PIERS PLOWMAN WILLIAM LANGLAND
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1 Table of Content PIERS PLOWMAN WILLIAM LANGLAND By Daniela Bartel and Irina Giesbrecht English Literature Religious Context 4. William Langland 5. Piers Plowman 6. Translation of the text 7. Biblical background The Hundred Year s War ( ) The Black Death ( ) Statute of Pleading (1362) Parliament opened in English (1362) Peasants Revolt (1381) Lollards Rise of the English language open hostility with France (Patriotism?) waning of the feudal system emerging of the Middle Class increased social mobility economic and political opportunity (guilds) necessity for people to understand the law [...] and that reasonably the said laws and customs shall be most quickly learned and known, and better understood in the tongue used in the said realm, and by so much every man of the said realm may the better govern himself without offending of the law [...] (Statute of Pleading 1362) The Peasants Revolt (1381) consequences of the Black Death about 30% of the population died poor suffered most shortage of labor three poll taxes (1377, 1379, 1380) general spirit of discontent arose (Baugh & Cable)
2 Changes in social and economic life led to the reestablishment of English English to appeal to the lower classes (Lollards) French is replaced in the law courts and in Parliament English is used in schools after 1349 easier for the children not enough competent teachers (plague) English Literature literature = writing in general : Period of Religious Record still in French : Period of Religious and Secular Literature in English : Period of Great Individual Writers Chaucer (Canterbury Tales, Troilus and Criseyde) Langland (Piers Plowman) Wycliffe (Bible translation, controversial prose) anonymous writer (Sir Gawain and the Green Knight, poem Pearl) Religious context Christians: it was common for people to live in communities (parishes) and to go to church John Wycliffe ( ): English theologian and founder of the Lollard Movement Lollardy: political and religious movement What the Bible doesn t specify, isn t truly Christian. The Bible should be available in vernacular language so that everybody can read it. William Langland Was born in c One of the most significant poets in British Literature Piers Plowman was written c All that we know about him is what we can find in his writings Piers Plowman Written c Is considered to be one of the great early works of English Literature may be autobiographical, written from a Catholic point of view Is a dream vision, actually contains eight dreams, with two additional dreams within the dreams Deals with the search for the true Christian Life Uses allegory to make the reader think harder and face more problems Piers Plowman Main character is Will searches for Dowel, Dobet, Dobest Theophanic character Piers Plowman Allegorical characters Lady Holy Church, Truth, Faith,
3 Translation Passus I, Translation Passus I, FOR trewthe telleth that loue Is triacle of hevene May no synne be on him sene that useth that spise, And alle his werkes he wroughte with loue as him liste; And lered it Moises for the levest thing and moste like to heuene, And also the plante of pees moste precious of vertues. For Truth tells us that love Is the trustiest medicine in Heaven; No sin may be seen on him by whom that spice is used. And all the deeds he pleased to do were done with love. And [he] taught it to Moses as a matchless thing, and most like Heaven, And also the plant of peace, most precious of virtues. For hevene myghte noughte holden it it was so hevy of hymself, Tyle it hadde of the erthe yeten his fylle, And what it haved of this folde flesshe and blode taken, Was neuere leef upon lynde lighter ther-after, And portatyf and persant as the poynt of a nedle, That myghte non armure it lette ne none heigh walles. For heaven might not [be able to] hold it, so heavy it seemed, Till it had with earth alloyed itself. And when it had of this earth taken flesh and blood, Never was leaf upon linden lighter thereafter, And portable and piercing as the point of a needle, No armor might obstruct it, nor any high walls. Translation Passus I, Biblical background For-thi is love leder of the lordes folke of hevene, And a mene, as the maire is bitwene the kyng and the comune, Right so is love a ledere and the lawe shapeth Upon man for his mysdedes the merciment he taxeth. And for to knowe it kyndely it comseth bi myght, And in the herte, there is the hevede and the heigh welle. Therefore Love is leader of the Lord s people in Heaven. And an intermediary as the mayor is between community and king. Just so love is a leader by whom the law s enforced Upon man for is misdeeds he measures the fine. And to know this naturally, it s nourished by a power, That has its head in the heart, and its high source. Translated by: Donaldson, E. T. in Robertson, E. and S. H. A. Shepherd One dream: Will and others are in search of Truth, Piers wants to show them the way if they are willing to help him plow his acre. But not everybody is satisfied, which makes him angry refers to Moses Another dream: Piers shows Will a tree and he wants to try its fruit refers to the Garden of Eden Another dream: Will dreams he is in Jerusalem and sees the crucifixion Biblical background Piers Plowman s final appearance: he has become St. Peter and the earth has become his acre
4 great variety of dialects not only in spoken language but also in written language no recognized literary standard writers wrote in their dialect awareness of other dialects And for ther is so gret diversite In Englissh, and in writyng of oure tonge, So prey I god that non myswrite the, Ne the mys-metre for defaute of tonge. (Chaucer s prayer in Troilus and Criseyde) differences within counties distinguishing features: pronunciation vocabulary inflection myswrite = miscopy mys-metre = get the metre wrong defaute of tonge = mistake in the dialect ending of plural, present, indicative of verbs: present participle (before {-ing} was introduced) OE: {-th} with some variation of preceding vowel Southern ME: - eth (loveth) Midlands ME: - en (loven) Northern ME: - es (loves) Southern: Midlands: Northern: lovinde lovende lovande
5 pronunciation: voicing (f > v ; s > z): OE: ā Southwestern: vor, vrom, vox Northern: ā (stane) Northern: for, from, fox Southern: ō (stone) <ch> /ts/ vs. <k> /k/ Southern attitude towards Northern dialect: Southern: Northern: church, bench kirk, benk a sense of cultural superiority (Graddol et al.) Trevisa: [...] so scharpe, slytting and frotying, and unschape, that we Southeron men may that longage unneth undurstonde. Northern attitude towards Southerners: language of the government, difficult to understand Giraldus Cambrensis (12th century): Southern language = more archaic and [...] less agreeable (Baugh&Cable) Northern text: Plowman.html Southern Text:
6 Bibliography Thanks for your attention! Alford, J.A. (1988) A Companion to Piers Plowman. Berkeley, Los Angeles, London: University of California Press. Baugh, A.C., T. Cable (2002) A History of the English Language, 5th ed. London: Routledge. Donaldson, E. T. (1986) Summary of the Poem in E. Robertson and S. H. A. Shepherd (eds.), Piers Plowman. New York: W.W. Norton, pp "English language." Encyclopædia Britannica Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 15 Nov < Fennell, B.A. (2001) A History of English. A Sociolinguistic Approach. Oxford and Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers. Graddol, D., D. Leith, J. Swann, M. Rhys and Julia Gillen (2007) Changing English. Abingdon: Routledge. Robertson, E. and S. H. A. Shepherd (eds) (2006) Piers Plowman, New York: W.W. Norton. Du Boulay, F. R. H. (1991) The England of Piers Plowman, Cambridge: D. S. Brewer.
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