestors 5 pprove elestil kingom 69 hpter 117 ontt 42 messenger 54 onvert 61 ounil 64 epresse 13 fith 33 forever 2 hnippe 75 support 96 meetings 131 numerous 30 stke 56 relly 25 relief soiety 120 somey 124 stnr 115 unerstn 84 eyon 127 st out 108 evelopment 70 supply 52 isourge 39 isourgement 119 out 53 hnout 60 heneforth 38 improvement 126 nursery 105 rejet 94 prie 31 strive 44 unselfish 82 pttern 22 lmighty 88 ttenne 58 grief 130 hols the priesthoo 34 forgve 87 fun 87fun 46 priesthoo holer 14 punishment 19 righteous 37 skill 129 tithe 85 wiow 74 lling 95 foler 49 illness 114 knowlege 92 offering 43 strengthen 32 wor of wisom 98 lessings 57 ustom 116 fore 128 forgiveness 121 worlwie 8 suess 118 isussion 17 testify 77 trnsltion 122 sene 47 ssignment 62 elestil mrrige 91 rete full time 35 fulltime 113 fulfill rem 29 hevens 36 mirle 24 neey.97 perform 83 priesthoo 73 reltive 81 request 101 storehouse 50 hevenly 65 suggest fther 48 firstorn or 61 gi or or or 15.3 ounilor 110 rememrne 125 restore 12 guilty 106 log sre or 26.7

77 69 these new groupings my she greter light on possile explntions for iffiulty levels or even shre hrteristis y iffiulty level espeilly in regr to wors tht were more iffiult in spnish thn in english with the help of ntive spnish speker the foling resons though not exhustive or efinitive of ny tegory why wor might hve een iffiult in spnish were generte wors were l 1 rhi terms iffiult even for ntives 2 terms whose LDS speifi mening h not yet een lerne euse the person is new to the hurh or perhps euse the wor is use y other religions somewht ifferently 3 strt 4 terms whih hve other menings outsie of the ontext presente esp when nonreligious n this generte onfusion 5 proper terms stnr spnish whih hve iletl vritions n were perhps unknown to the sujets espeilly if they were less eute 6 trnslte inorretly or the orret response ws 7 trnslte into less ommon term in spnish thn is represente y the english in the se of wors whih were esy in english ut iffiult in spnish ll of these resons pply to english iffiulty s well exept numers five through seven whih el with trnsltion this ommonlity will e shown y the numering tht is the series l 4 relte to why wor my hve een iffiultverge n is use iffiult verge first uner spnish fole y n then uner english without the series l 3 e relte to why wor my hve een esy in either lnguge possile resons why either the english or the spnish term might hve een esy re the wor i is very frequently spokenher her if not re 2 is onrete or n tion whih is frequently one 3 ws teste in too ovious mnner or is simply si wor everyone knows in their ntive lnguge

78 70 exmples of the line of resoning expresse ove re liste e verge ye Lye rye Aver or iffiult in spnish l 1 primogenito primose firstorn sempiterno everlsting rhi terms 2 espiritu snto holy ghost sumo onsejero imoge jero ounilor el slvor svior llmmiento lling menings either iffer etween religions or o not exist in other religions 3 lgro logro omplishment of fren offering moelo pttern erz strength l iniqui wikeness orr worship muerz fuerz fiierz 11 onoimiento knowlege these terms re somewht strt 4 ienestr welfre nestr in non LDS spnish this term mens to e well or ommoity whih is quite ifferent from the mening teste to help poor people sen senn u sene this onept might e more ommonly known s 5 useni flt espeilly mong mexin n texmex or hino spekers 6 lreeor el muno inorret phrse mening roun the worl this shoul hve een worlwie muni whih woul e munl muniv munil V munik in spnish the orret response to this question oesnt mke sense 7 signionn ssignment this trnsltion seeme strnge to the ntive onsulte the term usully use to men ssignment is tre verge or iffiult in english l heneforth st out meetinghouse everlsting rhi terms 2 priesthoo lling holy ghost wor of wisom menings either iffer or o not exist in other religions

79 71 3 isourge out loyl I 1 righteous hieve knowlege these terms re somewht strt most of the iffiult wors in english seem to fll into this tegory 41pttern 4 pttern oul refer to sewing pttern the pttern on fri et esy in spnish n english only english term given i ommnment lessings elestil kingom onvert sj gospel fsting tithing relief soiety these terms re very frequent in LDS ontexts whih explins why even the strt terms were known interestingly enough most of the terms whih were esy in english were LDS speifi religious terms this s strength to the positive iretionl hypothesis stte for question two euse it seems to inite tht the wors whih were omprehene were inee prt of 1I the LDS ommunity of prtie n not just generl terms tht oul e lerne elsewhere 2 kneel hpter isuss fsting testify these re either tions tht re one quite regulrly y hurh memers or more onrete items gin tht these tions were known lso lens support to positive iretionl hypothesis s esrie iretly ove 3 for request urequest the responses were to e lone to trvel or to sk Ure the orret nswer is ovious euse everyone knows this wor in their ntive lnguge n in seon lnguge it is usully tught or lerne erly on the exmples given ove re y no mens omplete however they illuminte ertin ptterns in the t s ws isusse ove for EGP mterils evelopers wht is most importnt is the reful introution of wors whih were iffiult or even verge in english keeping

80 72 in perspetive the possile resons why it ws iffiult however sine persons personis ntive lnguge my influene the omprehension or lerning of wors in foreign lnguge positive or negtive lnguge trnsfer it must e kept in min tht these levels of iffiulty relte only to spnish spekers t the very lest they my rry over firly similrly with other romne lnguges sine the EGP n usully most other ESP mterils re intene for mixe lnguge uiene testing n ssessment of these wors woul hve to e onute on other lnguges espeilly sin lnguges in orer to ssess ny ifferenes in iffiulty levels whih might pper seeing whih wors shifte tegories oring to the lnguge group eing teste woul e espeilly helpful n interesting VARIABLE ssessment lso lulte for this test t ws multiple nlysis of vrine MANOVA whih inlues univrite lultions ANOVAs the multivrite nlysis ssesse whether or not it ws pprent tht ny of the inepenent vriles time in the US time in the hurh et were ffeting the performne of iniviuls who took the test whether in english or spnish the univrite nlyses ssesse the sme mesure ut treting the english n spnish tests seprtely 34 A persons english n spnish ility levels s oppose to their english or spnish sores on the test were use s the epenent vriles in these proeures for resons lrey isusse A listing of these new epenent vriles ie ility levels in english n spnish long with the person outfit 34gin see footnote twentythree three n isussion in hpter three for more etil if neessry

81 73 stnr error of mesurement n the originl test sore for omprison is given in ppenies S english n T spnish A minor point of interest onerning the epenent vriles ws tht there were fourteen english outfits persons whose orret responses were unpreitle ompre to only one spnish outfit this suggests the firly ovious ft tht iniviul vrition plys muh stronger role in persons seon lnguge of more weight were the results otine from the sttistis run using the IRT nlyses t s stte ove the multivrite sttistis for the overll moel re summrize e in ppenix U the results of the multivrite nlysis shows tht none of the inepenent vriles rehe level of signifine oring to the hypotheses put forth t the eginning of this stuy however length of exposure to the hurh shortene title time s LDS ws expete to hve positive iretionl effet on persons omprehension of the wors teste on the other hn none of the other vriles in question were preite to hve either positive or negtive effet on persons omprehension of the wors ue to iniviul vrition in lnguge lerning these results however inite tht length of exposure to the hurh ws not signifintly ffeting omprehension of either the english or the spnish wors either elther seprtely or in ny of the intertions ssesse y the multivrite nlysis normlly when the level of signifine is not met in the multivrite moel the univrite moel is not onsiere euse the level of error my e inflte however reltionship etween the english n spnish ility levels ws never preite or ssume the multivrite nlysis ws run simply to strengthen ny signifine tht might hve een shown y

82 74 the time s LDS vrile 35 in other wors the univrite moel espite the lk of signifine in the multivrite moel is yet vli sttisti to exmine in this se with tht in min ppenies V english t n W spnish t ppenies ontin the results of the iniviul ANOVAs performe on the IRT t from these one will see tht in oth the english n the spnish t time s LDS gin i not show signifint effet none of the other inepenent vriles or the intertions etween them h ny signifint effet either however the overll univrite english moel showe signifine t the level of signifine with n F vlue of 1.91 igi 191 igl wht this sttisti suggests is tht while none of the inepenent vriles seem to e signifint when looke t y themselves or in twowy wy intertions these vriles or some other onfouning vrile is likely to e hving some effet on the english t ut the vrition within the popultion ws too gret to pinpoint nything extly n importnt ontrst to this n e seen in the univrite spnish moel prf whih ws not t ll signifint rf ws n explntion for this is tht one woul expet iniviuls to omprehen the spnish wors in generl simply euse they were in their ntive lnguge not euse of ny prtiulr inepenent vrile suh s time in the unite sttes or wr lnguge As for the time s LDS vrile whih ws expete to hve n effet irrespetive of lnguge it n e si tht regrless of whether the proeure ws univrite or multivrite the vrition in the smple prevente this vrile from showing signifine 35tht tht is omprehension of the english wors were not expete to relte to omprehension of spnish wors n vie vers ut were person new in the hurh n this vrile were shown to e signifintly ffeting oth english n spnish ility levels t the sme time then the effet of the vrile woul e even more ovious

83 75 CHAPTER FIVE onlusions SUMMARY this stuy hs een onerne with the iffiulty levels of LDS english terms extrte from previous stuy y sthle 1981 sthle evelope list of 249 wors tht oul e onsiere si to the LDS ults tive lexion 131 of these wors were reteste on ntive spnishspeking speking LDS ults resiing in southern texs northern uth n southern liforni in orer to ssess their omprehension of them the test ws threeoption multiple hoie non ontextul voulry instrument n ws ompnie y survey ssessing ulturtion n emogrphi questionnire the 131 items were ivie ross three forms n five from eh form were use to link them together for sttistil purposes eh form of the test ws lso trnslte into spnish n me into two prts the first prt teste the english term y mens of spnish nswers the seon prt teste the equivlent spnish term spnish nswers test sores for the english n spnish version of the test eh sujet took oth were nlyze sttistilly mens of test sores showe tht the three lotions were soring out the sme ut tht form X of X Y n Z my hve een slightly more iffiult if only euse it ontine the mjority of items lter foun to hve weknesses on the other hn mens of test sores n verge ifferenes etween spnish n english mens iffere most notly etween geners however when sttistis multivrite nlysis of vrine or MANOVA were run to ssess the inepenent vriles gener lotion wr rnh time in the US time in the LDS hurh n wrrnh lnguge neither sex nor ny of the other vriles were foun to e signifint most likely

84 76 though this ws ue to the gret mount of vrition in the popultion n this onlusion ws supporte y.0006 level of signifine for the overll english test on the univrite portion of the MANOVA the null hypotheses h1 hol hoi ho1 ho n ho2 h02 h ho whih were stte were supporte y the finings neither wr lnguge nor time in the hurh showe ny signifint effet on sujets omprehension the positive iretionl hypothesis hi whih stte tht time in the LDS hurh woul hve positive effet on omprehension ws rejete ut my yet e n influening ftor for the reson esrie ove onerning the gret mount of vrition in the popultion smple other resons why the theories investigte n supporte in the review of literture were not supporte here my inlue the foling 1 perhps time threshol oul e effeting the results ie fter eing LDS for ertin length of time person my hve lerne suffiient prt of the lexion to l er to funtion t n equte level himher 2 likewise the test my not e isriminting enough when testing the ntive lnguge wors euse of the numer of ommon wors those reily lerne outsie of the LDS ommunity on the test whih oul e msking the effet tht time in the hurh might otherwise hve shown 3 just s ge of rrivl to trget ulture n effet pronunition perhps the ge tht memer of the hurh joine effete their omprehension of the english wors euse younger lerners ten to lern fster thn oler lerners n 4 there my e slight hne tht using the IRT vriles for the epenent vriles whih inlue their own mount of error my hve flttene the urve of the susequent NIANOVA MANOVA mesurements ssesse eliminting signifine tht ws one there espeilly regring gener y formlotion lotion resolutions to these prolems will e note uner suggestions for future reserh e

85 77 in ition to the MANOVA nlysis of vriles item response theory IRT nlysis ws use to ssess the iffiulty levels of the wors when teste in english n in spnish the IRT nlysis yiele t item vlues or iffiulty rtings whih simultneously generte n ility level for eh person oring to lnguge these two ility levels in ft were use s the epenent vriles in the ovementione MANOVA the more essentil omponent of the IRT t however ws the vlues of wors these were use to plot the reltive iffiulty of wors spnish on one xis english on the other then using plus n minus twie the stnr error of mesurement for eh vlue rnge of iffiulty for eh wor ws erive y whih wors were more urtely tegorize while mny explntions oul e foun for the iffiulty rtings of wors few ptterns were lso foun neither the explntions nor the ptterns were lime to e exhustive however two ptterns in prtiulr were the gret numer of LDS speifi terms or frequent tions s oppose to generl english termstions whih were foun to e esy in english n usully lso in spnish likewise the mjority of iffiult english terms were either somewht strt or firly rhi outsie of religious ontext other oservtions whih were me espeilly regring terms whih were surprisingly iffiult in spnish were tht oth mistrnsltion n ross ulturl ifferenes my hve plye prt in this phenomenon overll then the qulittive nlysis of the item iffiulty vlues generte y IRT nlysis seeme to support the positive iretionl hypothesis tht time in the LDS hurh woul effet omprehension A lneesign esign n ontrolle testing of the wors on LDS versus non LDS sujets woul etter ssess this hypothesis sttistilly

86 78 implitions FOR TESL this stuy hs importnt implitions for the fiel of tehing english s seon lnguge s well s for the tehing of other lnguges primrily its importne n e seen in three wys first the neessity of ssessing the lexion of speilize re more losely n oring to the lnguge kgrouns stuents uiene of the intene stuentsuiene of mterils the t in this stuy illuminte ptterns in the iffiulty of english LDS wors for ntive spnish spekers other lnguges espeilly lnguges whih re not s lose to english linguistilly woul lmost ertinly proue some ifferenes in the results if only ue to the numer of ogntes hel etween spnish n english similrly even using ntive spnishspeking speking sujets the iffiulty level of the wors were likely opposite ommon sense or intuitive feel tht teher or mterils eveloper et might hve h if they h trie to ssess the iffiulty levels from only listing of the wors even if the eveloper knew spnish one exmple of this ws fsting while it is n unommon term in english even in other religious ontexts n therefore might e thought iffiult it is quite frequent in LDS ontexts n is n tion whih hurh memers perform t lest one month fsting ws mong the esiest terms in english A seon implition this stuy hs is metho for the evelopment of other english for speifi purposes ESP voulry lists the proess unertken in this reserh ws rigorous ut ly effetive though ertinly english for gospel purposes voulry ssessment hs muh further to go however this stuy hs strengthene the fountion for suh future reserh on the LDS lexion in prtiulr n y wy of moel for other ESP evelopment the grounwork li in this stuy for future esigns inlues the foling 1

87 79 reyme me testing proeure hs een li out 2 issues to e onsiere for the trnsltion n mintine vliity of the multiple hoie test hve een set out 3 ifferent types of nlyses whih oul e use espeilly where t is lking hve een evlute n implemente n 4 the uses n limittions of the t generte y these proeures hve een explore sine review of the revelnt literture inluing tht of generl voulry stuies i not fin ny previous reserh whih utilize the pproh tken in this stuy though sthles onstitute hlf of it it oul e si tht this reserh ws mong the first of its kin in the fiel of english voulry n the nonntive ntive speker the thir implition onerns the ptterns seen in the item iffiulty levels the ies presente in the review of literture suggeste tht group prtiiption neessittes lnguge n hs reiprol reltionship to it when n iniviul oes not tlk or t like the ommunity roun them they re not le to prtiipte in it then this inility to prtiipte often prevents them from lerning the lnguge n ehviors of the ommunity in orer to prtiipte in it reting istressing th22 while the t in this stuy i not sttistilly show tht time in the LDS hurh opportunity to lem lern le to prtiipte h signifint effet on omprehension for resons isusse ove the qulittive nlysis suggeste tht it might hve h suh n effet fterll fterfll ll more impetus to fol up with the suggestions for reinvestigting the hypothesis s stte e the signifine of this for ll of TESL then n espeilly for ESP is tht our lnguge tehing my e the only hn tht rehes out n pulls person from one ommunity into nother if only less ruptly n more invitingly stuies whih investigte the effet of tehing EGP lnguge woul of ourse further sustnite sustntite this lim

88 ory orl OV 80 suggestions FOR FUTURE RESEARCH As isusse ove portion of the results of this stuy reporte tht the overll spnish moel ws not shown to e sttistilly signifint while something in the english moel my hve een lthough we nnot sy wht however time in the hurh s supporte y the review of literture shoul hve positively effete the omprehension of wors in oth spnish n english n inee in the qulittive nlysis of the t it seeme to hve tht effet resons why this ftor possily i not show sttistil signifine were lso isusse ove in the summry setion severl possile pths tht oul e tken to reinvestigte this hypothesis tegorize re using the t lrey otine woul e 1 retegorize the time vriles to ontrol for possile time threshol 2 extrt t on the LDS speifi wors only n run the MANOVA gin in hopes of eliminting the msk effet of inluing wors whih oul e lerne outsie of the LDS ommunity 3 ssess how ge ge the memer joine the hurh eutionl level et effete the t this informtion is foun on the emogrphi questionnire n the ulturtion survey perhps lso limiting this ssessment to LDS speifi wors or to one prtiulr test form long with retegorizing the time vriles or 4 run MANOVA or severl ANOVAs on eh form seprtely using the originl test sores s the epenent vriles to ssess whether using the IRT t osure ny of the effets in ft omintion of the ove suggestions might inee e the est route while there re mny wys tht the urrent tse whih oul e otine from either the reserher or the istne lerning projet oul e further exploite to serh out the questions this stuy ssesse s well s mny new questions new testing espeilly limiting the wors to inlue only the

89 81 LDS speifi terms oul lso e unertken if so generting more lne esign shoul lso inrese the opportunities for signifine to pper for exmple retesting the wors while ontrolling the popultion smple for religion ie test LDS vs non LDS sujets or for ntive lngugeilet vriles eg to ssess the effet of ntive lnguge test other lnguge groups espeilly non romne lnguges or for ilet test spnish sujets in vriety of ntive lotions suh s rgentin vs mexio et running IRTs on these t n replotting the vlues woul generte interesting t to ontrst with the t in this stuy espeilly sine the numer of ogntes etween spnish n english ws so gret ertinly sin lnguges woul generte fr ifferent results n prolems from trnslting sthles originl list n the wors whih were iffiult verge or esy might lso e vstly ifferent nother re of LDS lexion ssessment gretly neee is tht of orl hles frequeny for these n other unteste wors sthles stles St frequenies me only from written soures stuy oul e ske hles the foling questions relte to this n sthles stles St re sthles wors frequent in orl ommunition or only in written mterils oul this e effeting the omprehension of the wors teste here hve new wors or new shes of mening for the wors teste in this stuy eome frequent in the lexion either elther orlly or in written soures sine sthles 1981 stuy if so wht hppens when these wors or menings re teste lso oul we sy tht the LDS ommunity uses prtiulr vriety of english not just prtiulr lexion this might e ssesse y reoring ifferent hurh meetings n tivities over perio of time n trnsriing the t for frequeny ounts n qulittive nlysis o ertin strutures get use repetely in ertin ontexts or with ertin topis similrly other stuies esigne to ontrst the metho use in this stuy to test the iffiulty level of these wors or to test for ommonlties etween

90 82 wors of the sme level of iffiulty oul e one sking ntive vs nonntive spekers for efinitions or situtions they woul expet to herren herre re prtiulr wor or ssessing the rossulturl ulturl ifferenes in wor ssoition through ssoition inventories woul oth provie interesting t lso qulittive stuies using ilog journls written or orl might e extremely enlightening looking t the lnguge evelopment of new memer of the hurh either ntive or nonntive ntive english speker or oth over the first four to six months of memership might yiel fsinting insights tht oul guie EGP mterils evelopers s well s future EGP tehers while this stuy nnot hn EGP mterils evelopers omplete or generlizle list of wors tht shoul e tught primrily euse of the lnguge speifi onsiertions tht hve een isusse speifi guielines whih this stuy illumintes for future reserhers or EGP mterils evelopers inlue 1 A proeure for onuting future reserh inluing evelope test instrument onsiertions for future trnsltion n nlyses whih hve een outline implemente n evlute thus filitting n speeing up future replition stuies 2 ptterns rhi terminology strtness ontext trnsltion frequeny of tion et whih re likely to effet spekers of other lnguges similr to those inentifie for spnish spekers these ptterns shoul e investigte if other lnguge groups re teste or if mterils re eing evelope espeilly without the i of reserh on other lnguge groups the ptterns oul e importnt onsiertions for eiing how n when wor shoul e presente

91 83 in essene the ies outline ove n ny other enevor on ehlf of the LDS english n other lnguges lexion will not only to our knowlege of EGP voulry n to our expertise in EGP mterils evelopment or in generl to ESP knowlege n evelopment s well ut will more importntly enrih genertions of stuents who hunger to know more

92 RA 84 referenes llemn J C 1973 prolems in trnslting the lnguge of joseph smith onferene on the lnguge of the mormons ormons Mor provo uth lnguge reserh enter righm young university ook of mormon nother testment of jesus hrist 1989 slt lke ity the hurh of jesus hrist of lttery y sints ookster R M D 1973 mormonisms Mormoni A stuy of the lnguge of the ln of mormonom onferene on the lnguge of the mormons ormons Mor provo uth lnguge reserh enter righm young university unker E 1993 trnsription of interviews n ompiltion of sttistis regring hurh emogrphis unpulishe ouments hel on file y the istne lerning projet of righm young universitys linguistis eprtment unker E L 1988 towr omprehensive guielinesfor for foy the preprtion of mterils in englishfor EFL ults with limite eution unpulishe msters thesis righm young university provo uth hrrow V R 1981 linguisti theory n the stuy of legl n ureurti lnguge report no AIR TR wshington DC merin institutes for reserh in the ehviorl sienes ERIC oument reproution servie no ED eseret news hurh lmn 1993 slt lke ity uth eseretnews hurh memership rehes nine million 1995 pril ensign p 77 onferene on the lnguge of the mormons ormons Mor introutory notes 1973 provo uth lnguge reserh enter righm young university onr B C & weiner M D 1973 A wor frequeny ount of mormon english onferene on the lnguge of the ormons mormons Mormons provo uth lnguge reserh enter righm young university

93 vison A 1986 reility the sitution fo toyy report no s CS hmpign lign illinois university of illinois t urn hmpign enter for the stuy of reing ERIC oument reproution servie no ED ehoyos G 1974 rossulturl u rossulturl ulturl lourl prolems of trnsltion in spin onferene on the lnguge ormons of the mormons Mormons provouth provo uth lnguge reserh enter righm young university istne lerning proposlfor por poy omine tehing of tehing english s seon lnguge n TESL n englishfor tot por gospel purposes EGP 1994 unpulishe proposl righm young for university provo uth otrine n ovennts of the hurh of jesus hrist of lttery y sints 1989 slt lke ity the hurh of jesus hrist of lttery sints eggington egington Egg W G 1985 towrs lnguge fln fin plnfor plnor tor for the southern liforni re the hien l puente soiolinguisti survey unpulishe isserttion university of southern liforni los ngeles englishfor tor por lttery for y sints II 11 ih si lessons tehers mnul & stuents ook 1978 hwii righm young university hwii mpus englishfor foy joy lttery sints II 11 onferene listening stuent mnul 1978 hwii righm young university hwii mpus erikson D 1995 the reltionship etween nonntive ntive english spekers english profiieny n llings in the LDS hurh unpulishe msters thesis righm young university provo uth ernst J 1974 trnsltion is onferene on the lnguge of the ormons mormons Mor mons provo uth lnguge reserh enter righm young university ly fogg B J et l 1991 nmes mormons use for jesus ontexts n trens proeeings of the eseret lnguge n linguistis soiety 1991 symposium provo uth eseret lnguge n linguistis soiety

94 o fogg B J 1990 terms of ress mong lttery y sints proeeings of the eseret lnguge n linguistis soiety 1990 symposium provo uth eseret lnguge n linguistis soiety folsommh M H 1973 some notes on mormon germn onferene on the lnguge of the ormons mormons Mormons provo uth lnguge reserh enter righm young university folsom M H 1982 A isussion of the guielines for the trnsltion of the stnr works proeeings of the eseret lnguge n linguistis soiety 1982 symposium provo uth eseret lnguge n linguistis soiety johnson L 1982 evelopment n utiliztion of the simplifie isussions proeeings of the eseret lnguge n linguistis soiety 1982 symposium provo uth eseret lnguge n linguistis soiety ormons jones R L 1974 the lnguge of ef mormons Mormons onferene on the lnguge of the ormons mormons Mor provo uth lnguge reserh enter righm young university ktnum K S 1973 some prolems of mormon lnguge in jpn onferene on the lnguge of ormons the mormons Mormons provo uth lnguge reserh enter righm young university lnguges spoken 1995 mrh ensign p 79 mhinlr mhinur mhin mhln L R 1990 wht weve got here is filure filure to ommunite womens stuies in professionl ommunition ERIC oument reproution servie no ED lebrown mellinkoff D 1978 the lnguge of the lw oston littlerown Litt littie memership y unite sttes n n wrs n rnhes june slt lke ity uth hurh offie uiling mngement informtion enter the hurh of jesus hrist of lttery y sints nees ssessment interview trnsriptions 1994 unpulishe ouments hel on file y the istne lerning projet of righm young universitys linguistis eprtment A new lerning gen putting peoplefirst 1993 plo lto liforni institute for reserh on lerning

95 87 norton D 1975 usge ptterns of thou thy n thine mong lttery sints proeeings of the eseret lnguge n linguistis soiety 1975 symposium provo uth eseret lnguge n linguistis soiety pk A 1974 reility levels of hurh mterils onferene on the lnguge of the ormons mormons Mormons provo uth lnguge reserh enter righm young university proeeings of the eseret lnguge n linguistis soiety 1975 symposium 1975 provo uth lnguge reserh enter righm young university shumnn J 1986 reserh on the ulturtion moel for seon lnguge quisition journl of multilingul n multiulturl evelopment shumnn J 1978 the ulturtion moel for seon lnguge quisition in rosrio gingrs e seon lnguge quisition nforeign lnguge tehing pp 2750 rlington VA enter for pplie linguistis smith E T n seife selfe C L 1988 liention n pttion integrting tehnology n the humnities sint louis MO pper presente t the 39th nnul meeting of the onferene on ollege omposition n ommunition ERIC oument reproution servie no ED soper E L 1974 lnguge ulture n helth prolems n strtegies for helth servies missionries in ltin meri onferene on the lnguge of the ormons mormons Mor provo uth lnguge reserh enter righm young university ormons sorenson J L 1973 the lnguge of the mormons Mormons A soioulturl perspetive onferene on the lnguge of the mormons ormons Mormons provo uth lnguge reserh enter righm young university sorenson J L 1974 wor frequenies in the messges of the first presieny 19th vs 20th entury onferene on the lnguge of the mormons ormons Mor provo uth lnguge reserh enter righm young university sthle L 1981 mesuring the reing levels ofls LDS ofls mterils A supplement to the le wor list unpulishe msters thesis righm young university provo uth

96 00 tylor J S 1993 the gospel in spnishel Spnishel spnishlel el ei evngelio evngeli en espnol hol hoi provo uth righm young university tekfi teffic fic reility formuls n overview journl of oumenttion Tek 1987 thoms J 1973 mormons sy the mest things onferene on the lnguge of the mormons ormons Mormons provo uth lnguge reserh enter righm young university twyp 1976 A se stuy of ouptionl jrgon ERIC oument reproution servie no twy P ED tyler V L 1973 the evelopment of interntionl glossry guielines for LDS trnsltors onferene on the lnguge of the mormons ormons Mor provo uth lnguge reserh enter righm young university wlle R L 1973 prolems in the stuy of mormon lnguge onferene on the lnguge of the ormons mormons Mormons provo uth lnguge reserh enter righm young university white C 1995 ftors in the lives of LDS hurh memers tht promote n inhiit the quisition of english s seon lnguge unpulishe msters thesis righm young university provo uth wolsey H G 1973 mormon lnguge in nonmormon worl onferene on the lnguge of the ormons mormons Mormons provo uth lnguge reserh enter righm young university wright B & linre J M 1985 Miro mirosle mnul westport onn meix mix intertive tehnologies ye shll hve my wors teher s mnul prt 1 I 1993 slt lke ity uth the hurh of jesus hrist of lttery sints

97 89 APPENDIX A TWO txonomies OF THE LDS LEXICON wlles 1973 txonomy sorensons Soren 1973 sons oneptul levels 1 people I1 ieology people importnt to hurh history A rituls people importnt to the ook of mormon B C eliefs myths people importnt to the ile II 11 vlues lternte referenes A literture e ommon hurh nmes 2 ples ples importnt to mormons B musi n rt C ions D gestures postures sping n ples with mormon nmes timing hurh uilings elesistil n geogrphil res 3 orgniztion E key elements III HI 111 ill ili knowlege A reliility of soure titles for people B emotionl hnnelers meetings C lels uxiliries eprtments n ommittees D E strtions onrete knowlege e progrms f legl spets IV F historil knowlege ommunitive symols g shools 4 historil terms A B semnti novelty lk of knowlege 5 imgery ionogrphy stereotypes 6 kinesis V soil orgniztion A hierrhil reltionships n group ientifiers B soil ts of onferring titles presrie ehvior C soil ounries nonpresrie ehvior D soil roles sping 7 theologil terms 8 negtive terms n symols 9 hurh literture sriptures hurh pulitions hymnl 10 folklore n myth VI E soioulturl hnge innovtions n ureurtiztion F lnguge elortion popultion istriution A geogrphil istriution B entrliztion C geogrphil ispersion people inients 11 literry n rhetoril style literry style rhetoril style figurtive lnguge llusions 12 mormon mottos n phorisms 13 ommon phrses formuls symgs syings

98 90 APPENDIX B EXCERPTS TAKEN FROM DISTANCE LEARNING PROJECT orresponene my to from re presient roert goomn ellen unker oorintor for istne lerning projet mllen hrlingen nees ssessment visit to mllenhrlingen TX stkes enlose is some informtion regring re propose visit to your stke the first prt is n exeutive summry out the istne lerning projet tht ws given to the or of trustees t reent meeting I1 hve sent it to give some kgroun informtion out our projet to the leers in your stke the seon prt is n explntion of the reserh tht we woul like to o in south texs there re two min segments of the reserh tht nee prtiipnts from your stke they re le 1 the survey n voulry instrument for ny memers tht might wnt to lem lern english oth instruments re in spnish nor english 2 the fous group isussions for three ifferent sets of people lerners mers ers potentil tehers n mintereste i leers isussions n e onute in spnish or english two memers of the reserh tem ll of whom spek spnish will e ville to onut isussions n visit ifferent units in your stke they will rrive in mllen mnen my 20th t 230 pm n will leve for uth my 23 roun noon plese feel free to hve someone ll to lrify the informtion on this pge if it is neee the phone numer for our projet is 800 BYU TESL or thnk you for your interest in helping us ollet this useful informtion efore we evelop our mterils my to from re presient roert wr len ellen unker oorintor for istne lerning ing fing nees ssessment visit to long eh CA stkes projet thnk you for your willingness to hve some people from the linguistis eprtment t BYU visit your stke we hve een ssigne to evelop mterils tht n e use y memers of the hurh who wnt to lem lern le english for gospel purposes or who will teh ESL in their units in orer to mke mterils tht re pproprite we re sking the leers n memers to esrie their situtions n nees we ppreite this opportunity to fin out the nees from your stke enlose re severl pges of informtion the first set is esription of the reserh tht we woul like to o in the long eh region similr informtion ws sent to eler espin the seon set of pges is n exeutive summry tht ws given to the or of trustees it will give little more informtion out the istne lerning leming projet we re plnning to ring tem memers tht spek tongn smon n spnish so tht we will e le to onut the interviews in the ntive lnguge of the memers we hve lso prepre the surveys in those lnguges if you hve spekers of other lnguges thn those liste ove tht might e ttening english speking wrs in your stke we woul lso e very intereste in tlking with them if you woul let us know wht other lnguges you might nee we will try to hve surveys trnslte for those lnguges

99 91 APPENDIX C STAHLES REVISED 249 wor LDS ENGLISH voulry TEST 36 1 AMEN en of pryer the first mn nme for hrist I1 ont know 9 TALENT something you n o well e hving lots of money shring with others 18 unerstoo her voie knew the mening si pryer 2 DECISION wnting something very muh mking up your min hurting yourself 3 FASTING 4 forgiveness 5 missionry person who lives in 10 PATIENCE ility to wit lwys forgetting not unerstning 11 SCATTERED going oln without foo spre roun g reking fm g the lw tken wy 20 TITHING holing ple forgotten onetenth in given to the lor money sve for 12 omplish CCOMPLISH A mission forgetting the strt gin going without foo or someone hs one ring k k wter t giving to the poor n get one neey eing frienlyy to new HEAVENS hurh memers 13 RESTORE hr to lift nswer question try gin ring k gin 19 priesthoo HOLDER one who hs s the priesthoo oy uner 12 yers ol one who oes not use the priesthoo in the right wy the sky ove the wether nother ountry one who tehes the gospel one who oesnt know out the hurh I1 ont know 14 GENEALOGY fmily history stuy of the erth out ol ge 22 DOUBT eing friy fri eing reful not eing sure 6 MOB 7 NONMEMBER person with no money oesnt elong to the hurh someone who wstes time hurh 16 ELECT perfet hosen given 1I1 ont know 23 JUDGE 15 TITHE eie prolem go without foo or pln pin io lle lee ile louu noise wtert keepp sfe ngry row sve money give onetenth to the 24 ssistne importne ortne hr work help 8 OBEDIENT ting like king oing s you re tol le to wit 17 wikeness hving gret rihes oing evil eing stupi k 25 HOLDS THE priesthoo hs the priesthoo oes not use the priesthoo in the right wy keeps eeps the priesthoo from others 36the the formtting sthle use suh s in 19 ws not retine 26 SOMEDAY wy from here yestery L t some futureure time

100 92 27 STATEMENT something si or written group of sttes pln pin for uiling iln ln iin 28 priesthoo wht the prophetsys group of wike men powergo gives to goo men 29 PRIVATE lone or seret very smll frwy w I1 ont LOW know 30 HUMAN ol mn hurh song ierson person 31 RELIGION elief in go love for people love of nture 32 PROBLEM new ie reson for omg oing iffiulty or troule I1 ont know 33 CELESTIAL KINGDOM the est ple in heven ountry in the ile holy ple where people to go to pry 34 MISSION frwy wy ln eing ompletely overe with wter time of tehing the gospel 35 COUNCIL group of leers who meet together ple for quiet stuy trge lrge room in hurh 36 OFFERING something not le something given something lerne 37 hnippe len hns lin or ripple oes things well 38 PRACTICE CrICE mke something new o mny times mke ln ln in pln pin I1 ont know 39 HOLY GHOST hevenly fther light of hrist spirit tht tells us wht is right 40 NURSERY noisy group of people room for smll hilren ple for sik people 41 FOREVER 41 tomorrow lwys efore 42 SUGGEST try hr give n ie get long with others 43 WICKED worrie stupi r t 44 SUCCEED SUCCESS spre syre shre roun jo o well help someone I1 ont know something one well someone you like money you ern I1 ont know 46 PROPHET leer of fmily kin ol mn he of the hurh 47 HONESTY using money wisely hppiness truthfulness 48 SERIOUS pinful importnt otnt unhppy w7ppy 49 FUNERAL lrge fmily gettogether together meeting for someone who ie something tht kills people lont opie 50 ATTITUDE gret joy wy of feeling kmountins mountins I1 ont know 51 GLORIOUS wonerful me of gol surprising 52 LOCAL without mountins y where you live y the se 53journl 53 JOURNAL long trip letter ily reor 54 TEMPLE ontknow where people re urie house of go wor of go

101 93 OMCIAL 55 OFFICIAL someone who hols n importnt jo n enemy of the hurh person who lens the hurh uiling 56 BISHOP wise mn hurh leer he of fmily 57 BLESSINGS ts rrs hrs gifts from go re n wter tlks given F in hurh I1 on t know 58 REVERENT sorry len quiet 59 HONEST 60 FUND 611 TESTIFY oes not use wors tells the truth oeys prents I1 ont know supply of money reson for oing something re in the hurh I1 ont know TESTUTY tell wht you know is true write ook try out I1 ont know 62 CHAPTER prt of ook prt of song room in hurh I1 ont know 63 PRIMARY hurh meeting for hilren hilrens gmes quiet musi efore meeting I1 ont know 64 ACTION something goo eiing oing something 65 MORMON PIONEERS 66 FINAL trvele to uth uilt golen lf in the esert rosse the oen in ots I1 ont know the est lst one neverening ening I1 ont know 67 omplishment something you feel out something somethm i you hve een tught something one fter hr work 68 KNOWLEDGE hppening right now wht you hve lerne lssroom 69 CAST OUT mke fun of try out get ri of iet 70 PROBLEM 71 CHAPEL n ie tht might work hr question reson for oing I1 ont know prt of holy ook tower on top of hurh holy room in hurh I1 ont know 72 ASSURE mke something like new mke someone feel sure not sure of yourself 73 SUPPORT wer work help 74 storehouse where things re kept where ol people live ile ple ple to uy house 75 SABBATH hurt someones s feelings e kin n gentle set get in touh with room in hurh uiltin uiling heif where w tivities re hel hei group of hurh leers mormons who live in the sme re n tten hurh together 78 CREATE mke show fol 79 FAITH elieving ehevingm in something you nnot see going without foo n wter not telling lies hes lles iles 80 FORCE truth suny hurh 76 CONTACT 77 WARD J prolem pee power ower 1 ont know 81 suggestion givingi ing to others tv111 I1 ont know ie tht might work importnt work to o 82 PRESENCE eing quiet eing there oing well L I1 ont know

102 94 83 instrutor teher foler hurhmn 84 BEYOND frther thn very mny iong longtime 85 onferene hurh uiling long speeh lrge meeting 86 PRIDE not eing fri of nyone getting goo gres eing plesep with yourself 87 MIRACLE wonerful thing tht is hr to elieve something tht you know is true something tht is love mui very muh 88 FUTURE 89 ADVISER yet to ome without en long time I1 ont know oler person teher or helper hr worker I1 ont know 90 WORLDWIDE ig ountry shpe ilke like ikell il li the whole worl I1 ont know 91 ommnment gos lw elief gos hurh 92 DISCIPLE nswer letter foler 93 CONFIRM rise the right hn put hns on persons 94 KNELT he te ge join together forever I1 ont know type of lothing felt sorry got on knees I1 ont know 95 ALMIGHTY ll people ll powerful ll together 96 strengthen mke stronger lst longer stolen 97 ACTIVITY oing something well getting long with others oing something with others 98 PRESIDENT rih person min teer feer heer reer of group teher 99 MATERIALS things to o with others things neee to mke something questions to nswer I1 ont know 100 RELATION lives next oor elongs to the sme fmily works with 101 isussion groug group of people tlk etween people hr work 102 PATIENT lwys forget le to wit peeful eseful 103 STORAGE things kept for lter use ought t the store plnting gren onitu know I1 ont 104 meetinghouse temple hurh uiling lrge home 105 selfishness not shring with others how you feel out yourself giving to the poor 106 DISCUSS tlk out fight over swer t 107 sripturl from holyy writings whitins 9s t hurh huoh without mistkes 108 iniviul DIVIDUAL RIJ seret one person iffiult prolem 109 UNSELFISH thinking of yourself things of oilers others mking 9t new friens ont know I1 on 110 ANCESTORS people who live efore us grnhilren 11owers folers fo11 of hrist 111 ssoition groue group grqu ull uil uli uiling jule quiet thinking I1 ont t ti inll inl know 112 RELIGIOUS juie 9 t loves people elieves in go oes not lie I1 ont know

103 RELIEF RELJEF SOCIETY hurh group for 123 trnsltion written in nother women lnguge store for the neey speile li ll hurh hoir tont zont sve for tor time of nee ie tht omes from go 132 WORSHIP listen to quiet musi honor go oey your prents 114 importne seriousness iful ifl hrmful hrn without en 115 everlsting everyy neverening ening toolong iong tooling 116 SATISFY to plese 124 GOSPEL re in the hurh holy ple t tehings of jesus I1 ont on know 125 WORD OF WISDOM lors lw of heth wors one tenth to giving onetenth lor the I1 ont know 133 COURAGE rvery strength honor 134 RESPOND nswer hurry huro promise I1 ont t know to wish to shre I1 ont know 117 DIRECTOR hnger someone in hnger 126 instrution lessons uilmg uiling hurhyr 135 PROJECT seret to keep jo to o ple to trvel someone who plys the orgn person who tlks out others I1 ont know 118 MESSENGER someone who rings news peemker someone who tkes re of the hurh uiling 127 ORGANIZE 128 SPIRIT o right now work hr put in orer I1 ont know sp wht we think with right light prt of mn tht oesnt ie I1 ont know 136 APOSTLES people who leve the hurh 12 men who le the hurh 12 tries of isrel 137 STUDENT lerner teher helper 119 RELATIVE elongs to the sme fmily lives in the sme re hs lrge fmily 129 prepreness eing rey p ln working hr pying ttention Y ont 138 ETERNAL enless len om orn o with I1 ont know I1 ont know 120 prtiiption tking prt in something forgetting something iviing into prts I1 ont know ont ont 121 COOPERATE love others work together store foo 122 ILLNESS sikness 130 SIGLL SKILL something you give wy something you hve never one something you n o well 131 MEETINGS things we shoul o reople keople people getting together for reson ti tlks 1 C given in hurh x17 ont 139 FOLLOWER oes wht someone else sys tzs ts s telis tells tefis people wht to o rings goo news 140 WIDOW womn without hilren person who nnot wlk womn whose husn is e sness menness

104 SESSION prt of ook help one meeting 142 PUBLISH print promise reor 143 CREATION nimls n plnts the sky ll the worl 144 DISTRICT ertin re of the hurh mkes you ehve long hurh meeting 1 REBAPTISM turn eight yers ol get utt off from the hurh 6hur h join the hurh gin I1 ont know 146 ttenne tking re of eing there eing teste oft 147 ASSIGN write own o over gin sive give lve jo I1 148 STAKE meeting for hurh leers pen tlk given in hurh ven meeting n re me up of severl wrs 149 CEREMONY money given to the hurh pee n love speils 1 meeting I1 ont n t know 150 REVERENCE importne love n honor for go primry teher 151 STRIVE runwy try hr look k 152 ASSIST to help to work to sk 153 NEEDY very poor lovey love not pretty 154 resurretion 1000 yers of hppiness hpp ge ont hppm rising from the e tking the hurh from the erth 155 prtnership people working together lrge fmily knowing someone efore 156 FAITHFUL fille up n e truste res out others I1 ont know 157 PATTERN something you feel sorry for moel to fol tge type of religion I1 ont know 158 HONORABLE very eutiful le to hoose n e truste I1 ont know 159 CREATION when go me the worl when the people will e estroye when hrist omes gin 160 GRIEF gret sness lrge rok irowth growth rowth ess 161 TESTAMENT new memer of the hurh prt of the ile hurh uiling 162 responsiility n importnt jo promise to o etter wrning 163 GUILTY ngry not ring hving one wrong 164 RIGHTEOUS styss helthy oes goo le to wit I1 ont know 165 CHALLENGE one without py something hr to o wors tht hurt 166 INFLUENCE use hnge use rememer 167 PERFORM tke use o 168 PERSONS humn eings M syings in the ile memers of the hurh 169 evelopment promise wrning growth rowth 1rowth

105 OBEDIENCE getting long with others ivit givit giving up something you hlike ilkee oing wht you re tol to o 171 prtiipte forget to o some ome something lin tke prt in something ivize ivie ivie into prts 172 SECTION ook lesson rt I1 ont know prt tin9 173 priorities things tht re most importnt nimls tht hrm men things you n touh 174 DECLARE mke known tell lie keep seret 175 eutionl hs to o with religion hs to o with lerning out people 176 FULLTIME 177 SPARE sve o ll the time too muh to o without eginning or en I1 ont know throw feel I1 ont know 178 THEREFORE euse one thing is true nother thing is true shows tht something elongs to someone omes t the en of ook 179 CELESTIAL CELESTTAL MARRIAGE lesse with hilren lsting forever hppy EU 180 MANUAL ook of lessons out mn ile story 181 TOTAL mny enough ll 182 FORGIVE give to those who nee our help heip forget thee someone hs one hnge the wy we t 183 CUSTOM usul wy of oing something new time for hurh meetings using wors 184 isourge not reful without fer losing hope 185 TRIBE i nt lrge fmily smll nimls jungle 186 heneforth from this time on efore now in stright line 187 ADVANCE move forwr stuy hr e strong 188 SACRIFICE i i giving 1vtg up something floving floing your prents lwys eing on time 189 STRENGTH hppiness money power 190 SEALINGS SEAUNGS hving fmily home evenings lessing the re n wter joining fn fmilies lihes lies together forever 191 REJECT turn wy from o gin try to help 192 SITUATION i importnt jo how things re lrge meeting 193 personlity wht person is like where person lives when someone is in troule 194 BRETHREN men who re memers of the hurh memers of fmily new memers of the hurh I1 ont know 195 SUPPLY wht you ont wnt something kept for future use things you like 196 RECIPE goo 00 foo fmily inner ooking iretions I1 ont know 197 INTEREST strting point trust liking for I1 ont know

106 improvement proves true mkes etter 208 BAPTISM eing overe with wter when you join the eingpoor ont know I1 ont hurh ly hns on he n 218 PURPOSE hr work 199 experiene finish something lem lern le y oing less teh out hrist iffiult question reson for oing something put into Mto wors I1 ont know 200 PIONEER explorer teher 209 DEACON n ptize people pie n go on mission n pss the srment 219 HEAVENLY FATHER jesus go holy ghost wgon 210 NATURAL me y mn er to the hert 220 APPROVE give up 201 NUMEROUS wonerful mny prt of the outoor worl eie ept smooth 211 THINE toy 221 INVOLVE try hr to o 202 MISSION goo ee importnt work frwy wy ln I1 ont know yours pryer gryer t on know I1 ont 212 PARTAKE go on trip get someone into mke etter I1 iontknow 222 ABSENCE strong feeling 203 STANDARD rule to live y jo to o tll tower tke shre think hr I1 ont know 213 HANDOUT leve out not knowmg knowing not eing there 223 CREATION oing jo 204 SACRED right strong me y hn something given I1 ont know mking something foling leer holy 214 REQUEST leve 224 FULFILL A DREAM mke hppen 205 CONVERT someone who loves his fmily trvel sk for I1 ont know mkeup mke up forget someone who joins the hurh someone who res for the sik 215 REALLY truly refully sly 225 CALLING suny shool lss hurh song o I1 ont know jo in the hurh 206 SPIRIT right i light est hirest irest ri I1 ple in heven hei helps P U uss know whts right i 216 ACHIEVE feel hppiness le group gin sin rin min mln y hr work 226 isourgement fer loss of hope not polite 207 COMPANION one who goes with 217 rememrne importne 227 LOYAL n e truste nother memory from n importnt teher new hurh leer memership fmily lonely I1 ont know

107 INTRODUCE mke sure mke known fol 229 illustrtion piture or exmple strting point long journey ouey 230 GUARDIAN rmy fivets t es fights ginst truth tkes re of nother 231 FIRSTBORN y kille efore irth om orn o gin olest hil 232 WITNESS tell wht you know is true listen refully keep seret 233 WELFARE helping poor people living lone keeping reor 238 punishment pin reeive for oing wrong fmily fight not working hr elou enough 239 PERSONAL wit withother with hother persons ersons for yourself lose y 240 CONVERT help someone in nee help someone join the hurh hoose the right 241 CONTROL hve power over know out get new ie 242 SECRETARY tehes lsses les the singing writes things own 243 FORCE mke someone o something 248 ssignment pln jo jo jo ig sign I1 on t sow iontknfow LOW tow 249 FORGAVE si tow forgotthe the someone i strte new life gve to the poor n neey I1 ont know give wy something 234 UNIT n ie see rt I1 ont know prt 235 SAVIOR the fther jesus joseph smith 236 DEPRESSED s rk s ont sik I1 ont know 237 SEXUAL out little hilren out person of men n women youlove K eulove iove urt hurt someone I1 ont know 244 inepenene freeom forgetting wrong tking re of I1 ont know 2 FERVENT 246 POSTER sign eome ngry pinful with gret feeling I1 ont know reor news I1 ont know 247 HIGH fugh COUNCILOR hurh leer temple worker fmily I1 ont know

108 100 APPENDIX D MULTIPLE CHOICE ITEM preprtion guielines GUMELINES the 1 wor eing teste shoul not pper in ny of the hoies if possile if the wor nnot e efine without using the wor in sentene or phrse then t lest two of the hoies shoul use the wor see form X question 48 poseeor el seroio for n exmple of this 2 there must lerly e ONE orret nswer the nswer is not ounte s orret however if wor is speifilly religious in its mening the wrong nswers shoul hve something to o with religion see form Y question 1 for n exmple 1I n tell you tht this test is not perfet in this respet however so if you see question tht oul e me etter plese o 3 the woring use in eh of the options the wrong ones s well s the right one must not e more iffiult thn the wor tht is eing teste n for this test the woring shoul e s simple s possile this my men tht the efinition isnt s preise s it oul e ut tht is oky s long s there is still only ONE nswer tht is orret 4 the nswer hoies shoul generlly e out the sme length or if thts not possile they shoul ll e very ifferent lengths not inluing hoie D 5 if the wor hs positive or negtive mening ssoite with it suh s l iniqui then t lest one of the wrong nswers must lso hve the sme mening ssoition see form X question 12 for BAD exmple of this 6 hoies shoul not test persons spelling ility 7 hoies shoul efine the sme prt of speeh if the wor is noun o not efine it s if it is ver et sometimes the question wor n e efine in severl wys however just mke sure tht ll of the hoies re using the sme syntx ontrst questions 14 n 16 on form X ver vs noun for n exmple of the ifferent syntx ptterns

109 101 iol ppenix E k trnsltion of entire test s ntive english spekers sw it test LDS english voulry test37 TEST for ntive english spekers instrutions re eh question then irle the BEST efinition for the wor if two efinitions seem EQUALLY orret irle oth hoies if none of the nswers seem orret hoose D 1 I ont know ont worry out the numering when you re finishe turn in your test n sign our gift list ix sttement offiil nnoune- 6x x holy ghost hevenly fther 12x guilty m ment jesus hrist unonerne group of sttes sying 7x x omforter mormon pioneers feeling of hving one something wrong 2x x hnippe len hns trvele to uth the first 12 postles 13x fith isle person young 8x x live in the olonies suess to elieve in something you nnot see to go without foo or wter x 3x R reptism turn 8 yers ol triumph someone tht you to not lie exommunite like 4x x from the hurh to eome memer gin selings elings 9x x money erne ssure leve like new uil someones 14x 114x reltion your neighors memers of fmily people you work with get together for fmily home evening less the re n onfiene tell the truth 15x punishment pin reeive for hving one wht is wter lox worship wrong join fmilies together listen to soft musi fmily fight forever I1 ont know prise the lor oey the wor to not work enough 5x x pprove 16x gospel give in eie lix wikeness to hve mny n re in the hurh sre ple ept weknesses to e the tehings of jesus to e stupi 37the the numering inites whih numerform the item h on the test given to spnish spekers

110 102 17x purpose hr work iffiult question 25x neey very poor love 32x strive to flee to struggle reson for oing something ugly to look k I1 ont know 26x relief soiety 33x wor of wisom 18x testify tell the truth listen refully group of women in the mormon hurh store for those in the lors lw for iniviul helth wht is in ooks keep seret nee speil hoir for the young women tithing 19x everlsting 34x forever every y tomorrow without en 27x hllenge without en elevte one without py efine efore righteous 20x helthy just 21x ptient loyl 28x wors tht o mge fsting to stin from eting foo to rek the lw 35x forgve forgot the wrong tht someone i egn new life gve to the poor n neey relile fmous to fsten something 36x ull uil fulltime fulif lonely to o it ll the time I1 ont know 29x meetinghouse too muh to o 22x omplish restrt lrge house hurh uiling house of memer without eginning or en return I1 ont know 23x hieve lmighty 30x hevens iffiult to lift where go lives 37x mirle something mrvelous tht oesnt seem possile ll the people omnipotent the wether something tht is true everyone together 31x stke something love meeting for hurh 24x poster leers 38x skill registry sign tlk given in hurh meeting something you wste wht you hve never news I1 ont know n re me up of severl wrs one something you o well I1 ont know

111 103 39x improvement 46x elestil kingom 53x isourge true test the est ple in reless progress the hevens without fer 40x to e poor isourgement ity in the ile sre ple where one prys 54x epresse hnout fri to leve out ishertene 47x priesthoo holer one y hn impolite one who hs the priesthoo hil uner 12 pper with informtion 41x hpel yers of ge sre ook tower on hurh srment meeting room one who oes not use the priesthoo in the orret mnner 55x onvert one who loves their fmily one who is ptize in the hurh 42x svior the fther 48x ssignment pln one who is onerne for the sik jesus hrist tsk holy ghost lrge sign ly sth the truth suny 43x messenger one who rings news 49x firstorn y who ies efore hurh one who is pee- irth mker one who is in hrge of the hurh om orn gin olest hil 2y y relly in truth refully I1 ont know sly 50x illness I1 ont know 44x strengthen isomfort to mke stronger sness 3y y ustom to mke something lst wikeness usul wy of oing something to mke lrger 51x hevenly fther new time for hurh meetings x unselfish jesus go to urse think out yourself think out others mke new friens 52x holy ghost strength 4y y grief pin hte hppiness money power istste I1 ont know

112 104 5y y selfishness 15y jugej 25y reltive to not shre with eie elongs to the sme gme ge se others the wy one feels to give to the poor 17y pln ssure sttere fmily lives in the sme re hs lrge fmily 7y y heneforth spre from now on efore now in stright line 19y eprive omplete wr 27y lling suny shool lss hurh song jo in the hurh 8y y ounil tivity room in the group of leers tht meet together hurh group of mormon 28y support ress ple to stuy leers work room in hurh 9y y elestil mrrige lesse with hilren forever 20y mormons who tten hurh together hpter 29y help reipe foo fmily inner hppy prt of ook prt of song ooking iretions loy fithful full hs lot of fith 22y room in hurh supply 32y trnsltiont written in nother lnguge onerne out wht you o not put wy for use in others wnt times of nee I1 ont know something for future use gos thoughts 12y epresse s things you like 33y ommnment rk one of gos lws sik 23y wike worrie stupi elief the hurh of go 13y ourge vlor evil 34y elet strength honor 24y hieve feel hppy le group perfet hosen given 14y suggests ern through hr try work give n ie I1 ont know get long with others

113 105 35y tithing one tenth given to the lor money sve for mission to go without foo or wter 47y 48y fun reserve of money reson for oing it re in the hurh ttenne to ssume responsiility iz prie without fer of nyone to hve goo skills rrogne 2z z foler to o wht nother 37y request to e present person oes to e lone to trvel to sk 49y to e trie therefore to sy wht to o to ring goo news for this reson 3z z meetings 39y pttern to get emrrsse moel to fol shows tht something elongs to someone things we shoul o people gthere together for pur- type of religion 40y priesthoo omes t the en of everything pose hurh isussions wht the prophet 50y welfre 4z z perform sys help the poor tke group of live lone use people the power to t in keep register to ring to pss gos nme 42y eyon I1 ont know sly rete mke teh 7z z lessings gifts from go re n wter frther lot fol hurh tlks lot of time I1 ont know 53y offering 8z z isuss something not tlk out 43y wiow permitte fight for womn without hilren something tht is given eny one who nnot wlk womn whose husn hs ie 55y something tht is lerne onvert help someone 9z z mo prolem noise ngry multitue 44y visor ol helper or teher worker help someone join the hurh hose the right

114 106 log loz storehouse ple to store things 22z evelopment promise 32z unerstn her voie nursing home ple where you uy house wrning growth know the mening give pryer 23z forgive 33z fore 12z prtnership people working together lrge fmily tht lives together to know someone from efore 24z egin new life forget the wrong someone i to you give to the poor n neey rememrne 34z prolem pee power ontt to hurt someone to e loving 13zjournl long trip letter importne memory memership to get together with or tlk to someone ount of your life 25z omplishment 35z isussion group of people 14z kneel type of lothing something humling something you lerne tlk with people hr work to feel to get own on your knees 27z reliztion ounilor 37z out to e fri to e reful 15z rejet hurh leer temple worker to e unsure to not ept to o over symptheti person 38z somey to try to help frwy fr wy from here I1 ont know 28z fulfill rem efore yestery 17z sre right mke something ome true mke the e in the future strong holy forget thought you h 40z worlwie lrge ountry in the shpe of ll 18z storge 29z knowlege the whole worl things put wy for hppening right now lter use wht you hve 42z sene things ought in lerne feelings store to plnt gren lssroom to not know to not e present

115 107 44z nestors those who live 53z suee previl efore us triumph grnhilren folers of hrist help someone 54z hols the priesthoo z stnr hs the priesthoo estlishe rule oes not use the work to o tll tower priesthoo orretly keeps the priesthoo from others 47z restore nswer question try gin return 55z numerous mrvelous mny soft 48z nursery group of reful people room for smll hilren ple for the sik 49z st out mke fun of try rejet 50z forgiveness to forget the wrong someone i to you to give to the poor to e frienly with new memers 52z tithe to sve money for the hurh to onte money to the poor to give one tenth of your inome to the hurh

116 108 ppenix F form X prts I1 n 11 II EXAMEN DE voulrio VOCABULAR IO PARTE 1 TEST FORMA X 1 sttement ofii ofili nunio ofiil offiil 1 I 7 mormon pioneers vijron uth 12 guilty ilty g enojo grupo rupo e estos estes primeros 12 los primerose espreoupo un iho 2 hnippe postoles viven en ls olonis sentimiento e her heho eho lgo mlo mnos limpios limpros vlio invlio invlis 0 8 suess 13 fith impelio impeio triunfo reer en lgo que joven lguien 1guien lquien que te guste no puees guees ver nr sin omi oli 0 inero gno gu 3 reptism nose nomentir no mentir menir umplir 8 nos ftos expulso e l iglesi 9 ssure ejr ejr omo nuevo 14 reltion volver ser r onfinz sonveinos reinos miemro niemro lguien 1guien lquien pert pertenee enee l eir l vere fmili trjn trzn juntos untos 4 selings elings juntrse pr un 10 worship nohe e hogr esuhr musi 15 punishment eneir el pn y suve olor reiio por gu lr kr ios her el ml munir fmilis fmilil unir milis pr oeeer l plr slr pele ele fmilir siempre siemere jr no trjr lo 10 ikeness 11 wikeness lkeness sufiiente 5 pprove tenermuhs renirse eilies es 16 gospel eiir eier eptr sermlo seumlo mio herse tonto un re en l iglesi un lugr sgro ls ensennzs ensefinzs e holy 6 holy ghost jest jeso jesuss pre elestil jesuristo Jesu onsolor

117 109 log 17 purpose 24 poster 30 hevens ruo rue trjo ruo registro ifiil e levntr levnter pregunt ifiil seril sentl seftl one ios vive motivo motino pr her notiis el lim lgo nose 25neey 25 neey 31 stke 18 testify muypore un junt e eir l vere mo lieres ieres 11 esuhr feo un plti plni uiosmente gurr gjrr un sereto nose en un junt e l iglesi 19 everlsting toos los is 26 relief soiety grupo rupo e mujeres mjeres en l iglesi mormon ormon un re e vrios rrios sin fin elevo tien pr los neesitos un oro espeil e 32 strive huir luhr uhr ls mujeres mjeres mirr irr pr trs 20 righteous jovenes jvenes slule justo 33 wor of wisom piente 27 hllenge heho eho sin pg l ley el senor seftor setor pr slu ini- reto viul 21 loyl plrs plvrs rs que lo 10 e los liros onfile onfinle fmoso nn ffn el iezmo iezm solitrio nose 28 fsting 34 forever stenerse erse e mnn mntn 22 omplish omi oli sin fin reempezr trer e vuelt logrr logrn romper l ley sujetr lgo ntes 35 forgve 29 meetinghouse olvio 0 el ml que 23 lmighty s grne lguien 1guien lquien hizo to l gente eifiio e l omenzo un omnipotente omnipotene iglesi nuev vi toos juntos untos s e un miemro niemro io los pores ores y neesitos

118 110 ilo iio 36 fulltime 42 svior 47 priesthoo holer herlo erio too el el pre el que tiene el tiempo jesusristo Jesus seroio msio emsio her que espiritu snto un nm0 nino menor e 12 nos ftos sin prinipio 0 fin el que no us el nose 43 messenger seroio e l uno que tre mner orret orrets ret 37 mirle notiis lgo mrvilloso uno que es que no pree pifist 48 ssignment posile possile uno que es unpln pin lgo que es ierto enrgo enrno e l un tre lgo muy querio nose iglesi un letrero grne 38 skill 44 strengthen 49 firstorn lgo que esperiis ls esperi her ms fuerte her mss m huerto ntes ee muerto e ner lo 10 que nun un hs urero ero nijo otr vez nio heho eho lgo que puees guees her ms grne hijo myor her ien nose unselfish 50 illness ismo pensr en ti mismo mnestr mlestr 39 improvement pensr en los tristez prue true verero ems ml mh progreso her nuevos uevos serpore migos 51 hevenly fther jesus 40 isourgement 46 elestil kingom ios mieo es esnimo el ms s lto lugr en el ielo espiritu snto esorte esporte orte esortes esportes s un pl piss en l ili eli lugr sgro 52 strength one uno or l felii 41 hpel el inero liro sgro poer e e1 elpoer torre en l iglesi el slon sion srmentl

119 EXAMEN DE voulrio VOCABULAR IO PARTE 2 TEST FORMA X ei elrio 7 1 elrion elrtion lon ionn pioneros mormones Mormones hormones 13 fe ofii olii 1 nunio ofiill vijron uth reer en lgo que no grupo rupo e estos estes los primerose 12 puees guees ver un iho postoles oli 0 nr sin omi nose viven en ls olonis gu no mentir menir 2 inpito mnos limpios limpros 8 eito exito exit0 vlio invlio invlis impelio 0 impeio triunfo 14 priente joven lguien 1guien lquien que te guste inero gno sonveinos reinos pertenee enee trjn juntos trzn jn untos l fmili utisto 3 el utismo e nuevo umplir 8 nos ftos 9 segurr expulso e l iglesi ejr ejr omo nuevo r onfinz 15 stigo stio olor reiio por volver ser miemro niemro lguien 1guien lquien eir l vere her el ml pele ele fmilir jr no trjr lo 10 4 lmientos sellmientoslmien sei sel sufiiente juntrse pr un 10 orr olr nose nohe e hogr esuhr musi eneir el pn y gu suve 16 el evngelio evngeli unir milis munir fmilis fmilil pr lr kr ios un re en l iglesi siempre oeeer l plr slr un lugr sgro ls ensennzs ensefinzs e jesuss 5 pror 11 l iniqui renirse tenermuhs eiir eier eilies es 17 el proposito eptr sermlo seumlo mio ruo rue trjo ruo herse tonto pregunt iffil ifiil motivo motino pr her 6 espiritu snto pre elestil 12 ulple lgo jesuristo Jesu enojo onsolor espreoupo timonio 18 r testimonio sentimiento e her eir l vere heho eho lgo mlo esuhr uiosmente gurr gjrr un sereto

120 sempitemo sempiterno 26 l soiee Soie e soorro 32 esforzrse toos los is grupo rupo e mujeres mjeres en huir sin fin ormon l iglesi mormon luhr uhr elevo tien pr los neesitos irr pr trs mirr un oro espeil e ls 20 ser reto mujeres mjeres jvenes jovenes iun 33 l plr slr e siuri siun slule l ley el senor pr justo slu iniviul piente 27 el esfl esfio enfio esll O0 heho eho sin pg lo 10 e los liros el iezmo iezm reto 21 lel plrs plvrs rs que nn ffn onfile onfinle nose 34 pr siempre fmoso mnn solitrio 28 yunr sin fin stenerse erse e romper l ley omi oli ntes 22 umplir sujetrlgo lgo reempezr trer e vuelt peroni 35 perono olvio el ml que logrr logrn orio 29 l s e orionn lguien 1guien lquien hizo s grne omenzo un nuev eifiio e l iglesi vi 23 toopoeroso niemro s e un miemro i0 io lo los pores ores y to l gente omnipotente omnipotene neesitos toos juntos untos 30 el ielo iffil ifiil e levntr levnter 36 e tiempo ompleto one ios vive herlo erio too el tiempo 24 rtel el lim emsio que her registro sin prinipio priniple 0 fin sefil seril efil nose notiis 31 un est est eres un junt e lieres ieres Milgro 37 un milgro un plti plni en lgo mrvilloso que esito 25 neesito muy pore muypore un junt e l iglesi un re e vrios vries srles srlos vrlos no pree posile possile lgo que es ierto mo feo rrios lgo muy querio

121 hili i no egoist 51 pre elestil speri lgo que esperiis ls is ismo pensr en ti mismo jesuss lo 10 que nun un hs em pensr en los emss ios eho heho lgo que puees guees her her nuevos uevos migos espiritu snto ien nose 46 el reino elestil 52 l fuerz muerz el ms lto lugr en el ms l felii rmiento 39 mejormiento lento ielo el inero prue true verero un pl piss en l ili eli elpoer progreso ser pore serpore nose lugr sgro one uno or 53 esnimo esuio 40 esliento 47 poseeor el seroio sin temor mieo el que tiene el eprimio io es esnimo seroio esorte esporte orte esortes esportes s un nm0 nino menor e 12 nos ftos 54 el que no us el oletin letin ejr ejr fuer uer 41 l pill seroio e l heho eho mno liro sgro mner orret orrets ret formion ppel on informion informtion torre en l iglesi el slon sion srmentl nose 48 signio un signion n 55 onverso unpln pin quien m su fmili 42 el slvor un tre lutiz en l quien se utiz el pre un letrero grne iglesi jesusristo Jesus nose quien se preoup por espiritu snto fermos los enfermos nose 49 el primose primogenito huerto ntes e ee muerto 43 mensjero menshero ner uno que tre notiis is nio nijo otr vez pifist uno que es pifist hijo myor uno que es enrgo enrno e l iglesi 50 enferme 44 fortleer mnestr mlestr tristez her ms fuerte ml mh her ms s urero ero her ms s grne

122 114 ppenix G form Y prts I1 n II 11 EXAMEN DE voulrio VOCABULAR PARTE 1 IO TEST FORMA Y 1 sth 7 heneforth vere lver nieforth 14 suggest e hoy en elnte nelnte trtr el omingo ntes e hor or r un ie l iglesi en un line ret llevrse ilevrse lie on otros 2 relly 8 ounil 15 juge e vere grupo rupo e lieres ieres que quo eiir eier on uio se reunen keunen plner plngr lentmente lugr e estuio segurr urto en un iglesi 3 ustom 16 firstorn form usul e her 9 eiestil elestil mrrige ee huerto io on ninos nmos ner muerto ntes e lgo eneio nuev hor pr ls pr siempre nio nijo otr vez reuniones e l iglesi feliz hijo myor reunions mleir 4 grief lleno 10 fithful 17 sttere lieno ileno esprir espri el olor tlene tienemuhfe espojr e e1 eloio 0 lo ie le importnt los ems ompletr ompleter el fstiio Holy 11 fsting 18 holy ghost 5 selfishness stenerse erse e omi oli pre elestil no omprtir on otros romper l ley jesuristo Jesu omo se siente iente uno sujetr lgo onsolor mismo ismo r los pores ores 12 epresse 19 wr triste un urto e 6 svior osuro osure el pre enfermo enermo tivies en l iglesi jesusristo Jesus un grupo rupo e 11 eres espiritu snto mormones hormones Mor hormones 13 ourge mormones Mormones que sisten vlor l iglesi juntos untos fuerz muerz honor

123 hpter 27 lling 33 ommnment prte e un liro lse e l esuel un ley e ios nio prte e un nion nhonn omi ominil lil un reeni urto en l iglesi nion nion nhon e l iglesi l iglesi e ios trjo en l iglesi 21 meetinghouse 34 elet s grne 28 eifiio e l iglesi support elvestio tuo uuo vestio lestio perfeto esojio niemro s e un miemro el trjo o l yu u nose 22 supply lo 10 que no quieres 29 reipe 35 thing tithing un eimo o l uturo lgo on un uso futuro omi oli senor seftor setor oss que te gustn en fmilir ireiones e oin inero horro pr l mision mislonn mislo nose oli 0 nr sin omi 23 wike gu preoupo 30 wikeness nose estupio pio io tenermuhs tnio stnik stnio nose eilies es 36 seumlo ser mio sermlo fulltime full herlo too el tiempo herse tonto emsio que her 24 hieve sm sin priniple 0 fin sentir felii nose irigir un grupo rupo 31 stke gnr nr on trjo uro un junt e lieres ieres 37 request un plti plni en estrsolo solo un junt e l iglesi vijr 25 reltive un re e vrios vries vrlos peir feir que pertenee enee l rrios nose mism ism fmili ism re vive en l mism 38 gospel tiene un fmili 32 trnsltion un re en l iglesi grne esrito en otr iiom un lugr sgro guropr ls ensennzs ensefinzs e tiempos e neesi jesus jesus 26 selings elings ie e ios juntrse pr un nohe e hogr eneir ene el pn y gu 39 pttern vergon vergonzrse unir milis munir fmilis fmilil pr muestr nuestr seguir eguir siempre relig0n tipo ipo e religion

124 40 priesthoo 46 elestil kingom 53 lo 10 que el profet ie el ms lto lugr en el e1 e un grupo rupo e gente ielo offering lgo no permitio io lgo osequio 116 ml ur el poer pr tur un pl piss en l ili eli lugr sgro one lgo prenio en el nore e ios 41 hpel unoor unour or fun relief soiety grupo rupo e mujeres mjeres en l iglesi mormon ormon liro sgro reserv e inero tien pr los torre en l iglesi rzon rzon pr herlo neesitos el slon sion srmentl re en l iglesi un oro espeil e ls mujeres mjeres jovenes jvenes senes s 42 eyon 48 ttenne ms li ll il e en rgrse e 55 onvert muhos estr presente yur yun lguien 1guien lquien muho tiempo proo proeo serp serproo munir lguien 1guien lquien l iglesi esojer esover lo 10 orretor reto 43 wiow 49 therefore mujer sin hijos por est rzon rz0n quiennopuee no uee muestr nuestr que lgo minri pertenee enee 1guien lguien lquien mujer que se le ie murio el esposo elesposo viene l finl e too 50 welfre 44 visor yur yun l gente viejo pore yunte 0 mestro vivir eivir solo trjor gurr gjrr un registro loyl 51 hevenly fther onfile onfinle fmoso jesus jesus ios solitrio espiritu snto 52 rete her ensenr ensent enseftr seguir eguir

125 EXAMEN DE voulrio VOCABULAR IO PARTE 2 TEST FORMA Y el i e reposo 7 ese hor or 14 sugerik sugerir l vere e hoy en elnte nelnte trtr el omingo ntes e hor or r un ie l iglesi en un line ret llevrse ilevrse lie on otros 2 en serio 8 el onsejo 15 juzgr jungr e vere grupo rupo e lieres que eiir eier sereunen on uio sereunen plner plngr lentmente lugr e estuio segurr urto en un iglesi nose 3 ostumre 16 el primose primogenito form usul e her 9 el ptrimonio mtrimonio elestil ee muerto lgo eneio on nmos ninos ner nuev hor pr ls pr siempre nio reuniones e l iglesi feliz hijo myor reunions huerto ntes e nijo otr vez mleir 10 fiel 17 isperso so 4 lpen ileno lleno lieno esprir espri el olor tiene muh fe espojr el oio O0 lo ie le importnt los ems ompletr ompleter el fstiio 11 yunr 18 espiritu snto 5 egoismo egolismo stenerse erse e omi oli pre elestil no omprtir on otros romper l ley jesuristo Jesu omo se siente iente uno sujetr lgo onsolor mismo ismo nose r los pores ores 12 eprimio io 19 el rrio triste un urto e osure 6 el slvor osuro el pre enfermo enermo tivies en l iglesi nose jesusristo Jesus un grupo rupo e lieres ieres espiritu snto mormones hormones Mor orj hormones 13 orje ore omj e mormones Mormones que sisten vlor l iglesi juntos untos fuerz muerz honor

126 pitulo 27 el llmmiento hmmiento lento Hmm 33 un mnmiento prte e un liro prte e un nion nhonn nio lse e l esuel ominil un ley e ios un reeni urto en l iglesi nion nion nhon e l iglesi trjo en l iglesi l iglesi e ios 21 l s e orionn s grne 28 el poyo oyo 34 elegio elegino perfeto eifiio e l iglesi lestio elvestio esojio niemro s e un miemro el trjo o nose l yu u nos servs 22 ls reservs reserves 35 el iezmo iezm lo 10 que no quieres 29 reet eet un eimo o l uturo lgo on un uso futuro omi oli senor oss que te gustn en fmilir inero horro pr ireiones e oin misio isio l mision mislon oli 0 nr sin omi 23 iniquo gu preoupo 30 l iniqui i estupio estilpio tenermuhs tnio stnio stnik eilies es 36 e tiempo ompleto omplete sermlo seumlo mio herlo too el tiempo hersetonto herse tonto emsio que her 24 logrr logrn sin prinipio 0 fin sentir felii nose irigir un grupo rupo 31 un est est gnr nr on trjo uro un junt e lieres ieres 37 soliitr soliitor un plti plni en estrsolo solo un junt e l iglesi vijr 25 priente un re e vrios peir feir que pertenee enee l rrios nose mism ism fmili ism re vive en l mism 38 el evngelio tiene un fmili 32 grne truio truio truion trution esrito en otr iiom un re en l iglesi un lugr sgro guropr ls ensennzs ensefinzs e tiempos e neesi jesuss 26 sellmientos ie e ios juntrse pr un nohe e hogr 39 moelo moeiom eneir ir el pn y gu oelo vergonzrse unir milis munir fmilis fmilil pr muestr nuestr seguir eguir siempre religio eligio tipo ipo e religionn nose

127 el seroio 46 el reino elestil 53 un ofren oren lo 10 que el profet ie el ms s lto lugr en el lgo no permitio io un grupo rupo e gente ielo lgo osequio ml ur el poer pr tur en el nore e ios nose un pl piss en l ili eli lugr sgro one uno or 54 lgo prenio l soiee Soie e soorro grupo rupo e mujeres mjeres en 41 l pill 47 un fono ormon l iglesi mormon lirosgro reserv e inero tien pr los torre en l iglesi rzon rzon pr herlo neesitos el slon sion srmentl re en l iglesi un oro espeil e ls mujeres mjeres jovenes jowenes jovnes 42 ms s lejos ms li ll il e 48 l sisteni en rgrse e 55 onvertir onverter muhos estr presente yur lguien lquien yun 1guien muho tiempo proo proeo serp serproo nose munir lguien 1guien lquien l iglesi esojer esover lo 10 orretor reto 43 viu 49 por lo 10 tnto mujer sin hijos por est rzon quiennopuee no uee muestr nuestr que lgo minri pertenee enee lguien 1guien lquien mujer que se le ie murio viene l finl e too elesposo esposo 50 el ienestr 44 el sesor yur yun l gente viejo pore yunte 0 mestro vivir eivir solo trjor gurr gjrr un registro lel 51 pre elestil onfile onfinle onflie tle jesuss fmoso ios solitrio espiritu snto 52 rer her ensenr ensent enseftr seguir eguir

128 120 ppenix H form Z prts I1 n II 11 EXAMEN DE voulrio VOCABULAR IO PARTE 1 TEST FORMA Z 1 prie 7 lessings 13 Journl journl urnl sin mieo nie reglos e ios vije vie lrgo iens teneruens pnyguy gu rt lifiiones pitis pltis e l iglesi reltos reltes ee su vi rogni rrogni 8 isuss 14 kneel lre 2 foler hlr hlre hre lseerop her lo 10 que he otr peler eler por sentirse ml person renegr ponerse ponese e roills eir que her trer uens iens nuevs uevs nose 9 mo 15 rejet t prolem prolems no eptr 3 meetings oss que eemos elemos her ruio multitue tu nose enoj enojo her e nuevo trtr e yur yun gente reuni on un proposito posito 10 storehouse 16 firstorn pitis pltis e l iglesi gjrr lugr pr gurr ee muerto huerto ntes e oss ner s e viejos vieros nijo otr vez nio 4 perform lugr pr omprr omper hijo myor tomr un s usr ilevr llevr llemr o 17 sre 11 fsting rillnte stenerse erse e omi oli fuerte 5 stke romper l ley snto un junt e lieres ieres sujetrlgo lgo un plti plni en un junt e l iglesi 18 storge un re e vrios vries vrlos 12 prtnership oss gurs pr rrios gente trjno usr ms elnte nelnte juntmente ompros ompror en l fmili grne que tien 6 svior el pre viven juntos untos onoer onoser lquien plntr un jrin jesusristo Jesus espiritu snto ese ntes

129 121 full fulltime selings elings 33 fore herlo too el tiempo juntrse pr un prolem prolems emsio que her nohe e hogr sin prinipio 0 fin 20 hpel ene el pn y gu pz eneir munir fmilis fmilil siempre pr nose 34 poer ontt liro sgro lstimr lttimr lguien 1guien lquien torre en l iglesi 27 ounilor ser mle el slon sion srmentl lier e l iglesi juntrse on 0 hlr hlr nose trjor el tempio templo on lguien 1guien lquien un person simpti 21 meetinghouse nose s grne 35 isussion eifiio e l iglesi 28 fullfill fill rem grupo rupo e gente niemro s e un miemro li her lgo reli piti plni plti entre gente nose rreglr reglr rrellr l m trjo uro olvir lo 10 que penso 22 evelopment nose promes prmes 36 wikeness verteni 29 knowlege tenermuhs tener muhs reimiento psno plno hor or lo 10 que hs prenio eilies es ser mlo 23 forgive lse herse tonto omenzr un vi nuev 30 elestil kingom 37 out olvir el ml mt mi que lguien 1guien lquien le ie hizo el ms s lto lugr en el ielo tenermieo mieo tener uio r los pores ores y un pls pts pis en l ili eli no estr seguro neesitos lugr sgro one nose unoor unour or 38 somey 24 rememrne lejos e qui importni 31 holy ghost ntes e yer memori pre elestil en el futuro uturo memre sf si memresi memresf esi esl jesuristo Jesu nose onsolor 25 omplishment nose 39 hevenly fther s jesus millnte hu 32 lgo humillnte unerstn ios lgo que preniste relizion reliztion lonn relizi 0 ir un voz oir ser el signifio espiritu snto no se orion eir un orion

130 worlwie 47 restore 52 tithe un pis pls grne en form e pelot trun ontestrun ontestr ontester un pregunt horrr inero pr l iglesi el muno entero ntero volver trtr onr inero los restituir pores ores r un eimo e su 41 gospel suelo shelo l iglesi un re en l iglesi 48 nursery un lugr sgro grupo rupo e gente ls ensennzs ensefinzs e uios 53 suee jesuss urto pr los ninos nmos prevleer pequenos enos triunfr triunfl fermos lugr pr enfermos yur yun lguien 1guien lquien 42 sene sentimientos r 49 st out 54 hols the priesthoo no estr presente urlrse e tiene el seroio trtr no us el seroio hzr rehzr orretmente 43 sth ui ui el seroio e l vere otros el omingo 50 forgiveness l iglesi olvir el ml que lguien 1guien lquien h heho eho 55 numerous r los pores ores mrvilloso 44 nestors ser mistoso on los muhos los que vivieron vivieros ntes emros nuevos uevos miemros suve que nosotros vosotros nietos seguiores e ores risto 51 relief soiety grupo mjeres en rupo e mujeres l iglesi mormon ormon stnr regl regi estlei tien pr los neesitos trjo que her un oro espeil e ls torre lt mujeres muieres mjeres jovenes jvenes nose 46 loyl onfile onfinle fmoso solitrio

131 123 EXAMEN DE voulrio VOCABULAR PARTE 2 IO TEST FORMA Z 1 el orgullo orgello 7 eniio eniiones iones lones 13 el irio sin mieo nie reglos e ios vije vie lrgo teneruens iens pn y gu rt lifiiones pitis pltis e l iglesi reltos reltes e su vi rogni rrogni 8 hrlr hglr 14 rroillrse ffoillrse 2 seguior her lo 10 que he otr hlre pelerpor hlr hlr hre peler por lse e rop sentirse ml person renegr ponerse ponese e roills eir que her trer uens iens nuevs uevs 9 muheumre hzr 15 rehzr prolem prolems no eptr reunions 3 reuniones ruio her e nuevo elemos oss que eemos her multitue tu enoj enojo trtr e yur yun gente reuni on un proposito posito 10 el lmen 16 el primogenito primose p p1tis pltis pl pi e l iglesi gjrr lugr pr gurr huerto ntes e ee muerto nose oss ner s e viejos vieros nio nijo otr vez 4 tur ur tomr lugr pr omprr omper un s hijo myor usr noses ilevr llevro klevr o 17 sgro nose 11 yunr rillnte stenerse erse e omi oli fuerte 5 un est est un junt e lieres ieres un plti plni en romper l ley sujetr lgo snto un junt e l iglesi 18 el lmenmiento srles un re e vrios vries srlos vrlos 12 soiee oss gurs pr rrios gente trjno usr ms elnte nelnte juntmente ompros ompror en l fmili grne que tien 6 el slvor viven juntos untos plntr un jrin el pre onoer onoser lquien jesusristo Jesus espiritu snto ese ntes

132 e tiempo ompleto 26 sellmientos 33 fuerz muerz herlo too el tiempo juntrse pr un prolem prolems emsio que her nohe e hogr pz sin prinipio 0 fin ene el pn y gu eneir munir fmilis fmilil milis pr poer 20 l pill siempre 34 ponerse ponese en ontto ontts liro sgro lstimr lttimr lguien 1guien lquien torre en l iglesi 27 sumo onsejero sermle el slon sion srmentl er 11 lier e l iglesi juntrse on 0 hlr hlr nose trjor el tempio templo on lguien 1guien lquien un person simpti 21 l s e orionn templo tempio 35 hrl hri hni hnn eifiioeliglesi eifiio e l iglesi 28 relizr relizer un suelto suefio suefto grupo rupo e gente niemro s e un miemro li her lgo reli piti plti plni entre gente reglr rreglr rrellr l m trjouro olvir lo 10 que penso nos nosee 22 esrrollo promes prmes 36 l hi iniqui verteni 29 onoimiento tener muhs tenermuhs reimiento psno plno hor or eilies es lo 10 que hs prenio sermlo seumlo mio lse herse tonto 23 peronr eronr omenzr un vi nuev 30 el reino elestil 37 ur olvir el ml que 1guien lguien lquien ie hizo el ms s lto lugr en el ielo tenermieo mieo teneruio tener uio r los pores ores y neesitos un pis pls en l ili eli lugr sgro one uno or no estr seguro 24 reuero 38 lgu lgun kgun lun i lejos e qui importni 31 memori memresi memresf esi esl memre sf si espiritu snto pre elestil jesuristo Jesu ntes e yer en el future onsolor nose 39 pre elestil 25 logro lgro lgo humillnte millnte hu 32 engener entener jesuss ios lgo que preniste relizion reliztion lonn relizio tener ir un voz oir ser el signifio espiritu snto orion eir un orion

133 lreeor el muno 47 resturr 52 pgriezmos un pls pis grne en form e pelot trun ontester ontestrun pregunt horrr inero pr l iglesi el muno entero ntero volver trtr onr inero los restituir pores ores r un eimo e su 41 el evngelio evngeli un re en l iglesi 48 l guren gurin gurell gurerl eri suelo shelo l iglesi un lugr sgro grupo rupo e gente ls ensennzs ensefinzs e uios 53 tenerexito e xito ito jesuss urto pr los nmos ninos prevleer pequenos enos triunfr triunfl fermos lugr pr enfermos yur yun lguien lgrien 42 useni sentimientos r 49 nose expulsr expulser ex 54 nose posee el seroio no estr presente urlrse trtr e tiene el seroio no us el seroio hzr rehzr orretmente 43 el i I1 e reposo ui ui el seroio e vere lver el omingo 50 el peronn otros l iglesi olvir el ml que lgrien 1guien lguien rguien h heho eho 55 numeroso numerose r los pores ores mrvilloso 44 los ntepsos ser mistoso on los muhos los que vivieron vivieros que nosotros vosotros ntes emros nuevos uevos miemros suve nietos seguiores e risto 51 l soiee Soie e soorro grupo rupo e mujeres mjeres en ormon l iglesi mormon norm regi regl estlei tien pr los neesitos trjo que her un oro espeil e ls torre lt mujeres mjeres J0venes jovenes jvenes o nose 46 lel onfile onfinle fmoso solitrio

134 126 APPENDIX I1 FINAL ITEMS WITH GLOSSED efinitions AND UNIQUE NUMBER 1I sttement offiil nnounement I1 3 reptism to eome memer gin 5 pprove ept 7 mormon pioneers trvele to uth 9 ssure uil someones onfiene 11 II wikeness to e 13 fith to elieve in something you nnot see 15 gospel the tehings of jesus 17 testify tell the truth 19 righteous just 21 omplish hieve 23 poster sign 25 relief soiety group of women in the mormon hurh 27 fsting to stin from eting foo 29 hevens where go lives 31 strive to struggle 33 forever without en 35 full time to o it ll the time 37 skill something you o well 39 isourgement ishertene 41 svior jesus hrist 43 strengthen to mke stronger elestil kingom the est ple in the hevens 47 ssignment tsk 49 illness isomfort 51 strength power 53 hnout pper with informtion 55 sth suny 57 ustom usul wy of oing something 59 selfishness to not shre with others 61 ounil group of leers tht meet together 63 fithful hs lot of fith 65 suggest give n ie 67 sttere spre 69 hpter prt of ook 71 wike evil 73 reltive elongs to the sme fmily 75 support help 77 trnsltion written in nother lnguge 79 elet hosen 81 request to sk 83 priesthoo the power to t in gos nme 85 wiow womn whose husn hs ie 87 fun reserve of money 89 therefore for this reson 91 rete mke 93 onvert help someone join the hurh 95 foler to o wht nother person oes 97 perform to ring to pss 99 isuss tlk out 101 storehouse ple to store things 103 journl ount of your life 105 rejet to not ept 107 storge things put wy for lter use 109 forgive forget the wrong someone i to you 111 omplishment reliztion 113 fulfill rem mke something ome true 115 unerstn know the mening 117 ontt get together with or tlk to someone 119 out to e unsure 121 worlwie the whole worl 123 nestors those who live efore us 125 restore return 127 st out rejet one 131 numerous mny 129 tithe to give onetenth of your inome to the hurh 2 hnippe isle person 4 selings elings joining fmilies together forever 6 holy ghost omforter 8 suess triumph 10 worship oey the wor 12 guilty feeling of hving one something wrong 14 punishment pin reeive for hving one wht is wrong 16 purpose reson for oing something 18 everlsting without en 20 loyl relile 22 lmighty omnipotent 24 neey very poor 26 hllenge efine 28 meetinghouse hurh uiling 30 stke n re me up of severl wrs 32 wor of wisom the lors lw for iniviul helth 34 forgve forgot the wrong tht someone i 36 mirle something mrvelous tht oesnt seem possile 38 improvement progress 40 hpel srment meeting room 42 messenger one who rings news 44 unselfish think out others 46 priesthoo holer one who hs the priesthoo 48 firstorn olest hil 50 hevenly fther go 52 isourge epresse onvert one who is ptize in the hurh 54 sert 56 relly in truth 58 grief pin 60 heneforth from now on 62 elestil mrrige forever 64 epresse s 66 juge eie 68 wr mormons who tten hurh together 70 supply something for future use 72 hieve ern through hr work 74 lling jo in the hurh 76 reipe ooking iretions 78 ommnment one of gos lws one tenth given 80 tithing onetenth 82 pttern moel to fol 84 eyon frther 86 visor helper or teher 88 ttenne to e present 90 welfre help the poor 92 offering something tht is given 94 prie rrogne 96 meetings people gthere together for purpose 98 lessings gifts from go 100 mo ngry multitue 102 prtnership people working together 104 kneel to get own your knees 106 sre holy 108 evelopment growth 110 rememrne memory 112 ounilor hurh leer 114 knowlege wht you hve lerne 116 fore power 118 isussion tlk with people 120 somey in the future 122 sene to not e present 124 stnr estlishe rule 126 nursery room for smll hilren 128 forgiveness to forget the wrong someone i to you 130 hols the priesthoo hs the priesthoo to the lor

135 127 APPENDIX APPENDDJ J LINKED LRJKED TEST ITEMS BY FORM AND WITH UNIQUE NUMBER englishspnish English Spnish sviorel S viorel slvor formx form X formyy 1 42 form 6 P lorm I1 form formz forzz 6 I1 unique 41 fstingyunr oel firstomel firstornel primogenito primose meetinghousel s el orion selingssellmientos holy ghostel ghoste Gh espiritu snto wikenessl iniqui lel gospelel gospeler evngelio evngeli loyllel lel relief tyl soietyl Soie soiee Soie e soorro eun est est stkeun full timee tiempo ompleto hpell pill kingom elestil kingomel kingomlel kingome jel jei reino elestil kingomel hevenly ftherpre Fther Pre elestil

136 128 APPENDIX APPENDDK K ENGLISH questionnire FORM X SURVEYS TEST FORM X questionnire I1 m from ity n ountry of origin ouption I1 spek ntively irle one spnish onlyspnish Spnish n english my english skills re irle one very intermeitevnefluent intermeite vne fluent in english I1 m est t irle ll tht pply in spnish I1 m est t irle ll tht pply reingwritinglisteningspeking speking reingwritinglisteningspeking speking everyymost yssome ysselomnever selomnever I1 use english irle one everyy most ys some selom never I1 use spnish irle one everyymost yssome some ysselomnever selomnever my wrrnh in the unite sttes is hel in irle one spnish onlyenglish English onlyoth lnguges my My stke meetings s in the unite sttes re hel in irle one spnish onlyenglish English nglish onlyoth lnguges I1 lem lern le the gospefetter in irle one spnishenglish fill in ALL lnks even if the nswer is zero I1 hve een memer of the LDS hurh months yers I1 hve live in n englishspeking ountry my time s memer of the LDS hurh gurh hs een spent living in n englishspeking speking ountry months yers speking months yers in my ntive ountry months yers ountrzi5s S my time s memer of the thi LDS s i i7hurh while living in n englishspeking speking n englishspeking speking wrrnh months yers spnishspeking speking wrrnh months yers in my fmily there re memers n re memers of the hurh there re memers of my fmily tht ont like the hurh ountry hs een spent in using the sle e write in HOW MUCH OF THE TIME you use eh lnguge if you never o the tivity leve the spes lnk loo spnish I english when I1 re the sriptures I 1 use spnish svnish english when I1 re other hurhrelte relte mterils I1 use spnish english when I1 I1r pry silently I1 use spnish english when pry outlou outlor group I1 use spnish english when ger in S er my testimony spnish spnise I1 shnise inferene use english when &nferene I1 listen to generl onferene I1 use spnish english when I1 listen to stke onferenes I1 use spnish english when I1 prepre hurh tlk I1 use spnish english OX 0 0 when I1 prepre hurh lesson I1 use spnish svnish english irle the tivities you prtiipte in or o on your own genelogytemple tempie workhomemkingsout tivitieswr g soilsservie home tehingompiling ometehinvom ompiling iling hurh reportsreing reing sripturesreing rel reing other hurh C loks lesson or ooks ooks on religious sujetsonuting meetingsinstitute reinw mnuls onuting nw institute lssesother sother I1 en lish sout projets fhevisiting FHE hurh mterils suh s or esrie your hurh ttenne how often o you tten eh meeting hs your ttenne ever een less or more thn this n if so how muh n for how long o you tten stke onferenes if no why not how muh of generl onferene o you listen to or re esrie our voulry test hoose one svery the reoring ws too fstoky the reoring ws esy to her tozy toly tolx fst little s very s er little unlerhr to her onfusing somewht lervery ler long iong oky short esy just lust right very iffiult 1 esy just U right very iffiult yes nono opinion oky goo very the iretions were onfusingsomewht lervery the exm ws very longokyshort the wors in english were very esyjust rightvery the wors in spnish were very esyjust rightvery I1 enjoye e ye the exm yesnono toy I1 feel hoose one very okygoovery goo

137 129 APPENDIX K CONT SPANISH questionnire FORM X SURVEYS TEST FORM X soy e iu y pl piss e origen oupion n mi primer lengu es eso esog uno solo espnolespnol espfiolespfiol y ingie inglesespnol espnol sespiiol y mi nivel en ingless es esog uno muy jojointermeiovnzofluio en wle iwle eso ingles mismejores mls mejores mejres fores hilies son eso esog toos que se plino leeresriiresuhrhlrno esriir esuhr hlr hlr se pli lli en espnol fiol mis mejores mejres hilies son eso esog toos que se plino leeresriiresuhrhlr esriir esuhr hlr hlr ir uso ingles esog eso uno il myoni myori e los islgunos fsigunos fsrrs isrrs veesnun uso espnol esog uno il myoni myori p zp e los fslgunos isrrs rrrs espfiol eso veesnun 1 ls reuniones reunions e mi rrio en los estos estes unios nios n son en eso esog uno solo espnolsolo espfiolsolo solo ingleslos ingl6slos os ls reuniones reunions e mi est est en los estos estes unios nios son en eso esog uno solo espnolsolo solo ingi ingleslos m i gie sies ios los os e los miemros en mi rriorm hispnohlntes son eso esog uno toosl toosi osl myorilgunospoos ningunos el evngelio mejor en esog uno espnol ingless preno unos llene TODOS los espios esvios tmien tmiev si l resvuest respuest st es w1 he sio miemro niemro e l iglesi mormon ormon meses eses nos fios ios he vivio ivio en un pis e hl ingles inglem meses eses nos omo miemro niemro e l iglesi mormon ormon Mor he ivio vivio en un pls pis e hl ingles inglem meses eses fios nos ios un pls pis pis e hl espnol fiol meses eses nos fios ios omo nemro e l iglesi mormon ormon vivieno en un pis pls s e hl ingles inglem ehe ohe sistio un rriorm en eingles meses eses nos fios ios espnol eespfiol meses eses nos fios ios en mi fmili son miemros y miemros e l iglesi mormon ormon Mor miemros e mi fmili que no les gust l iglesi mormon ormon Mor hy emros pios eso uestionrio espnolingles espfiolingle w 0 I1 usno sno ele i lee leu i CM espnol espfiol ug sigue esri EL porentie porentte l esl gue que ue PORCENTAIE TATE tle DEL TIEMPO que use iiom eje el espio esvio esprio eopl in en i lno ino mij miij y si rli espfioli A llij rn gi nj o pig piig n n n espnol 01 ingless ingless nle inle inele ingle uno hno leo en ls esriturs uso espfiol espnol ingles uno hno leo otros mteriles e l lg iglesi lesl uso espnol 01 ingles uno hno oro en silenio uso espnol espfiol ingles uno hno oro volmente uso espnol espfiol ingles ingies uno hno oy mi testimonio timonio uso y 0y 0 espnol ingles ingies Cuno hno 0 esuho esuh esuh0 l onfereni Confereni generl 1 C f reni G uso 1 0 espnol1 ingles 1 0 fi0 i uno hno esuho esuh l onfereni eni e est est uso espfiol espnol ingles uno hno prepre un isorso isurso uso espnol espfiol mgles ingl6s ingles uno hno prepro prepre un lei6n eleion ion lon uso espfiol espnol ingless ingle ingie esoj eoj ls tivies e l iglesi en que prtiiple prtiipe 0 he solo enelogfor g rrioproyetos l lglesileer iglesileer Iglesi ls institutootrs institutor otrs genelogfor el temploieni el hogrtivies on los jovenes jvenes e l iglesitivies 1glesitivies el rrioproyetos e serviionohe e hogrmestro orientor orienttor 0 mestr visitnteompilr reportes e esritursleer otrs mteriles e l iglesi 1glesiirigir gir reuniones reunions e l iglesilses lglesilses e esrie esri Desri su sisteni l iglesi zun un menuo menuto siste kiste h reunion runion si su sisteni h sio menos 0 ms que eso vees unto i y por unto tiempo kiste siste l onfereni eni e est est si no por que zunto unto e l onfereni Confereni generl esuh 0 lee esrie gsri De Dg esri shi nuestro exmen e voulrio eso esog uno l gri6n grion rue fue muy rpiienpoo lentmuy lent l grion gri6n fue fil e ir olrun oirun poo ir lrinil ifiime e oir ir ls ireiones fueron ueron onfusspoo lrsmuy lrs el exmen fue muy lrgoienorto len ls plrs plvrs rs en ingles fueron ueron muy filesnivel filesnivel uenomuy ifiiles lsplrs rs en espnol Espfiol gueron muy filesnivel uenomuy ifiiles isfruto el exmen sinosin sinosn omentrios hoy i yo me siento eso esog uno sl silen ien muy ien muy mlmlsi mlsi irl siienmuy

138 130 APPENDIX L PROCTOR instrutions ROOM rrngement set up room lrge enough to omfortly set ll prtiipnts n meet the foling testtking tking requirements 1 ll testtkers tkers hve something hr to write on preferly tle or esk where ville hymn ooks hve lso suffie in ire instnes 2 sujets re equtely spe hve e room if t it tle so tht it is ovious shoul person turn to look t someone elses test 3 the tpe piter plter plier plyer is pproximtely entere with reltion to the sujets or 11m in i goo position to e her y everyone 4 prt T P I1 s re hny ut not 1I ville to sujets n prt II IPs lis s n the questionniresurvey U rt questionnire Survey pkets y gener n e retrieve esily ut lso not ville s the test ministrtion proees 5 rully rewoun n rey to egin plying t the strt of the tpe on sie A 6 there is n mple is supp le M kels kets the tpe is fully ply i supply inf ini of shrpene penils ville ox is supplie PROCEDURE enils enile inlues welome sujets n set them then pss out penils give sujets the sujet instrution sheet lle pr los que tomn el exmen whih inlues the purpose of the test n tell them tht this informtion will lso e plye on the tpe momentrily hek tht ll is in orer then ply the instrutions stopping the tpe fter un millon n e gris t this point moel item is rewritten on hlkor if it ville n omprehension is heke forother orother ring out with the moel item is tht the nswers re not ext synonyms ut efinitions they shoul hoose the est efinition of the wor though it my not e n ext or the only efinition of it this written questions tken one thing to hs onfuse others in the pst re y is to the sujets n when everyone hs it egin plying the tpe gin you will her prt in ln n I1 the pproprite form numer listen for it n mke sure its right for the reore test then the test will esin gln gin qin i s ets ts one of two onitionl options 1 COLLECT PART I1 from ONE SUBJECT AT A TIME WRITING THEIR TEST NUMBER in the lnk provie ON PART II 11 n give the sujet prt 11 II whih re the SAME wors n options ut when everyone is rey prt I1 ONLY with 55 english wors n ll spnish options is psse out if sujets finish prt I1 efore the reoring of prt I1 ens n others re yet listening you my hoose ALL in spnish IF the suet sujet sut is not sete where others oul esily see their prt II 11 or the sujet n e move where others oul not see their prt II 11 OR 2 hve the sujet sit quietly until the reoring n ll sujets hve finishe prt 1I if the lter optionmust e hosen euse the first one is not fesile f then the tester must e reful to COLLECT EACH PART I1 seprtely from ONE SUBJECT AT A TIME so tht the tester n WRITE 0 tio ust e FO I 1LLECT THE TEST NUMBER FROM PART I1 ONTO EACH SUBJECTS PART II 11 uner NO irumstnes shoul the sujet t e permitte to see prt II 11 efore prt I1 is ollete so prt 11 II my NEVER e simply psse out n sujets shoul NEVER e the one to write the test numer on the e f susequent prt for these resons one n see tht erly finishers of prt I1 if they n e seprte will mke the testers jo esier n less onfusing uring the trnsition n will ontrol for those tht might onsult with their neighors uring this trnsition prt II 11 my or my not nee to e plye from the reoring if most sujets hve strte erly the kost ost group n e ske if the reoring is esirle if even one person requests it it shoul e plye most sujets ten to finish prt II 11 rther quikly with or without the tpe e when sujet is ione one lone erly or when the reoring is over n gre perio of 5105 minutes hs een given EACH PART II 11 MUST BE seprtely COLLECTED so tht the TEST NUMBER n gin ln in e mthe to ie fille in on n pproprite femlemle PACKET ie the Q & S re given lemle questionniresurvey SURVEY PACEET out together WITH THE questionnire ALWAYS ON TOP AS THAT IS HOW THE PACKETS WERE NUMBERED the Q & S ministrtion is not hot trete s testtking tking sitution n my e s relxe s esirle AFTER ll tests re ollete of ourse sujets ts my onsult testers with nyy questions they my hve n my leve their mterils t their set n go get rink of wter 1if esire jesire Je esire while no other items shoul hve sujet nmes written on them the survey oes sks for their nme wr te n signture on the first pge ut this is torn off t ny time for onfientility it is still mthe to the other test items y the survey numer whih ppers on the seon pge fter the sujet hs omplete BOTH PAGES of the questionnire BE SURE TO CHECK FOR THIS n the ENTIRE SURVEY they my hoose one of our hoie of four gifts t shirt tpe ook or gospel nk spnishenglish itionry s rewr for their efforts plese lso thnk them one gin for gifts T sge g prtiipting ne entire proess esrie ove my tke up to one n hlf hours prt I1 tkes pproximtely 24 prtiipting proess krt minutes prt 11 II out 20 minutes n some sujets tke up to 40 minutes to omplete the tne T e questionnire n survey h THANK YOU SO MUCH FOR HELPING ME AND THE DLP COLLECT THIS DATA