Introduction to Middle East, Dr S Kholdi 1

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1 HIST230/PSCI257: Introduction to Middle East- Fall 2017 Department of History, University of Waterloo Instructor: Dr Shahram Kholdi Time and Place: Tuesdays and Thursdays 11:30AM-12:50PM DWE-1501 Office Location and Hours: HH152 - Tuesdays 01:00-04:30PM or by Appointment COURSE DESCRIPTION An introductory survey of the Middle East, the course examines the historical origins of the Modern Middle East from Muhammad and the Islamic Empire s establishment, its cultural, artistic, religious, philosophical, and scientific contributions to world civilization to the Islamic Gunpowder Empires, the Ottoman and Safavid Empires, and the cultural, commercial, and political exchanges and encounters between East and West. The course further surveys the emergence of modern religious, nationalist, and ethnic movements, collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the two world wars, founding of the Israeli state, US-Soviet Cold War, development of the oil industry, rise of, respectively, women, radical Islamist, and nationalist movements. Students also learn about the modern cultural developments in music and fine arts as both media of resistance against the state and state propaganda. The course concludes by surveying the impact of 9/11, 2003 US overthrow of Saddam s regime in Iraq, and the forces that brought about the Arab Spring on the Middle East. COURSE EVALUATION 5% Attendance 10% Participation: 5 Critical Think-piece blogposts (between 200 to 250 words) on assigned primary sources on Reading Middle East at Waterloo 2.0 Omeka website. Due Dates: 26 Sept., 10 Oct., 7 November, and 21 Nov. 10% Documentary Special Presentation (5% Oral Presentation+ 5% Presentation Blog post summary) 20% Two (10% each) Online Mid-Term Quizzes [Multiple Choice + Short Answer]: Weekend of 14 and 15 October and Weekend of 16 and 17 November 25% Research Essay on Assigned Topics due 28 November at 11:30 am in class in hardcopy and electronically on the Learn 30% Cumulative Final Exam: Essay questions and identifications General Learning Outcomes: By the end of the course, the students should be able to demonstrate a basic knowledge of: the geographical, ethnic, and religious diversity of the Middle East since antiquity the scientific and philosophical contributions of the Islamic Civilization the Islamic Gunpowder Empires, their decline and in reaction to European imperialism in the Middle East the impact of WWI and WWII, founding of Israel, and the Cold War on the Middle East modern cultural developments from women and the trans cultures to arts and music in the Middle East the ongoing impact of oil as a strategic commodity on Middle Eastern societies and their governance the impact of old (printing press/telegram/telephone/tv) and new media (the Internet: Facebook, Twitter) on Middle Eastern societies and politics the impact of 9/11, 2003 US overthrow of Saddam s Regime, and the 2011 Arab Spring on the Middle East Transferrable Skills: By the end of the course, the students have developed basic skills in: identifying the formation of controversies and disputes in human relations and disputes assessing ideological, diplomatic, and cultural documents in terms of format and content designing and conducting investigative research and analysis by identifying actors, their perceptions, goals, their socio-cultural contexts, and aspiration verbal and written strategies (time management, strategic writing, conceptual development) COURSE MATERIAL In addition to weekly oral lectures and the posted lecture slides on the course website the following textbooks are mandatory reading sources for the course and are available for purchase the university bookstore. Cleveland, William L., Bunton, Martin. A History of The Modern Middle East. Boulder, Colorado: Gettleman, Marvin E., Schaar, Stuart ed. The Middle East and Islamic World Reader. NY: Grove Press, Introduction to Middle East, Dr S Kholdi 1

2 Detailed Course Outline Documentary Special sections are Mandatory and will be the focus of the mid-term quizzes and the final exam; Primary Sources of Interest are Recommended; Useful for Mid- Term and Final Exam Week 1 Session 1- Introductory Lecture- Thursday 7 September Introduction- Middle East from Antiquity to the Mongolian Conquest 1. Cleveland and Buton s A History of Modern Middle East: Gettleman and Schaar s Middle East and Islamic World Reader: Sunni view of Political Legitimacy, Al- Mawardi, Abd-al-Hassan. On Choosing a Caliph Shia view of Political Legitimacy, Allama Al-Hilli. On the Shiite Imamate Recommended Primary Sources of Interest The Life and Times of Muhammad: Selections from the Life of Muhammad by Ibn Ishaq rce/muhammadi-sira.asp Pact of Umar (circa 650s-early 700s): The Status of Non-Muslims Under Muslim Rule rce/pact-umar.asp Key Concept The Jews and Cyrus Tributary Imperialism: Persian, Roman, and Islamic Jahiliyya, Ummah, Rashidun Caliphs, Fitnahs, Kharijites, Umayyad Arabism and the Abbasid Revolution Persian Influences and the Greek Turn The Crusades, Mongols, and the Assassins Seek knowledge even if you must go as far away as China. Muhammad Any dynasty gains further power at its beginning through Religious Propaganda. Ibn Khaldun Introduction to Middle East, Dr S Kholdi 2

3 Week 2 Session 2- Introductory Lecture- Tuesday 12 September Introduction- Middle East from Antiquity to the Mongolian Conquest 3. Cleveland and Buton s A History of Modern Middle East: Gettleman and Schaar s Middle East and Islamic World Reader: Sunni view of Political Legitimacy, Al-Mawardi, Abd-al-Hassan. On Choosing a Caliph Shia view of Political Legitimacy, Allama Al-Hilli. On the Shiite Imamate Recommended Primary Sources of Interest The Life and Times of Muhammad: Selections from the Life of Muhammad by Ibn Ishaq Pact of Umar (circa 650s-early 700s): The Status of Non-Muslims Under Muslim Rule Key Concept The Jews and Cyrus Tributary Imperialism: Persian, Roman, and Islamic Jahiliyya, Ummah, Rashidun Caliphs, Fitnahs, Kharijites, Umayyad Arabism and the Abbasid Revolution Persian Influences and the Greek Turn The Crusades, Mongols, and the Assassins Seek knowledge even if you must go as far away as China. Muhammad Any dynasty gains further power at its beginning through Religious Propaganda. Ibn Khaldun Introduction to Middle East, Dr S Kholdi 3

4 Week 2: Session 3- Lecture- Thursday 14 September The Rise and Decline of the Islamic Gunpowder Empires 1. Cleveland and Buton s A History of Modern Middle East: Gettleman and Schaar s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, 8. Shah Abbas and Emperor Jahangir Debate the Persian Conquest of Kandahar (1662) Primary Sources of Interest Discipline and Meritocracy in the Ottoman Empire, Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq: The Turkish Letters, becq.asp The Millet System Islamic Gunpowder Imperialism: Persian Tribal Confederacy and Ottoman Hybrid Centralism Modernism Modern European Colonialism and Imperialism: Overlapping Concepts Decline and the Challenge of Reform People of Egypt! You will be told by our enemies that I come to destroy your religion. Believe them not. Tell them that I come to restore your rights, punish your usurpers, and raise the true worship of Mohammed. Napoleon Bonaparte, General of the French Republic, July 1798 Introduction to Middle East, Dr S Kholdi 4

5 Week 3: Session 4- Lecture- Tuesday 19 September Rise and Decline of Egypt, European Hegemony, Struggle for Reform, Pan-Islam, and Constitutionalism 1. Cleveland and Buton s A History of Modern Middle East, Gettleman and Schaar s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, 10. Decrees from the Ottoman Tanzimat Primary Sources of Interest European Economic Colonialism and Imperialism: The Earl of Cromer: Why Britain Acquired Egypt in 1882, (1908). KEY CONCEPTS Nizami Çedid and Tanzimat The Eastern Question Concessionary Colonialism Capitulation Young Ottomans, Young Turks, and Pan-Islam Ethno-Religious Nationalism 1 st OMEKA Blog Assignment Blog on Reading Middle Waterloo 2.0 a word Critical Summary of Jamal al-din al-afghani s Plan for Islamic Unity (1884) in Gettleman and Schaar s Middle East and Islamic World Reader Due: Tuesday 26 September 2017 [The Christian Society] seems to advance rapidly on the road of progress and science, whereas the Muslim society has not yet freed itself from the tutelage of religion..i cannot keep from hoping that Muhammadan society will succeed some day in breaking its bonds and marching resolutely in the path of civilization after the manner of Western society. Al Afghani Introduction to Middle East, Dr S Kholdi 5

6 Week 3: Session 5- Lecture - Thursday 21 September WWI, Ottoman Jihad, Arab Revolt, and Armenian Genocide 1. Cleveland and Buton s A History of Modern Middle East, Gettleman and Schaar s Middle East and Islamic World Reader: Vahakn N. Dadrian, The Fate of Armenians in World War I (2002), nd OMEKA Blog Assignment Blog on Reading Middle Waterloo 2.0 a word Critical Summary of Mustafa Kemal s Design for a Modern Secular Turkish State (1925) in Gettleman and Schaar s Middle East and Islamic World Reader Due: Tuesday 10 October 2017 KEY CONCEPTS Arab Awakening Europe s Jewish Question and the Zionist Movement Kurdish and Armenian Nationalism Ottoman Jihad and the Arab Revolt Sykes-Picot Gallipoli Armenian Genocide Sir Mark Sykes sees Jews in everything. Professor Edward G. Browne, Adams Professor of Arabic, University of Cambridge, in a private letter to C P Scott, Owner of Manchester Guardian Newspaper, circa 1918 Introduction to Middle East, Dr S Kholdi 6

7 Week 4: Session 6- Lecture and Presentation- Tuesday 26 September Authoritarian Modernism in Iran and Turkey, Mandates, and Inter-War Liberal Constitutionalism in Egypt and Iraq 1. Cleveland and Buton s A History of Modern Middle East, , Gettleman and Schaar s Middle East and Islamic World Reader: Halidé Edib, Dictatorship and Reform in Turkey, (1929), KEY CONCEPTS Mandate System Authoritarian Modernism Secularism and Laïcité Kemalism and Six Arrows Aramco Humankind consists of two sexes, woman and man. Is it possible that a mass is improved by the improvement of only one part and the other ignored? Is it possible that if half of a mass is tied to earth with chains and the other half can soar into skies? Atatürk Introduction to Middle East, Dr S Kholdi 7

8 Week 4: Session 7- Lecture- Thursday 28 September Interwar and WWII and Post-WWII: Egypt, Iraq, and Syria in the Age of Turmoil 1. Cleveland and Buton s A History of Modern Middle East, , Gettleman and Schaar s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, Primary Sources of Interest Speech by President Nasser of the United Arab Republic, September 15, alsall/mod/1956nasser-suez1.html DOCUMENTARY SPECIAL PRESNETAITON - 1. Lord Balfour s Letter to Lord Rothschild r.asp 2. Sykes-Picot Agreement spicot.htm KEY CONCEPTS Colonialism and Imperial Farhud Resource Nationalism The Truman Doctrine The Eisenhower Doctrine Suez Crisis 3 rd OMEKA Blog Assignment Blog on Reading Middle Waterloo 2.0 a word Critical Summary of Prince Fahd ibn Abd al-aziz interview on oil and world economy in Gettleman and Schaar s Middle East and Islamic World Reader Due: Thursday 17 October 2017 It was too risky to allow this adventurer, this miniature Hitler [Nasser], to develop. Guy Mollet, Prime Minster of France on the 1956 Anglo-French Operation in Suez Introduction to Middle East, Dr S Kholdi 8

9 *Week 5: Session 8- Lecture - Tuesday 3 October* Struggle for Independence and Modernist Ideologies: Modern Islamism, Arab Nationalism, and anti- Imperialism 1. Cleveland and Buton s A History of Modern Middle East, Gettleman and Schaar s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, , Week 5: Session 9 Presentations Thursday 5 October Documentary Special Presentations 3. Hassan al-banna, Between Yesterday and Today, in Gettleman and Schaar s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, Michel Aflaq, For the Sake of the Ba ath, in Gettleman and Schaar s Middle East and Islamic World Reader President Abd al-nasser address Egypt s National Assembly, 26 March 1964, in Gettleman and Schaar s Middle East and Islamic World Reader KEY CONCEPTS Colonialism and Imperialism Muslim Brotherhood Nasserism Ba athism Arab National Socialism United Arab Republic Fundamentalism or Radicalism 2:12 Minute Commentary of President Jamal Abdel-Naser on Muslim Brotherhood: Introduction to Middle East, Dr S Kholdi 9

10 Week 6: Session 10- Lecture Thursday 12 October Middle East s Cultural Hippie Trail: Fashion, Music, and Urban Culture in Cold War Middle East 1 st Mid-Term Quiz Weekend of 14 and 15 October Read, Watch, and Listen 1. Farah Diba Pahlavi, the widow of the last Shah of Iran, speaks with DW s Yalda Zarbakhch about her country and about Tehran's fabled modern art collection that she helped to assemble Historical Documentary: A Voice Like Egypt, National Endowment for Humanities and the Ford Foundation, Narrated by Umar Sharif Retro Middle East: The Rise and Fall of the Mini-skirt 4. Historical Photo Album: 23 Vintage Photos of Egypt s Golden Years. by Muhammad Khairat. Egyptian Streets. 5 April, Cultural History: Was this really how women dressed in IRAN before the revolution? Photos of models from the 1970s show plunging necklines and heavy make-up in a startling contrast with today's strict dress code. Hijab, Chador, Niqab 1970s Quran Recitation Art Middle East s Hippie Trail Arabic and Iranian Traditional and Jazz Music Turkish 1970s Pop Music Film Farsi I remember I went to an exhibition somewhere and one of the artists, an Iranian lady, said, "I wish we had somewhere that our paintings would stay forever." So this idea came to me. I said, "She's right, we should have a place to keep them, and not only Iranian art works, but also of foreign artists." Empress Farah Pahlavi of Iran on the founding of Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art, 1977 Introduction to Middle East, Dr S Kholdi 10

11 Week 7: Session 11 Lecture Tuesday 17 October Iran and Turkey Between WWII and Civil Strife (I): Iran 1. Cleveland and Buton s A History of Modern Middle East, Gettleman and Schaar s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, KEY CONCEPTS Sovereignty The White Revolution Black and White Reactionaries Independent National Policy OPEC The Black Reactionaries and the Red Saboteurs would attempt to thwart these reforms [the White Revolution]. The former, who stick to a thousand-year-old orthodoxy, expect the people to be content with sheer subsistence. The latter, are intent upon handing over the country to foreigners [the USSR].. Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, Qom, 24 January 1963 Introduction to Middle East, Dr S Kholdi 11

12 Week 7: Session 12 Lecture Thursday 19 October Iran and Turkey Between WWII, Coups, and Civil Strife (II): Turkey 1. Cleveland and Buton s A History of Modern Middle East, Ozan O. Varol, The Democratic Coup D État, Harvard Law Journal, Vol 53, No. 2, Summer 2012, [Available on the Learn]. KEY CONCEPTS Kemalism Religious Populism Grey Wolves Guerrilla Warfare Guarded Democracy Imam Hatip Schools Alparslan Türkeş [a nationalist politician] is called a son of the Turk; Bülent Ecevit [a center-left politician] is called a son of the people; Necmettin Erbakan [an Islamist politician] is called a son of Muslims. What about me? Am I a son of a b****? Sulyeman Demirel, Turkish Statesman ( ) Introduction to Middle East, Dr S Kholdi 12

13 *Week 8: Session 13 Lecture Tuesday 24 October* The Arab-Israeli Conflict: From the Palestinian Mandate to Suez Crisis ( ) Cleveland and Buton s A History of Modern Middle East, Week 8: Session 14- Presentations Thursday 26 October Documentary Special Presentations 6. The Arab Response to the Proposed Partition of Palestine, in Gettleman and Schaar s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, The British Government s White Paper on Palestine, 1939, in Gettleman and Schaar s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, th OMEKA Blog Assignment Blog on Reading Middle Waterloo 2.0 a word Critical Summary of United Nations Security Council #242 in Gettleman and Schaar s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, Due: Tuesday 7 November 2017 Anti-Semitism and Zionism Jewish National Homeland 1921 Cairo Conference Mandate Partition Nakbah/War of Independence Israel has created a new image of the Jew in the world - the image of a working and an intellectual people, of a people that can fight with heroism. David Ben Gurion Introduction to Middle East, Dr S Kholdi 13

14 *Week 9: Session 15- Lecture Tuesday 31 October* The Arab-Israeli Conflict (II): From 1948 to Yom Kippur War of 1973 Cleveland and Buton s A History of Modern Middle East, , Week 9: Session 16- Presentations Thursday 2 November Documentary Special Presentations 8. UN General Assembly, the Partition Plan Resolution #181., 1947, in Gettleman and Schaar s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, Palestinian National Council, the National Charter, in Gettleman and Schaar s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, Right of Return Fedayeen and Al-Karamah PLO and Black September Munich Massacre Operation Wrath of God First Arab Oil Shock The existence of Israel has continued too long. We welcome the Israeli aggression. We welcome the battle we have long awaited. The peak hour has come. The battle has come in which we shall destroy Israel. Cairo Radio, 16 May 1967 Introduction to Middle East, Dr S Kholdi 14

15 *Week 10: Session 17- Lecture and Presentation Tuesday 7 November* Ba ath in Power (I): Iraq Read 1. Cleveland and Buton s A History of Modern Middle East, Watch Front-Line Documentary: The Mind of Hussein, Documentary Special Presentations 10. Summary of a Speech Given by Saddam Hussein on The Role of the Iraqi Armed Forces in the Arab-Zionist Conflict at Al-Bakr University, 3 June Available on the Learn with the respective citations. Sultanistic Regimes (I) Rentier States (I) Archaism The Great Arab Homeland The Arab Nation You should also teach the child at this stage [primary school age] to be wary of foreigners, because they act as spies for their countries and some of them are elements of subversion against the Revolution. Therefore, befriending a foreigner and talking with him without supervision is not permissible. Saddam Hussein, Chief Iraq s Revolutionary Command Council, 1977 Introduction to Middle East, Dr S Kholdi 15

16 Week 10: Session 18 Thursday 9 November Ba ath in Power (II): Syria Read 1. Cleveland and Buton s A History of Modern Middle East, Watch: Hafez al-assad: A Documentary by Al-Jazeera English Sultanistic Regimes (II) Sectarian Ba athism Tacit Pact The Great Arab Homeland The Arab Nation Documentary Special: 11. Statute of Organization of Petroleum Countries (OPEC) Charter, in Gettleman and Schaar s Middle East and Islamic World Reader Syria will remain a bright beacon to guide all the strugglers of our Arab nation. We in this country shall remain noble and dignified, acting on the basis of our principle and ideals. We do not flatter or compromise our aims and principles. We embody the pride, dignity, and message of our Arab nation. Hafez al-assad, July 1976 Week 11: Session 19 Lecture Tuesday 14 November Introduction to Middle East, Dr S Kholdi 16

17 Iranian Revolution, Khomeini s Fundamentalist Revivalism, and the Iran-Iraq War Read 1. Cleveland and Buton s A History of Modern Middle East, , Gettleman and Schaar s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, nd Mid-Term Quiz Weekend of 16 and 17 November Vilayati Faqih Islamic Constitutionalism Islamic Modernism Modern Islamism Ulema Dual Containment 5 th OMEKA Blog Assignment Blog on Reading Middle Waterloo 2.0 a word Critical Summary of King Husayin of Jordan s Eulogy of Yitzhak Rabin in Gettleman and Schaar s Middle East and Islamic World Reader Due: Tuesday 21 November 2017 When the survival of the Islamic regime is at stake, Vilayati Faqih s authority (the Supreme Clergy s Authority) is equal to the supreme authority of Prophet Muhammad. The Supreme Clergy shall, under such circumstances, shut down the fundamentals of the faith; he shall shut down the mosques and suspend prayers, if the preservation of the Islamic Regime so dictates! Grand Ayatollah, Imam, Khomeini, January 1988 Introduction to Middle East, Dr S Kholdi 17

18 *Week 11: Session 20 Lecture- Thursday 16 November* Egypt, Syria, and Lebanon: From Yom Kippur War to Taif Agreement Read 1. Cleveland and Buton s A History of Modern Middle East, Gettleman and Schaar s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, , Week 12: Session 21 Presentations Tuesday 21 November Documentary Special Presentations 12. The Taif Agreement: Syrian Influence over Lebanon, 1989, Gettleman and Schaar s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, Hannan Ashrawi, The Meaning of the Intifada, in Gettleman and Schaar s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, Yitzhak Rabin s Price of Occupation Speech, in Gettleman and Schaar s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, Yom Kippur War Infitah Camp David Accord Taif Agreement Russians can give you arms but only the United States can give you a solution. President Anwar Sadat of Egypt, 13 January 1975 Introduction to Middle East, Dr S Kholdi 18

19 Week 12: Session 22 Lecture Thursday 23 November Intifada, the Gulf War, and the Oslo Peace Accord Read 1. Cleveland and Buton s A History of Modern Middle East, Gettleman and Schaar s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, Intifada Peace Process Right of Recognition Right to Return Palestinian Authority You don't make peace with friends. You make it with very unsavory enemies. Yitzhak Rabin, September 1993 Introduction to Middle East, Dr S Kholdi 19

20 Week 13: Session 23- Lecture- Tuesday 28 November Middle East from the End of the Cold War to the overthrow of Saddam 1. Cleveland and Buton s A History of Modern Middle East, Gettleman and Schaar s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, WATCH President George W. Bush announces Operation Iraqi Freedom Gettleman and Schaar s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, No Fly Zone Kurdish Autonomous Region Food for Oil UNSCOM AMERICAN NEW CENTURY PROJECT The Americans are stuck in Iraq and have no way out. They are like a wolf whose tail has been caught in a trap. Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, the Supreme Leader of the Islamic Republic of Iran, May 2004 Introduction to Middle East, Dr S Kholdi 20

21 Week 13: Session 24- Lecture- Tuesday 28 November: Research Essay Due Middle East from the End of the Cold War to the overthrow of Saddam 1. Cleveland and Buton s A History of Modern Middle East, Gettleman and Schaar s Middle East and Islamic World Reader, WATCH BBC Documentary: How Facebook changed the World: The Story of Arab Spring Episode 1: Arab Spring ISIS FAILED STATES ARAB SOCIAL MEDIA CYBER JIHAD The first is violent extremism in all of its forms America is not- and never will be at war with Islam. We will, however, relentlessly confront violent extremists who pose a grave threat to our security and it is my first duty as President to protect the American people. President Obama at the University of Cairo, Egypt, June 4, 2009 Introduction to Middle East, Dr S Kholdi 21