(the x was y) (the x is y) Subject prepositional phrase. There was for you, in the Messenger of Allah, an excellent example.

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1 ك,ل م ا,قال, :12 Lesson The verb tells us something about time- it doesn t tell us anything by itself, as it does not have any action indicated in itself alone, unlike other verbs which do give you an action plus a time. (eg: he sat = the action of sitting done in the past) For this reason, it has ) فعل ناقص verb been labelled by the majority of linguists as a defective How it is used, is to transform the predicate of a nominal sentence into the past tense. It does not have any effect on the meaning of the subject nor does it affect the subject s case. predicate. must come before the subject and the السار ق مريض السار ق مريضا The thief was sick The thief is sick (the x was y) (the x is y) When is used, the subject of the nominal sentence is known as the subject of or and will be in the nominative case اسم مرفوع When is used,the predicate will be known as the predicate of or Khabr kaana, and منصوب will be in the accusative case The use of with a prepositional phrase and indefinite subject Occasionally, is not used with the nominal sentence (subject and predicate, as shown above) but with a prepositional phrase and indefinite subject construction: Subject prepositional phrase ل ق د ل كم ف ي رسول للا أ س وة حسن ة There was for you, in the Messenger of Allah, an excellent example. We learnt that when is used in a nominal sentence construction, it causes the case of the however, when the predicate is a prepositional phrase, the use of منصوب predicate to be will not have any grammatical effect on the case of the predicate, however it does still render its meaning into the past tense was. [this is because of the previously learnt rule, that tells us, that which has strength to alter grammatical case to a word, will take precedence if it s the closest to that word therefore here in this example shown, we can see that ف ي is closer than to رسول للا thus over-riding the [(م ج ر ور (prepositions render the noun which follows م ج ر ور and keeping it effect of منصوب 1

2 Root letters It is important to understand, that alif is never a root letter. Whenever alif appears in a root it was originally in fact either a waw or a yaa. To determine whether the alif was originally a waw or a yaa, you need to look at the verb in the imperfect tense. Taking the word we can see it has an alif. We want to know if this alif was a waw or a yaa? ي? و To know the origin, we must look at it in the imperfect tense, and can see it was a waw! Conjugation يكو ن Alif( along with all long vowels), has a sukoon. Therefore when conjugating such words that have the presence of alif, waw or yaa, certain measures have to be taken to ensure that two sukoons will not end up together (as we know that you can not have 2 sukoons in succession this is called ا لت قاء الساك ن ين the meeting of the 2 sukoons) For example, if we want to say you (2MS) were, then we must put the verb 8) (see verb conjugations lesson فعل ت into the pattern ف عل ت I want to put into this pattern كا ن ت When put into the conjugation pattern, we find 2 sukoons together! And we can not have that! To solve this problem we need to remove the weak letter alif- Remove the alif completely. Now you only have one sukoon كا ن ت كن ت ك ن ت As a tribute to the now dead alif, look at what it originally was (whether waw or yaa ) and place a corresponding vowel in its Place (if ي -kasra, و - dammah) Take the word as it appears to be once you have put the basic form into the desired pattern (put the sukoon on alif even thought the pattern fa alta has a fathah remember that alif can only take sukoon!) 2

3 Singular Plural 3M وا 3F كن ت 2M كن ت م كن ت 2F كن تن كن ت 1 كن ا كن ت *note: When conjugating, if we have 2 letters that are the same, the first of which has sukoon, then you will assimilate the 2 letters together, therefore remove the first with sukoon, and replace with a shaddah. The Pluperfect: had / used to Sometimes the verb can be used to convey the meaning of the pluperfect; the past of the past. It is used in this way when followed by another verb, and can manifest in one of three ways: + Followed by an imperfect verb Translate as used to Commonly appears in the وا ي سار عون ف ي الخ ي رات They used to race in good deeds Followed by a Perfect verb Translate as had Appears infrequently in the Followed by a ق د + verb perfect Doesn t appear in the (is used to emphasise the verb: ie, surely, verily, indeed etc.- do not need to translate in homework) 3

4 Note: Although the basic meaning of is he was, it is frequently used in the to mean the present he is. This is when referring to Allah. Ie: للا غفورا رحيما Allah is the forgiving and compassionate However, this only applies to in the perfect, not يكون in the imperfect, which means he will be in the future. قال speech. means to say or to speak and is used to introduce direct قال Its perfect tense can be conjugated in the same way as Singular Plural 3M ق ال ق الوا 3F قال ت ق ل ن 2M ق ل ت قل ت م 2F ق ل ت قل ت ن 1 ق ل ت قل نا *note: 3M singular and plural do not loose the weak letter alif this is because when 3M is conjugated, it does not produce the problem of 2 sukoons together. means when or after. It is a conjunction (a word that joins two clauses in a ل م ا ل م ا الفعل الماضي sentence). It is used in a sentence with two perfect verbs The verb which comes right after the لما will have happened earlier in time to the second verb mentioned. It does not effect case, and must be placed at the beginning of the sentence or clause. 4

5 Verb 2 (action B) Verb 1 (action A) لم ا سم ع نا اله دى ءامن ا ب ه Verb 1 occurs before verb 2 When we heard the guidance, we believed in it must come before action A, and action A must come before action B ل م ا ك is a preposition which is prefixed to the front of a noun. It means like as in ك this is like that (not as ink I like apples.) As with all prepositions, the word which follows it will become majroor. ما الن ساء ك الر جال Women are not like men (note: although the Arabic may be written with the definite article, in English it is not always nesserssary to translate the deffitness if it makes sense to translate without, because in English we do not always use the.. read in English, and think does the translation make sense to give the meaning intended) 5