Negativisation, Quantification,Comparison and Interrogation

Transcription

1 Chapter 11 Negativisation, Quantification,Comparison and Interrogation 11.1 Negativisation ( not or other than ) can be used to negativise (adjectives) and (nouns). When negativising, acts as a (possessed) noun and the negativised (adjective) or (noun) is the (possessor). (a) means not when the negativised (possessor) is a (adjective). Not correct Not good Not far The negated (adjective) agrees with the not case agreement since as only exhibits case agreement with the it describes. (noun) it describes in gender, number, definition but (possessor) it will always be. does not change and It is a place not far Other three agreements here Case agreement here He entered a place not far In a place not far In the place not far They are places not far They are men not far 127

2 (b) means other than when the negativised (pronoun). (possessor) is an (noun) or ( ) Did anyone else/other than him attend? Did he take anything other than it? Did you go (anywhere) other than Damascus? (non-existence/lack) as an isolated verbal noun means non-existence or lack and is the opposite of (existence). as a (possessed) noun is used to negativise which in English are expressed by the prefixes non-, un-, in- and dis-. (verbal nouns) to produce constructs Nonexistence (lit. Lack of existence) Your not being in the house prevented me from entering Your not sitting with us is a new phenomenon 11.2 Comparison ( ) as an isolated noun means s.th. similar. The likes of Abu Bakr He is of the likes of Abu Bakr Three times as much (lit. three of its like) When is used as (possessed), it means like Your son is like you My house is like your house Note that the preposition may also express this meaning. 128

3 My house is like your house cannot be attached to a (pronoun) so we cannot say for like him. To overcome this, we insert in between. Like him I am like you ( 42:11) There is nothing like him 11.3 Quantification means some or one works in an construction. The (possessor) must be (definite). Some/part of the book Some / one of the books Some / one of the women From some of them Some of them are students Some of them are students Several or a number of (a) requires a (possessor) that is (plural). several books / a number of books I read several books / a number of books I read a number of the books I stayed (lit. sat) with them several days 129

4 ( is (adverb) here) I read it several times ( is (object) and is (adverb)) (b) like its synonym may be followed by to produce the same meaning as above. I read a number of the books I read a number of the books (c) may also be used as (an adjective), and it describes both (masculine) and (feminine) nouns. I read several books A number of students understood it Several girls attended I have a number of books I stayed there several days means generality The common people / masses atended (Every / Whole / All / both) When is a (possessed) in an construction, its exact meaning depends on the (possessor). (a) When the When the (possessor) is (indefinite) (possessor) is (indefinite) means each or every. The must remain (singular). Every / each professor attended 130

5 Every / each (f) professor attended He goes every day ( is (adverb) here) When (the possessor) is (indefinite), any (predicate) must agree in gender with (the possessor) and not. Everything is beautiful Every girl is beautiful Every land is vast Every word is strong In the above sentences, the (subject) is and is (indefinite) grammatically. An indefinite is allowed here because although it is indefinite grammatically, everything is in fact a definite notion. (b) When When (the possessor) is (definite) (the possessor) is (definite) and (singular) it means whole. He read the whole book (Note: is (object of the verb) Any (predicate) may agree with or (the possessor). / The whole earth is beautiful / All of them are scholars (c) When (the possessor) is (definite) and (plural) it means all. He read all of the books All the professors attended ( is (subject of the verb)) 131

6 All of them / All the lands are vast Note that the above can be expressed as follows: All the professors attended All of them also means all. All the professors attended All of them We cannot say / (both) (a) To say both of we use (m) and (f) which require a (possessor) after them. When the (possessor) is a (attached pronoun), and behave like (the dual). When and they are and. As is self evident, the must be a (dual) pronoun:,, or. Any (predicate) stays (singular). (possessor) / Both of them Both of you Both of us Both of them are students / From both of them He took both of you home 132

7 (b) If however, (the possessor) is an (noun), and becomes (fixed on alif) which does not turn into, even when or. Both gardens Both books He entered both gardens He understood both books In both gardens From both books (c) If the two items are two different entities, we use Both the president and the minister went Both the boy and the girl attended 11.4 Interrogative (Which / any) is called (the interrogative noun). We encountered (the interrogative particle), and, in chapter two. is and takes all three vowel endings. It is used as (possessed) When (the possessor) is (singular and indefinite), we have the following: Which man? Which girl? If we make (the possessor) (plural), we must also make it (definite). Which of the men? Which of the girls? These expressions may also be rendered as follows: Which of the men? 133

8 Which of the girls? ( ayy un in the noun sentence) You are from a city in Iraq. You are from which city in Iraq? From which city in Iraq are you? ( is the deferred (subject). is able to displace it) ( ayy un in the verb sentence) (a) displaces (the verb) at the beginning of a (sentence). (b) But is displaced by a (preposition). Which man went? Which of the things did he take? (Note that is (the object of the verb)). From which man did you take it? From which of the things did he take? may be used declaratively (not interrogative). Here it means any. He will arrive any second now Do you have any desire to go out? Do you have any question? Do you have any trust in him? Anything Compare: He didn t take anything He didn t take a thing 134

9 before qabl a after ba da a over fawq a under taht a around; about Hawl a throughout Tuul a ( ) direction, grammar nahw un (anhaa un ) approximately nahw un min toward nahw a among Dimn a between; among bayn a so so bayn a bayn a from among them min baynihim below, without duun a where Haythu when Hiin a / / once/twice/more than twice marrat an / marratayn i / marraat in many times (adv.) marraat in katheerat an three times (adv.) thalaath a marraat in / Friday al-jum(u) at u / yawm u al-jum(u) at i on Friday (adv.) yawm a al-jum(u) at i / Ramadan ramadaan u / shahr u ramadaan a (, ) hand yad un (ayd in, ayaad in ) 135

10 at your disposal taht a yadika in front of him bayn a yadayh i ( ) subject mawduu un (mawaadii u ) ( ) reason, cause sabab un (asbaab un ) ( ) afternoon; age, era, epoch asr un ( usuur un ) place or time of sunset; ( ) west maghrib un (maghaarib u ) / Maghrib, northwest Africa al-maghrib u / bilaad u al-maghrib i ( ) place of sunrise, east mashriq un (mashaariq u ) throughout the world fi mashaariq i al-ard i wa maghaaribihaa ( ) thing shay un (ashyaa u ) people naas un ( ) lord rabb un (arbaab un ) ( /, ) excellent; good jayyid un (jiyaad un, uuna / aat un ) other than; not ghayr u not good ghayr u jayyid in did anyone else attend? hal HaDara ahad un ghayruhu non-existence, lack adam un ( ) something similar mithl un (amthaal un ) like mithl u like him kamithlihi some; one ba D un some people ba D u an-naas i several, a number of iddat un all; every kull un 136

11 everything kull u shay in in any case; in every case ala kull i Haal in / always fi kull i waqt in / Hiin in all over the world fi kull i anhaa i al- aalam i both and Kull un min wa all jamee un / everybody al-kull u / al-jamee u generality aammat un the common people / masses aammat u an-naas i / both of (m/f) kilaa / kiltaa both x and y kilaa / kiltaa which; any ayy un anything ayy u shay in what? ma what is your name? ma smuka here huna / there hunaaka / hunaalika 137

12 ( 12:76 ) Exercise 11.1 Express in English (morphology). ٥ ( 55:17 ) :..٢.٣.٤.٦.٧.٨.٩.١٠.١١.١٢.١٣.١٤.١٥.١٦ Exercise 11.2 Express in Arabic 1. Did anyone other than him enter? No, not before him and nor after him. 2. Non-being is the absence of being. 3. In any case, all our money is at your disposal at all times. 4. The matter is between him and his Lord. 5. We went where all the people went and arrived between mid-afternoon and sunset. 6. We found in his statement both the good and the not-good so we took only the good. 7. Hasan sat reading his six books throughout the night / all night. 8. We found a number of reasons for his lack of desire to go with us, among them his lack of trust for us. 9. Do you have reasons for not permitting him to enter other than your lack of trust for him. 10. He said an incorrect word to me and didn t say any other word (lit. any word other than it). 11. He is a strong man and the likes of him are few in our time. 12. He hit him a number of times without reason. 13. Some people think you are not good, and I have found you (to be) very good. 14. Your son is like you in both your traits (qualities): patience and trust. 15. I read his statement a thousand times in several books by authors from all over the world. 138