SERIAL WARFARE IN AL-MAGHRIB AND AL-ANDALUS (8-11TH CENTURIES CE) BASED ON RECORD OF SPANISH ISLAM BY REINHART DOZY ( CE)

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1 International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET) Volume 8, Issue 11, November 2017, pp , Article ID: IJCIET_08_11_086 Available online at ISSN Print: and ISSN Online: IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed SERIAL WARFARE IN AL-MAGHRIB AND AL-ANDALUS (8-11TH CENTURIES CE) BASED ON RECORD OF SPANISH ISLAM BY REINHART DOZY ( CE) Ezad Azraai Jamsari (Corresponding Author) Department of Arabic Studies and Islamic Civilization, Faculty of Islamic Studies, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia Nurliyana Mohd Talib Philosophy and Civilization Section, School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia Suhaila Abdullah Philosophy and Civilization Section, School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia Adibah Sulaiman Centre of Core Studies, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Bandar Baru Nilai, Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia ABSTRACT This article discusses the serial warfare, specifically, in al-maghrib and al- Andalus, which is one of the main themes in the analysis of the historical masterpiece by Reinhart Dozy, namely, Spanish Islam: A History of the Muslims in Spain. In this regard, the research objective is to showcase a brief background of Dozy and his writing, Spanish Islam. In addition, the purpose of this reseach is to examine the serial battles which occurred in North Africa and al-andalus from the 8th to 11th centuries CE based on Spanish Islam. This research uses a qualitative approach through historical study and content analysis by examining Dozy s work, Spanish Islam, and other related sources. Research results argue that Dozy was one of the 19th century CE Dutch Orientalists renowned for his study in the field of history and lexicography. His study of the Islamic history and civilization in al-maghrib and al-andalus enabled him to accomplish his magnum opus, Spanish Islam: A History of the Muslims in Spain, which recorded the historical sequence of Muslim politics and military conflict in al-maghrib and al-andalus until the year 1110CE. Keywords: Reinhart Dozy, Spanish Islam, warfare in al-maghrib and al-andalus editor@iaeme.com

2 Ezad Azraai Jamsari, Nurliyana Mohd Talib, Suhaila Abdullah and Adibah Sulaiman Cite this Article: Ezad Azraai Jamsari, Nurliyana Mohd Talib, Suhaila Abdullah and Adibah Sulaiman, Serial Warfare in Al-Maghrib and Al-Andalus (8-11th Centuries Ce) Based on Record of Spanish Islam by Reinhart Dozy ( ce), International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 8(11), 2017, pp INTRODUCTION Reinhart Dozy ( CE) was one of the great 19th century CE Dutch Orientalists renowned for his study and writing relating to Islamic history and civilization. His work, Spanish Islam (1861CE) is the magnum opus of his lifelong study and writing. It is frequently a secondary source of reference, particularly in the study of Islamic history and civilization in al-andalus. The work Spanish Islam is distinct in that its writing is based on primary and authoritative sources of Islamic history and civilization in al-andalus, particularly Arabic manuscripts and Latin Christian narratives (Dozy 2001). Weststeijn (2004) however, stated that Dozy s writing highlights more the conflict between two races, the Arabs and the Berber which triggered wars between them. In this regard, this research attempts to analyze the warfare aspect in his work by focusing on the serial battles which occured in al-maghrib and al-andalus from the 8th to 11th centuries CE. Such research has been previously done by Jamsari, Yaacob & Ashari (2013) in their research Rentetan peperangan dalam Kitab Bidayah wa al-nihayah karya Ibn Kathir al-dimashqi (The chain of wars according to al- Bidayah wa al-nihayah by Ibn Kathir al-dimashqi). Hence, the objective of this research is to briefly show the background of Reinhart Dozy and his work, Spanish Islam, in addition to focusing on the study of the serial warfare from 8th to 11th centuries CE recorded in it. Studies relating to the greatness and excellence of Arabic studies generally and Islamic history and civilization particularly are also assayed by local scholars, covering various issues such as discussion of Islamic history in India by Ibn al-athir (Ashari, Nor & Jamsari 2013), al-salawi s records of the Marinid military from the point of war (Jamsari et al. 2012), al- Ghazali s views on family development (Sulaiman, Jamsari & Noh 2014), Ibn Firnas s contribution to aviation technology (Jamsari et al. 2013), Reinhart Dozy s bio-bibliographical aspect (Jamsari & Talib 2014; Jamsari et al. 2014), strategic leadership of Sultan Muhammad al-fatih (Jamsari, Isa & Ashari 2014), concept of knowledge according to Syed Sheikh Ahmad al-hadi (Sulaiman, Jamsari & Talib 2016), as well as the scholarship of Sheikh Muhammad Rif at in the science of tarannum (Abdullah et al. 2014), astrolabe as portal to the universe, inventions across civilizations, multipurpose astrofiqh instrument, functions in sloving astrofiqh issues and general similarities of Malaysian observatories (Safiai et al. 2017; Safiai et al. 2016; Ibrahim, Safiai & Jamsari 2015; Safiai, Jamsari & Ibrahim 2014), the approach of knowledge transfer in deriving Shafi ite hukum (Wan Hassan et al. 2015), as well as the purification of historical facts in selected Malay novels (Kamaruzaman et al. 2017). 2. A BRIEF BIOGRAPHY OF DOZY Reinhart Dozy or his real name, Reinhart Peiter Anne Dozy was born on 21st February 1820CE in Leiden, Netherlands. He was the offspring of the married couple, Francois Jaques Dozy and Sara Maria van Lelyveld. Dozy s father was a doctor in Leiden and his mother had died when he was aged nine years old (Stokes 2001; De Geoje 2012). His family tree originated from Valenciennes, France and adhered strongly to the Protestant Christian sect (Stokes 2001; al-zirikli 2002). They later migrated to Netherlands in the year 1647CE (Rawlinson, 1884). According to De Geoje (2012) and Badawi (1993), Dozy became related to the Schultens family, famous Orientalist scholars in Netherlands. There was a lady from the Dozy family by the name Esther Elisabeth Dozy ( CE) who married Albert editor@iaeme.com

3 Serial Warfare in Al-Maghrib and Al-Andalus (8-11th Centuries Ce) Based on Record of Spanish Islam by Reinhart Dozy ( ce) Schultens ( CE), an Orientalist. Other Dutch Orientalists born from this family were John James ( CE) and Henry Albert Schultens ( CE). His vitality and ingenuity were obvious from a young age. This is evidenced by his ability to master several languages including French, German and English. At the age of 14 years, he was admitted to a university preparatory school where he expanded his language skills by learning Arabic from a theology lecturer, Dr. J. J. de Gelder (Brugman 1989: 62; Stokes 2001: xvi; Jamsari et al. 2014). In the year 1837CE, he furthered his study at the Faculty of Arts of Leiden University where he pursued his interest in Arabic language under Professor H. E. Weijers ( CE), a philology professor there. In addition to mastering Arabic, Dozy also learnt other Semitic languages such as Hebrew, Chaldea and Syriac from Professor Weijers (Stokes 2001; Inayatullah 1960; Badawi 1993). His interest and seriousness in mastering Arabic literature and history was evident when he was hailed as the first prize winner in a writing competition held by the Royal Institute in the year 1843CE. The title, as determined by the Royal Institute, was De vestibus, quibus Arabes utriusque sexûs diversis temporibus et in diversis terris usi sunt, aut etiam nunc utuntur, a writing on the dressing of Arabic men and women according to the time and the country (Stokes 2001; Inayatullah 1960; Badawi 1993; De Geoje 2012). Dozy s winning dissertation was later published in the year 1845CE, after it was improved and renamed Dictionaire Detaille des Noms des Vetements Chez les Arabes (Detailed Dictionary of Names of Arabic Clothes). This dictionary was his first publication and the foundation-stone of his career in lexicography and Oriental scholarship (Inayatullah 1960; Badawi 1993; Brugman 1989). Professor Weijers held the opinion that Dozy s winning the competition held by the Royal Institute was due to his talent and ability, particularly his mastery of Arabic language. Hence, he suggested Dozy to study and produce a work on history of the Arabs in al-andalus. He introduced Dozy to the best and most famous contemporary work on the Islamic history and civilization of al-andalus, Historia de la Dominacian de los Arabes en Espana (History of Arab Domination In Spain) (hereafter referred to as Historia) which was written by José Antonio Conde ( CE) and published in the year 1820CE, after the author s demise. Professor Weijers introduced Historia to him as a beginner to understand and master the Islamic history and civilization of al-andalus (Stokes 2001; De Geoje 1883; De Geoje 2012). However, Dozy found many errors of fact in the writing of Historia. He asserted that other than errors of historical facts, Conde s writing also did not follow the principles of true historical criticism. Thus, Dozy asserted that Historia needed to be improved. The shortcomings of Historia attracted him to study and master the Islamic history and civilization in al-andalus (De Geoje 2012). In fact, Dozy also learnt Spanish language in order to obtain more accurate facts on the Islamic history and civilization of al-andalus. He was determined to write an accurate and true history of the Muslim Caliphate in al-andalus. In the year 1844CE, Dozy continued his study at the doctoral level. He chose to focus on the history of Abbadid in al-andalus for his doctorate (Stokes 2001; De Geoje 2012). In that same year, Dozy also ended his bachelorhood by marrying Maria Carolina van Goor den Oosterlingh ( CE). They were blessed with six children, three boys and three girls. Unfortunately, the eldest son died when he was small (De Geoje 1883; De Geoje 2012) editor@iaeme.com

4 Ezad Azraai Jamsari, Nurliyana Mohd Talib, Suhaila Abdullah and Adibah Sulaiman Stokes (2001) stated that Dozy had gathered various primary and authoritative sources of reference, particularly Arabic sources, relating to Spanish history in the Middle Ages, to compile an accurate and truthful history of Islam in al-andalus. He found the reference sources from libraries in Netherlands, Germany and Britain, sources which have been previously and never been studied by historians in Europe. As a result of this endeavour, he accomplished writing a masterpiece on the Islamic history and civilization in al-andalus entitled Histoire des Musulmans d Espagne jusqu a la Conquete de Andalousie par les Almoravides ( ) (History of the Muslims in Spain until the Conquest of al-andalus by Almoravids [ ]). In addition, Dozy wrote several works on the Islamic history and civilization such as Scripptorum Arabum loci de Abbadidis (Arab writers on Abbadids) in three volumes (1846CE, 1852CE and 1863CE), Commentaire Historique d Ibn Badroun sur le d Ibn Abdoun (Historical Commentary on the Poem Ibn Abdun by Ibn Badrun) (1846CE), Notices sur Quelques Manuscrits Arabes (Records on Some Arabic Manuscripts) (1847CE), History of Africa and Spain which was a translation of Kitab al-bayan al-maghrib fi Akhbar al- Maghrib (1848CE), Researches sur l Histoire Politique et littleraire de l-espange Pendant le Moyen Age (Historical Study of Spanish Politics and Literature in the Middle Ages) (1849CE), Histoire de l Islamisme (History of Islamic Thought) (1863CE) and Description de l Afrique et de l Espagne (Description of Africa and Spain) (1866CE). Besides historical works, Dozy also compiled some Arabic dictionaries, among which were Oosterlingen (1867CE), Glossaire des mots Espagnols et Portugais Empruntes à l Arabe (Glossary of Spanish and Portuguese Words of Arabic Origin) (1869CE) and Supplement aux Dictionnaires Arabes (Supplement to Arabic Dictionary) (1881CE) (Dugat 1870; Rawlinson 1884; Badawi 1993; Stokes 2001; al-zirikli 2002; De Geoje 2012; Dugat 2013; Jamsari, Talib, Sidik & Ashari 2014). On the whole, there are two works of Dozy considered as masterpieces, namely Histoire des Musulmans d Espagne (1861CE) as a historical work and Supplement (1881CE) as a lexicographical work. Histoire was written in French and is considered the magnum opus of his lifework because it is based on primary and authoritative sources such as the Arabic manuscripts al-kamil fi al-tarikh (Ibn al-athir), Tarikh Khulafa (al-suyuti), al-dhakhirah (Ibn Bassam), al-ihatah fi Akhbar Gharnatah (Ibn al-khatib), Tarikh al-andalus (Ibn al- Qutiyyah), Hullat al-siyara (Ibn al- Abbar) and Muruj al-dhahab (al-mas udi) (Stokes 2001; E.B. 2003). In addition, Stokes (2001) asserted that this work is the best specimens of historical literature because of its systematic compilation of its narration which is a remarkable combination of history and literature. His other work, Supplement is considered as the second magnum opus after Histoire (Badawi 1993). This dictionary is the greatest work of Oriental lexicography compiled by an Oriental scholar after the dictionary An Arabic-English Lexicon: Derived From The Best and The Most Copius Eastern Sources (1863CE) by Edward William Lane ( CE) (Stokes 2001). Dozy s dictionary was compiled according to alphabet and encompasses history and geography. In it Dozy provided explanations on the meaning of vocabulary used by Arab scholars from different regions (Badawi 1993). Dozy s works are evidence of his large contribution to the fields of history and lexicography, particularly on the Islamic history and civilization in al-andalus editor@iaeme.com

5 Serial Warfare in Al-Maghrib and Al-Andalus (8-11th Centuries Ce) Based on Record of Spanish Islam by Reinhart Dozy ( ce) Dozy s scholarship and esteem in the academic world are proven in the important positions he held. Among these were his appointment as Assistant Head of the Oriental Interpres Legati Warneriani in the year 1846CE and Professor of History in the year 1850CE in Leiden University (De Geoje 2012; Stokes 2001). In addition, he was also appointed as member of several organizations such as Corresponding Member of the Academy History in Madrid (1851CE), Member of the Royal Academy of Sciences of Copenhagen, Corresponding Member of the Academy Sciences of St. Petersburg (1878CE), Honorary Member of the Deutsche Morgenlandische Gesellschaft (1879CE), Foreign Correspondent of the Accademia dei Lincei in Rome (1880CE) and Honorary Professor of the Institucion libre de Ensenanza in Madrid (1880CE) (Rawlinson 1884; Stokes 2001; De Geoje 2012; Dugat 2013; Stokes 2001). In fact, Dozy was awarded medals by various parties for his scholarship and research contribution as well as his writing such as the medal Commander of the Order of Charles III from the Spanish Government on the 22nd February 1853CE (Dugat 2013; De Geoje 2012). The award was for his criticism in defence of Spanish historical facts such as his critique of Conde s work. Dozy also received the medals Officer of the Order of the Crown of Italy (1869CE), Officer of the Order of the Oak Crown (1874CE) and Order of the Lion of Netherlands (1845CE) (De Geoje 2012). The said appointments and awards he received prove that he was a great personality, highly esteemed since his youth for his writings and research in the fields of history and lexicography. Dozy passed away in Leiden on 29th April 1883CE at the age of 63 years (Stokes 2001; Inayatullah 960). 3. DOZY S SPANISH ISLAM: A HISTORY OF THE MUSLIMS IN SPAIN The book Histoire des Musulmans d Espagne or its English translation, Spanish Islam: A History of the Muslims in Spain, is a brilliant piece of work and frequently a source of reference by researchers and writers of Islamic history and civilization in al-andalus as his writing was based on primary and authoritative sources on the Islamic history and civilization of al-andalus, that is, both Arabic manuscripts and Latin Christian narrations. According to Inayatullah (1960), his book was based on historical narrations which enable re-living the atmosphere of society in al-andalus in the Middle Ages. Stokes (2001) explained that the writing of Spanish Islam was actually Dozy s response to reading the work Historia de la Dominacian de los Arabes en Espana (1820) by José Antonio Conde ( ). Errors of fact found in the work caused him to study and gather primary and authoritative reference sources relating to the Islamic history and civilization in al- Andalus. He researched for 20 years in order to produce an accurate and true history of al- Andalus. Among the sources of reference he used were al-dhakhirah (Ibn Bassam), al-ihatah fi Tarikh Gharnatah (Ibn Khatib), Tarikh al-andalus (Ibn Quttiyah), Hullat al-siyara (Ibn al- Abbar), Kamil fi al-tarikh (Ibn al-athir), Muruj al-dhahab (al-mas udi), Annales Compostellani, Anales Toledanos, Chronicon de Cardena, Chronicon de Sampiro, Vita Beatæ Virgins Argentaæ and Vita Johannis Gorziensis (Stokes 1972; Jamsari & Talib 2014). Dozy obtained these authoritative reference sources from European libraries such as in Leiden, Gotha, Oxford and London editor@iaeme.com

6 Ezad Azraai Jamsari, Nurliyana Mohd Talib, Suhaila Abdullah and Adibah Sulaiman The fame of Histoire des Musulmans d Espagne, written in French is proven by its translation into other languages such as German (1874CE), Spanish (1877CE), English (1913CE), Urdu (1939CE) and Arabic (1994CE) (Weststeijn 2004; Talib 2015). According to Weststeijn (2004), from the publication of the original Histoire in the year 1861CE until the year 2004CE, there were not less than 20 editions for it globally. Its English translation by Francis Griffin Stokes in the year 1913CE was published in London by Chatto & Windus with the title Spanish Islam: A History of the Muslims in Spain. The English translation is the main medium for the researcher in analysing the content of Histoire des Musulmans d Espagne as the translation is completely based on the original work (Stokes 2001). Briefly, the book Spanish Islam is divided into four volumes. The first volume revolves around the history and life of the Bedoiun Arabs in the pre-islam era, the time of the Prophet Muhammad PBUH, the time of the Sahabah RA (Companions) and Umayyad rule in Damascus. During the Umayyad era, the Islamic state expanded leading to Arab and Berber domination over the Iberian Peninsula. This Muslim territory was known as al-andalus. In the first volume, Dozy showcased the competition and strife among the Arabs themselves, between Banu Yaman and Banu Ma ad (Banu Qays), and between the Arabs and the Berbers in al-andalus. In the second volume, Dozy analysed the ambiance of Visigoth rule and history of Muslim military domination over the Iberian Peninsula. In this volume, Dozy also showcased the life scenario of Arab, Berber and Spanish societies under Muslim rule in al- Andalus. Dozy also highlighted the issues of strife between the Arabs and the original people in al-andalus. One of the issues was the Spanish rebellion which attempted to topple Arab rule in al-andalus (Dozy 2001; Jamsari & Talib 2014; Talib 2015). Analysis of the scenario under the rule of the Ummayad Caliphate in al-andalus province is continued in Volume three by showcasing of the golden age during the reign of Caliph Abd al-rahman III until the decline of the Caliphate institution during the rule of Caliph Hisham II. In this volume, Dozy highlighted the competition among the Umayyad heirs for the position of Caliph in Cordova. In the last volume, Dozy showed the downfall of the Umayyad Caliphate and the emergence Muluk al-tawa if (The Party Kings) in al-andalus. Fragmentation in the government and Muslim society gave the opportunity for Christian governments in the north of the Iberian Peninsula to expand their dominion over the Muslim territories. This scenario also brought the arrival of Almoravid power from North Africa to al- Andalus to assist in halting the Christian advance. Eventually, however, Almoravid dominated and ruled the major part of al-andalus (Dozy 2001; Jamsari & Talib 2014; Talib 2015). 4. SERIAL WARFARE IN AL-ANDALUS FROM 8TH TO 11TH CENTURIES CE Warfare is one of the main themes which Dozy focused on in writing Spanish Islam. There were many battles highlighted in his book, particularly in al-maghrib and al-andalus beginning in the 8th until 11th century CE. Wars were caused by opposition to rulers, fights for power and also expansion of territory involving Arabs, Berbers and Spanish. The following is a brief record of the battle series in al-maghrib and al-andalus as analysed in the book, Spanish Islam editor@iaeme.com

7 Serial Warfare in Al-Maghrib and Al-Andalus (8-11th Centuries Ce) Based on Record of Spanish Islam by Reinhart Dozy ( ce) 4.1 Battle of The Nobles (740CE) and Battle of Bakhdura (741CE) According to Dozy (1913), the Battles of the Nobles and Bakdura were triggered by the uprising of the African Berbers who opposed the rule of the Umayyad Governor, Ubayd Allah ibn al-habhab ( CE). The Battle of the Nobles occurred in the year 740CE in West Africa at Tangier. It was due to the oppression and ill-treatment of the Berbers by the Arabs who were considered inferior to the Arabs. Moreover, the Berbers uprising was also caused by the spread of Khawarij influence over the population to overthrow Umayyad rule. The Berbers troops were headed by Maysarah from Qairawan, who was later killed by his own subordinate. However, his substitute successfully led the Berbers to defeat the Arabs forces led by Khalid ibn Abi Habib al-fihri (d.740ce), with the help of reinforcement from Sicily by using the tactic of feigned retreat and returning to attack when the Umayyad gave chase. This tactic sacrificed the lives of many Arab nobles and elitists, thus it came to be known as the Battle of the Nobles. Defeat in the Battle of the Nobles caused Caliph Hisham to send reinforcement troops in order to fight the Berbers. Four areas in Syria were each ordered to send a force of 6,000 men and Kinnisrin area also sent a 3,000 fighters. The five troops sent a total of 27,000 strong army which later combined with another 3,000 from Egyptian troops and all the African forces. The battle took place in an area known as Bakdura or Nafdura in the year 741CE. The Umayyads were led by the Governor of North Africa, Kulthum ibn Iyad al-qushayri (d.741ce) who had replaced Ubayd Allah ibn al-habhab. When the Umayyad forces totalling nearly 70,000 strong arrived in Bakdura, they found that the Berbers were more in number. However the Umayyads went ahead with the battle anyway seeing that the Berbers did not have adequate weapons and war equipment compared to the Umayyads. Even so, the Berbers defeated the Umayyads by killing several of their commanders, including Kulthum ibn Iyad al-qushayri. Balj ibn Bishr al-qushayri (d. 742CE), nephew to Kulthum ibn Iyad al-qushayri who headed the Umayyad calvary, escaped to Ceuta with a few thousand followers as they were unable to withstand the Berbers attack (Dozy 1913). 4.2 Battle of Guadalete (745CE) and Battle of Secunda (749CE) Dozy (1913) stated that the Battles of Guadalete and Secunda were due to strife between Banu Qays and Banu Yaman (Banu Kalb). Favouritism and bias on the part of Abu al-khattar al- Husam ibn Darar ( CE), al-andalus Governor from Banu Yaman, caused discontent among the Banu Qays who then launched a rebellion. Al-Sumayl ibn Hatim from the Kilab tribe gathered support and assistance from the other leaders of Banu Qays as well as the Lakhm and Judham tribes from Banu Yaman by offering the position of al-andalus Governor to them. Thuwabah ibn Salamah ( CE), leader of Banu Judham in Moron was appointed as head of the rebellion to overthrow Abu al-khattar al-husam after the three troops combined in Sidonia in the month of April 745 CE. When Abu al-khattar al-husam heard news of the Banu Qays rebellion, he straightaway prepared his army in Cordova to put down the rebellion. The forces met at Guadalete. The involvement of two tribes from Banu Yaman in the opposition caused the army of Abu al- Khattar al-husam to face a dilemma and fight half-heartedly. This situation caused many in the army to get killed, and Abu al-khattar al-husam with three others were captured. Abu al- Khattar s defeat led to the appointment of Thuwabah ibn Salamah as Governor of al-andalus editor@iaeme.com

8 Ezad Azraai Jamsari, Nurliyana Mohd Talib, Suhaila Abdullah and Adibah Sulaiman However, Abu al-khattar al-husam was rescued by his followers and brought to Beja. Later, he declared opposition to the rule of Banu Qays which was led by Yusuf ibn Abd al- Rahman al-fihri ( CE). His action was supported by the people of Banu Yaman, including Ibn Huraith, leader of Banu Judham in Regio. Yusuf al-fihri and al-sumayl ibn al- Hatim then prepared their troops which were joined by the people of Banu Qays to counter opposition from Banu Yaman. Although Banu Qays had more men than Banu Yaman and who were well-known for their valour and respected in their tribes, most of them were not trained fighters (Dozy 2001). Both forces from the Arab tribes met at Secunda. The troops of Banu Qays, in spite of being ordinary people, were able to defeat the troops of Banu Yaman who were trained fighters in war. The majority of Ibn Hurayth s fighters were killed and many from Banu Yaman were captured including Ibn Hurayth and Abu al-khattar. Both men were later sentenced to death in the year 747CE together with 70 other captives. (Dozy 2001; Talib & Jamsari 2013). 4.3 Battle of Mosara (756CE) The Battle of Mosara was fought on 14 May 756CE (Friday) in Mosara which was situated in east Cordova. This battle involved the troops of Abd al-rahman I ibn Mu awiyah ( CE) and Yusuf al-fihri together with al-sumayl ibn al-hatim. According to Dozy s Spanish Islam (Dozy 2001; Talib & Jamsari 2013), this battle occurred because of the fight for the governor s position between Abd al-rahman I ibn Mu awiyah who wanted to revive Umayyad rule in al-andalus and Yusuf al-fihri who declined to release his position. Abd al-rahman I ibn Mu awiyah was supported by the leaders of Umayyad s allies who had long migrated to al-andalus and also by Banu Yaman which took the opportunity to take revenge on Banu Qays. In addition, he also obtained the support of the Berbers which had split into two groups, one supporting Abd al-rahman I ibn Mu awiyah and the other group was Yusuf al-fihri. Besides the Berbers, Abd al-rahman s troops were also joined by six leaders of Banu Qays, three of whom wanted revenge on al-sumayl ibn al-hatim while three others were from Banu Thaqif, descendants of al-hajjaj ibn Yusuf al-thaqafi ( CE) who was loyal to Umayyad rule. Dozy (2001) stated that in the summer of the year 756CE, Yusuf al-fihri had gathered his troops comprising of Banu Qays and Berbers in Torrox, the place of fighting which the heads of both forces agreed upon. Abd al-rahman I ibn Mu awiyah had received allegiance and military assistance from governors of some territories he passed through such as Regio, Sidonia, Seville and Tocina. When his troops reached an area nearby Torrox, however, they found difficulty to cross the Guadalquiver river because the waters were overflowing while the enemy was already waiting across the river. Thus, he changed his plans by making the decision to attack Cordova. Seeing the troops of Abd al-rahman I ibn Mu awiyah move towards Cordova,Yusuf al-fihri immediately ordered his troops to return to Cordova to defend and protect the city. But on the way to Cordova, Abd al-rahman s troops had to stop at Mosara due to shortage of food supplies. At the same time, the river began to subside thus enabling his troops to cross over. Hence, both forces met and fought at Mosara on Friday, 14th May 756CE (Dozy 2001). Abd al-rahman I ibn Mu awiyah and his troops attacked the right wing and front line of the enemy forcing Yusuf al-fihri and al-sumayl ibn Hatim to flee. Their sons were killed in the attack. However, the troops in the left wing of Banu Qays led by Ubayd, ally of al- Sumayl ibn Hatim were unyielding and fought on. Most of them were killed including Ubayd himself. This situation at once witnessed victory for Abd al-rahman s troops. They gained much spoils of war from the palaces of Yusuf al-fihri and al-sumayl ibn Hatim. Abd al editor@iaeme.com

9 Serial Warfare in Al-Maghrib and Al-Andalus (8-11th Centuries Ce) Based on Record of Spanish Islam by Reinhart Dozy ( ce) Rahman I ibn Mu awiyah was later appointed as governor of al-andalus in July 756CE (Dozy 2001). 4.4 Battle of Bembezar (766CE) Dozy (1913; Talib & Jamsari 2013) recorded that the Battle of Bembezar took place in the year 766CE on the bank of Bembezar river (Wadi Qays). It was triggered by the killing of the Governor of Seville named Abu al-sabbah Yahya al-yahsubi who was one of the leaders of Banu Yaman. He was killed by Abd al-rahman I ibn Mu awiyah for being a threat to the stability of his rule. The killing however provoked a rebellion by Banu Yaman in western al- Andalus to avenge his death.they planned to ambush Cordova city in the absence of Abd al- Rahman I ibn Mu awiyah. The rebellion was led by the governors of Niebla and Beja who were brothers of Abu al-sabbah. They had sought assistance from Berber troops from the west (Dozy 2001). On learning about the Banu Yaman rebellion, Abd al-rahman I ibn Mu awiyah with his troops promptly headed for the rebel fort on the Bembezar riverbank. For a few days, he sent a reconnissance team to survey the enemy s situation. Finally he took the opportunity through his Berber ally to incite the Berber supporters of the enemy by spreading the news that Abd al-rahman I ibn Mu awiyah would protect the Berbers from the vengeance and hatred of the Arabs if they switched their loyalty in favour of him. The Berber supporters of the enemy thus agreed to defect from Banu Yaman s troops during the fighting. On the day of the battle, the Berbers requested Banu Yaman to supply them with all their horses on the ground that the Banu Yaman were more skilled fighting as infantry. Banu Yaman troops who believed in the loyalty of the Berbers agreed to the request. Thus, when the fighting started, the Berbers were able to defect and join the Umayyad calvary troops. This took the Banu Yaman s troops by surprise causing many to be killed. It was estimated that almost 30,000 corpses were lying on the battleground. The Umayyad troops won indirectly from dividing the enemy troops (Dozy 2001). 4.5 Battle of Polei (891CE) The Battle of Polei took place on Friday, 16th April 891CE. It involved conflict between the army of Abd Allah ibn Muhammad I ( CE), the 7th Umayyad Ruler and a rebellion by al-muwalladun and Christian group headed by Umar ibn Hafsun ( CE) who wanted to topple the Arab regime in al-andalus. In this regard Abd Allah ibn Muhammad I prepared his army on the plains of Secunda to put down the rebellion group. While camping at Secunda, the army of Abd Allah ibn Muhammad I was ambushed by a small calvary at nighttime. But the attack was foiled by the Umayyad army causing Umar ibn Hafsun to order his army to retreat to Polei. The Umayyad army killed some of Umar s fighters who were trying to flee (Dozy 2001). Afterwards, Abd Allah ibn Muhammad I with a 14,000-men army comprising of 4,000 calvary fighters headed for Polei to confront Umar ibn Hafsun and his 30,000 strong army. Abd Allah s army arrived at Polei on the 15th April 891CE, about 2.5 kilometers from the palace of Umar ibn Hafsun. They agreed to fight on the following day which was a Friday. On that day, Abd Allah s army prepared to fight whereas Umar already positioned his army at the foothill nearby his palace. With this strategy he felt confident of victory. In contrast, Abd Allah ibn Muhammad I, and his chief commander felt anxious and less confident of their smaller army compared to the enemy. However, their faith in Allah S.W.T strengthened their spirit to fight on (Dozy 2001) editor@iaeme.com

10 Ezad Azraai Jamsari, Nurliyana Mohd Talib, Suhaila Abdullah and Adibah Sulaiman While fighting, the Umayyad army severely defeated the left and right wings of al- Muwalladun and al-andalus Christian group forcing them to retreat and flee. Some of them tried to flee to Ecija but were prevented by the Umayyads causing hundreds to die. Part of the enemy including Umar ibn Hafsun fled into the palace for refuge. As there were too many of them jostling to enter the defence area, including those who turned back from Ecija, the military escorts of Umar ibn Hafsun brought him to a nearby fortress for safety. Then, during the night, Umar ibn Hafsun together with several of his army fled toward Archidona before leaving for Bobastro (Dozy 2001). The retreat of Umar ibn Hafsun and his troops was a sign of victory for the Umayyads. They seized Umar s palace and the army camps. They also confiscated a large amount of wealth from his palace besides many war captives. These captives were brought before Abd Allah ibn Muhammad I. Muslims were released while almost a thousand Christian captives were given the option to embrace Islam and gain liberty or be beheaded if they declined to do so. Only one of them agreed to convert to Muslim while the rest would rather die from beheading than convert (Dozy 2001; Talib & Jamsari 2013). 4.6 Battle of Val de Junquevas (920CE) The Battle of Val de Junquevas involved the Muslim army of Abd al-rahman III ibn Muhammad ( CE) and the Christian kingdoms of the north, ruled by King Sancho Garcés I ( CE) of Navarre and King Ordono II ( CE) of Leon. In the month of June 920CE, Abd al-rahman III himself led his army against the Christian armies in the north. He appointed Muhammad ibn Lubb, leader of Banu Qasi to attack Carcar fort which was the pride of Sancho Garcés I, but the latter had fled to Arnedo. Thus, they pursued him but on the way to cross Ebro, the frontline troop of the Muslim army was ambushed by Sancho s fighters. The Muslim army however managed to foil the ambush and drove the Christian army to retreat and flee to hilly areas (Dozy 2001). Sancho Garcés I later sought the cooperation and assistance of Ordono II as his army could not defeat the Muslim army. They planned a strategy to attack the advance-guard and rear-guard of the Muslim army. Meanwhile the Christian army was still hiding in the hilly areas trying to split the Muslim army crossing the valleys and defiles in the same areas. Realizing they were in danger, Abd al-rahman III ordered his men to halt and camp in a valley area known as Val de Junquevas situated between Muez and Salinas de Oro (Dozy 2001). The action of the Muslim army surprised the Christian army hiding in the hilly areas and prompted them to go down and agree to fight. Unfortunately, this hasty reaction caused them to be severely defeated. Many of their leaders were captured, including two priests, Hermogius of Tuy and Dulcidius of Salamanca, who had joined in the battle. More than a thousand of the Christian fighters escaped to Muez fort. But that fort was also captured by Abd al-rahman III and all fighters in the fort were killed in battle. The Muslim army won the battle and advanced to Navarre where they destroyed more forts without any opposition. They burnt all of them and confiscated much booty. Throughout this expedition, they subjugated rulers of the territories such as at San Estevan de Gormaz, Clunia and Navarre. After having gained victory and spoils of war, Abd al-rahman III finally ordered his troops to return to Cordova on the 8th September 920CE (Dozy 2001) editor@iaeme.com

11 Serial Warfare in Al-Maghrib and Al-Andalus (8-11th Centuries Ce) Based on Record of Spanish Islam by Reinhart Dozy ( ce) 4.7 Battle of Alhandega (939CE) Based on Dozy s records (2001), the Battle of Alhandega or known as the Battle of Simancas took place in the year 939CE and was fought between the Muslim army of Caliph Abd al- Rahman III ibn Muhammad ( CE) and the Christian army of Leon led by Ramiro II ( CE). Caliph Abd al-rahman III spent a large amount of money to hire hundreds of thousands of fighters comprising of the Saqalibah (Slavs) to fight against the Leon kingdom. He also appointed Najd from the Saqalibah as chief commander. This appointment caused discontent among the Arab army officers who then conspired to defect in the battle. The armies of Caliph Abd al-rahman III and Ramiro II assisted by his ally, Theuda, acting as Queen of Navarre Kingdom, met at Simancas. The battle took place on the 5th August 939CE. The Muslim army was losing so they were forced to retreat. However, the Leon pursued them to town of Alhandega which was situated in southern Salamanca on the banks of the Tormes. There, the Muslim army reunified and confronted the enemy. However, the Muslim was still unable to defeat the Christian army. In fact, Caliph Abd al-rahman III himself was almost killed in the fighting (Dozy 2001). This situation caused the Muslim army to retreat and flee. The scattered army was attacked and killed by the Christian army. Dozy (2001) described that the roads were full of dead Muslim fighters. Najd was also killed in the battle while the viceroy of Saragossa, Muhammad ibn Hisham was captured and imprisoned in Leon. Caliph Abd al-rahman III together with 49 of his men managed to escape (Dozy 2001; Talib & Jamsari 2013). This situation indirectly gave victory to the Christian army. 4.8 Perang Cantich (1009CE) The Battle of Cantich took place in November 1009CE in the eastern part of Cordova city. It involved fighting between Muhammad II ibn Hisham ibn Abd al-jabbar or Caliph al-mahdi ( CE) and the Berber rebels who were joined by Sulayman ibn al-hakam (al- Musta in) (d. 1016CE). The Battle of Cantich was sparked when a very influential Berber leader from the Sanhaja tribe by the name of Zawi ibn Ziri ( CE) had influenced one of the Umayyad heirs, Sulayman ibn al-hakam to claim the position of caliph from Caliph al- Mahdi (Dozy 2001). The Berber troops led by Sulayman ibn al-hakam were also assisted by Sancho García (d. 1017CE), a Count of Castile. Caliph al-mahdi s army comprised of the Cordova residents such as Fakihs, artisans and common people. He also had military assistance from Wadhih, the most influential of the Saqalibah and Governor of the Northern Marches. Both parties met at Cantich on 5th November 1009CE. However, an attack by 30 Berber fighters was able to divide Caliph al-mahdi s army and caused the Cordova residents who joined his army to flee. This opportunity was used by the opponents to continue attacking until many of the Caliph s men to get killed. It was estimated that the number of casualties killed in the battle was close to 10,000 men (Dozy 2001). Upon defeat, Wadhih with 600 of his calvary escaped to the north. Caliph al-mahdi hid in his palace. But, later the palace was besieged by the Berbers fighters. Nevertheless, Caliph al-mahdi escaped again to Toledo after the Cordova residents pledged allegiance to Sulayman ibn al-hakam as the new Caliph (Dozy 2001; Talib & Jamsari 2013) editor@iaeme.com

12 Ezad Azraai Jamsari, Nurliyana Mohd Talib, Suhaila Abdullah and Adibah Sulaiman 4.9 Battle of Zallaqah (1089CE) The Battle of Zallaqah (Sagrajas) took place on Friday, 23rd October 1089CE in an area near to Badajoz known as Zallaqah. This battle was one of the biggest ever to occur in al-andalus involving combat between a Muslim army and the Christian army from northern Iberian Peninsula. Based on the narration in Spanish Islam (Dozy, 2001; Talib & Jamsari, 2013), this battle was triggered when the rulers Muluk al-tawa if in al-andalus felt threatened by the territorial expansion conducted by Alfonso VI ( CE), King of Leon, Castile, Galicia and Navarre. In order to prevent the expansion of the Christian power into Muslim territories, the Muluk al-tawa if rulers such as al-mu tamid ibn Abbad ( CE) ( Abbadid ruler in Seville), Abd Allah ibn Buluggin (al-muzaffar) ( CE) (Zirid ruler in Granada) and Umar ibn Muhammad al-mutawakkil (d.1094/1095ce) (Aftasid ruler in Badajoz) agreed to request help from Yusuf ibn Tashifin ( CE), Almoravid ruler in Africa to block domination by the Christian kingdom. Yusuf ibn Tashifin agreed to help the Muslim states in al-andalus on condition that the province of Algeciras be surrendered to his control. The Muluk al-tawa if rulers agreed to this condition (Dozy 2001). On arrival at al-andalus, Yusuf ibn Tashifin and his Berber army headed for Seville to combine with al-mu tamid s army. There were also joined by armies from Granada led by Abd Allah ibn Buluggin and from Malaga led by Abd Allah s brother Tamim ibn Buluggin ( CE). The calvary which previously was 300 men-strong increased to 500. In addition, Abu Yahya Muhammad al-mu tasim ( CE), ruler of Almeria also sent his army led by his son to participate in the battle (Dozy 2001). After eight days in Seville, the combined Muslim army moved towards Badajoz where they were joined by the army of Umar ibn Muhammad al-mutawakkil. They then proceeded on their way to Toledo. Their journey was prevented by the army of Alfonso VI at Zallaqah. The latter s army comprised of between 50,000 to 60,000 men. The Muslim army totalled not more than 20,000 men. Even though less in number, the Muslim army was able to defeat the much larger Christian army. This victory was attributed to the war strategy of Yusuf ibn Tashifin, which was attacking the rear rank of the enemy. Such attack split and scattered the enemy, forcing them to retreat. In fact, Alfonso VI himself was injured in the battle (Dozy 2001). 5. CONCLUSION On the whole, it may be concluded that Dozy was a great historian of the 19th century CE, highly esteemed and renowned for his scholarship and particularly outstanding in the field of Islamic history and civilization of al-andalus. His research and writings were frequently recognised by various parties, including the Spanish Government. In addition, the results of his efforts in studying Islamic history of al-andalus for 20 years enabled him to produce his magnum opus in the field of Islamic history and civilization of al-andalus in 1861CE entitled Histoire des Musulmans d Espagne jusqu a la Conquete de Andalousie par les Almoravides ( ) or in English, Spanish Islam: A History of the Muslims Spain. However, analysis of his work on the whole finds that Dozy s writing is more focused on the history of Muslim politics and conflict which occurred during Muslim rule in the Middle Ages, particularly in al-andalus. Dozy in Spanish Islam showed conflict not only between the Arabs and the Berbers, but also among the Arabs themselves, between the tribes of Banu Yaman and Banu Qays, as well as between the Muslim and Christian rulers that leading to warfare editor@iaeme.com

13 Serial Warfare in Al-Maghrib and Al-Andalus (8-11th Centuries Ce) Based on Record of Spanish Islam by Reinhart Dozy ( ce) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This study is funded by the Research Group of the Maghazi Studies (2017: FPI, UKM- KAGAT, ATM); the Research Group of the Islamic Military History (GUP ; INDUSTRI ), UKM; the Action/Strategic Research Project (PTS ; PTS ), UKM; the Research Group of Arabic Culture and Islamic Civilization (KUKAPI, DPP ) UKM; and the Research Group of West Asian Studies (AKRAB, DPP ). REFERENCES [1] Abdullah, W.H.W., Sakat, A.A., Mohamad, S. & Jamsari, E.A Meaning-based tarannum: Preliminary research on uslub qira ah of Sheikh Muhammad Rif at ( ). Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 20(12): [2] Ashari, M.Z.A.H., Nor, M.R.M. & Jamsari, E.A Perbahasan sejarah Islam di India dalam al-kamil fi al-tarikh karya Ibn al-athir [Debate on Islamic history in India in al- Kamil fi al-tarikh by Ibn al-athir]. Islamiyyat: The International Journal of Islamic Studies 35(2): [3] Badawi, Abd al-rahman Mawsu at al-mustashriqin. Beirut: Dar al- Ilm li al- Malayin. [4] Brugman, J Dozy, a scholarly life according to plan. In. Otterspeer, W. (Ed.). Leiden Oriental Connections , pp Leiden: E.J. Brill. rly+life+according+to+plan&hl=en&sa=x&ei=f4ykvowroc6iugtcvydobq&ved=0c B8QuwUwAA#v=onepage&q=Dozy%2C%20a%20scholarly%20life%20according%20to %20plan&f=false [5] De Geoje, M.J Biografi Reinhart Dozy [Biography of Reinhart Dozy]. Transl. Chauvin, V. (French); Wan Ikhlas Wan Mohtar (Malaysia). Manuscrpit. [6] De Goeje, M. J Biographie de Reinhart Dozy. Transl. Victor Chauvin. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Available (Online): [7] Dozy, R. & De Geoje, M. J Description de l Afrique et de l Espagne. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Available (Online): ription+de+l%e2%80%99afrique+et+de+l%e2%80%99espagne&hl=en&sa=x&ei=d0e LUeXPBsWPrgfQtoHoDQ&ved=0CDQQuwUwAA [8] Dozy, R Dictionaire Detaille des Noms des Vetements Chez les Arabes. Amsterdam: Jean Muller. Available (Online): [9] Dozy, R Commentaire Historique d Ibn Badroun sur le d Ibn Abdoun. Leiden: S. et J. Lucthmans. Available (Online): source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false [10] Dozy, R Historia Abbadidarum. Vol. 1. Leiden: S. et J. Lucthmans. Available (Online): iptorum+arabum+loci+de+abbadidis,+volume+3&hl=en&sa=x&ei=ageluacqemtdr AeH-oC4Dw&ved=0CFcQuwUwBw#v=onepage&q&f=false [11] Dozy, R Notices sur Quelques Manuscrits Arabes. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Available (Online): AAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Notices+sur+Quelques+Manuscrits+Arabes&hl=en &sa=x&ei=ikilualwimnrrqe6xihida&ved=0cdiquwuwaa editor@iaeme.com

14 Ezad Azraai Jamsari, Nurliyana Mohd Talib, Suhaila Abdullah and Adibah Sulaiman [12] Dozy, R Scriptorum Arabum loci de Abbadidis. Vol. 2. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Available (Online): e&q&f=false [13] Dozy, R Researches sur l Histoire Politique et littleraire de l-espange Pendant le Moyen Age. Vol. 2. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Available (Online): +l'histoire+politique+et+litt%c3%a9raire+de+l'espagne+pendant+le+moyen+age&hl= en&sa=x&ei=jmslufqil4bnrqfkh4hycg&ved=0cecquwuwbq [14] Dozy, R Histoire des Musulmans d Espagne Jusqu a la Conquète de l Andalousie par les Almoravides ( ). Vol. 3. Leiden. E.J. Brill. Available (Online): e&q&f=false [15] Dozy, R Scriptorum Arabum loci de Abbadidis. Vol. 3. Leiden: E. J. Brill. Available (Online): bs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false [16] Dozy, R Spanish Islam: A History of the Muslims in Spain. Trans. by Stokes, F. G. London: Chatto & Windus. [17] Dozy, R Spanish Islam: A History of the Muslims in Spain. Trans. by Stokes, F. G. New Delhi: Goodword Books. [18] Dugat, G Histoire des Orientalistes de l Europe. Vol. 2. Paris: Maisonneuve & Co. Available (Online): toire+des+orientalistes+de+l%e2%80%99europe&hl=en&sa=x&ei=co- KVPKWM8mxuATImIDIBw&ved=0CDAQuwUwAg#v=onepage&q=Dozy&f=false [19] Dugat, G Sejarah pakar ketimuran benua Eropah dari kurun ke-12 hingga 19M [The history of European Orientalists from the 12 th until 19 th Century]. Vol. 2. Transl. Wan Ikhlas Wan Mohtar. Manuscript. [20] E.B Islamic Spain historiography. In. Singh, N. K & Samiuddin, A. (Eds.). Encyclopedia of Historiography of the Muslim World, p Vol. 2. Delhi: Global Vision Publishing House. [21] Ibrahim, I.A., Safiai, M.H. & Jamsari, E.A Functions of astrofiqh observatories in Malaysia in solving astrofiqh issues. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences 6(1S1): [22] Inayatullah Reinhart Dozy. Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society 8(1): [23] Jamsari, E.A. & Talib, N.M Eurocentrism in Reinhart Dozy s Spanish Islam: A History of the Muslims in Spain. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 5(29), Available (Online): [24] Jamsari, E.A., Ashari, M.Z.A.H., Kamaruzaman, A.F. & Sulaiman, A Warfare in the history of the Marinid military from the chronicle of al-salawi. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 6(8): [25] Jamsari, E.A., Isa, A.D.M. & Ashari, M.Z.A.H Sultan Muhammad al-fatih: Ottoman s great strategic planner. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 20(12): [26] Jamsari, E.A., Nawi, M.A.M., Sulaiman, A., Sidik, R., Zaidi, Z. & Ashari, M.Z.A.H Ibn Firnas and his contribution to the aviation technology of the world. Advances in Natural and Applied Sciences 7(1): [27] Jamsari, E.A., Talib, N.M., Sidik, R. & Ashari, M.Z.A.H Reinhart Dozy ( ): Al-Andalus historian from the Netherlands. Asian Social Science 10(6): editor@iaeme.com