Religious Revolution in Europe. Another revolution. Religious Revolution in Britain 2014/10/24. Puritans & American Society

Transcription

1 Religious Revolution in Europe Puritans & American Society Martin Luther( ) Protest against selling 免罪符 (Indulgenc e) ー because Roman Catholic Church tried to make money. Another revolution John Calvin( ) Considered job avocation from Heaven. Wealth as grace of God Citizens, a result of merchandised world, support the idea. A big effect on developing industrialized society. Terms for Calvinists in Different Regions Puritans in England Presbyterians in Scotland Hugunots in France Geusen in Holand Religious Revolution in Britain In 1534, When Henry VIII( ) wanted to divorce his wife, He founded Church of England or Anglican Church and occupied the Supreme Head Puritans had no religious freedom of practice Elizabeth I( ) defended Church of England Severe attitudes for Catholics and Puritans 1

2 Puritan Revolution( 清教徒革命 ) Significance of Puritan Revolution 1 Cromwell, a leader of puritans, established Commonwealth ( 共和制 )government in Abolished the monarchy( 王制廃止 ) Oliver Cromwell 1599 ~1658 Protest against tyranny ( 専制政治 ) Beginning of military domination( 軍事政権 ) Overthrowing the king s government by violence. Revolutionizing tradition in British society. Significance of Puritan Revolution 2 Toward religious freedom. Created a new relation between politics and religion. Limit the government authority( 政府の権力は制限すべき ) 王政復古 Restoration 1660 King Charles II returned to the throne. チャールズ 2 世が王位についたことをさす Lead to modernize Britain( イギリス近代化 ) In 1660, Colonies in the North and the South America 2 つの植民地の創設過程 In 1607, Virginia Company founded Jamestown GOLD In 1620, Pilgrim Fathers, or Puritans demanded freedom of religious practice GOD 2

3 Jamestown in Middle colony Jamestown Background of Pocahontas Story The Mayflower 144 名がイングランドを後にした 到着したのは 104 名だった 飢餓の時期 ( ) 500 人中 80% 以上が死亡した Plymouth Rock Saints and Strangers aboard on the Mayflower Saints ( 聖徒 ) In search of religious and political freedom Strangers ( よそ者 ) Hired by Virginia Company in search of money Made Mayflower Compact to compromise between the two different groups 3

4 Mayflower Compact ( メイフラワー盟約 ) In the name of God, Amen. We whose names are underwriten, the loyall subjects of our dread soveraigne Lord King James by the grace of God, of Great Britaine, France, & Ireland king, defender of the faith, & Haveing undertaken, for the glorie of god, and advancemente of the Christian faith and honour of our king & countrie, a voyage to plant the first colonie in the Northerne parts of Virginia, doe by these presents solemnly & mutualy in the presence of God, and one of another, covenant & combine our selves togeather into a civill body politick, for our better ordering & preservation & furtherance of the ends aforesaid; and by vertue hearof to enacte, constitute, and frame such just & equall lawes, ordinances, Acts, constitutions, & offices, from time to time, as shall be thought most meete & convenient for the generall good of the Colonie, unto which we promise all due submission and obedience. In witnes wherof we have hereunder subscribed our names at Cap- Codd ye.11. of November, in the year of the raigne of our soveraigne Lord King James, of England, France, & Ireland ye eighteenth, and of Scotland the fiftie fourth. Ano: Dom Mayflower Compact Saints と Strangers の目的を異にするものの仲間割れを防ぐための契約 Considered the origin of the American contract society Pilgrim Fathers の社会 A Puritan leader, Cotton Mather( ) considered themselves as Canaanites, Israelites who were lead by Moses ( モーセに率いられて約束の地 カナンを目指してエジプトを出発した ) Canaanites The Ten Commandments Israelites who lead by Moses to depart Egypt for Israel om/watch?v=rgrykbjxd wk The 10 Commandments 1.You shall have no other gods before Me. 2.You shall not make idols. 3.You shall not take the name of the LORD your God in vain. 4.Remember the Sabbath day, to keep it holy. 5.Honor your father and your mother. 6.You shall not murder. 7.You shall not commit adultery. 8.You shall not steal. 9.You shall not bear false witness against your neighbor. 10.You shall not covet( 無闇にほしがる ). 4

5 Pilgrim Society Based on personal religious experience, 回心体験 conversion experience. The person, who experienced it, can be important politically and socially in the community as a 見える聖徒 visible saint Massachusetts Bay Colony 建設 (1630 年 ) John Winthrop( )established City upon the Hill= Boston, 丘の上の町 (ideal society respected by the world) Controlled people by 厳格な神政政治 severe theocracy Boston 神政政治 (theocracy) Old North Church New England ピューリタンの政治形態 Church, a center of the society Forced to attend church Congregationalists( 会衆派 ) the social and political foundation in New England Until 1691, Massachusetts Bay Colony was strictly religious community. 新大陸における他の宗派 Rhode Island; Baptists Virginia, North and South Calorina, Georgia; Church of England Pennsilvania; Quakers by William Penn Pennsilvania, New York, Delaware; Lutheran Methodists from 18 th Century in New York Presbyterian from 17 th and 18 th century along the west coast The Half-way Covenant(1662 年 ) 半途契約 Allowed children without conversion experience of the visible saints the right to be congregationalists A compromise to show degradation of Puritanism ピューリタニズムの衰退をあらわす 5

6 Anne Bradstreet Anne Bradstreet and her home Received an education superior to most young women of the time Married at 16 of age to Simon Bradstreet, a graduate of Cambridge Came to America with her husband, appointed to assistant in Mass. Bay Company The first in American poets who took their consolation not from theology but from the wonderous (wonder) works in her daily life. The Tenth Muse (1650), her first publication of poetry and widely read in the New World. Her poems reflect her concern for her family and home and the pleasures she took in everyday life rather than in the life to come. Her imagination grounded in English religious, political, and cultural history. To My Dear and Loving Husband 1692 年 セイレムの魔女裁判 Salem Witchcraft If ever two were one, then surely we. If ever man were loved by wife, then thee; If ever wife was happy in a man, Compare with me, ye women, if you can. I prize thy love more than whole mines of gold Or all the riches that the East doth hold. My love is such that rivers cannot quench, Nor ought but love from thee, give recompense( 褒美 ). Thy love is such I can no way repay, The heavens reward thee manifold, I pray. Then while we live, in love let's so persevere That when we live no more, we may live ever. The Crucible, 1953 by Author Miller 6

7 The Crucible, 1953 by Author Miller A girl possesed by a devil Many villagers claimed others as devils to survive. m/watch?v=5illadnixp4 Witch in Europe An alien Who lives on the border between the society and alien world Medicine man; 賢人 医師 薬草で病気を治す賢人 Shaman; 呪術師 命に危害を加え 子ども殺す Prophet: 予言者 天候を占い 豊作を祈る Extermination of Jewry and Witches After Christian Crusades in1096, the extermination began. 遠征に必要な金を調達ーユダヤの金貸しから 異質なもの排除の心理が生まれた ユダヤ人が金貸しであり 割礼をし 同性愛を許容する Reasons of Weakening Puritanism Economic development Population increase allowed development of trading commerce in the North and Plantation agriculture with slavery in the South. Introduction of Enlightenment, in which we put importance on reasonable and scientific observation 絶対的な神の主権を主張するカルビン主義思想を弱体化 7

8 Development of Rationalism 合理主義の展 Deism, 理神論 spread. Excludes natural phenomena incomprehensible with human reason from Christianity. Considers the world as the impeccable machine created by God. A concept combining reason, belief, science all together. In the end of 17 th Century and 18the century, they believed human infinite ability. Issac Newton( ) Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica 自然哲学の数学的諸原理 (1687) 万有引力の法則 (the law of universal gravitation), Newton's effect on religious thought The attacks made against pre-enlightenment "magical thinking," and the mystical elements of Christianity, were given their foundation with a mechanical conception of the universe. These principles were available for all people to discover, allowed man to pursue his own aims fruitfully in this life, not the next, and to perfect himself with his own rational powers. John Locke( ) 人間悟性論 Essay Concerning Human Understanding,1690 ロックの考え方 自然状態を牧歌的 平和的状態と捉え 公権力に対して個人の優位を主張 政府が権力を行使するのは国民の信託 (trust) による もし政府が国民の意向に反して生命 財産や自由を奪うことがあれば革命権をもって政府を変更することができる Natural Law( 自然権 ) the original state of nature was happy and characterized by reason and tolerance. In that state all people were equal and independent, and none had a right to harm another s life, health, liberty, or possessions. The state was formed by social contract because in the state of nature each was his own judge, and there was no protection against those who lived outside the law of nature. The state should be guided by natural law. 8

9 Declaration of Independence We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator (= 神 )with certain unalienable Rights( 侵害されてはならない権利 ), that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. Separation of church and state 政教分離 separation of religion and politics Modern democratic countries define constitutional separation between church and state. First Amendment to the US Constitution Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging( 奪う ) the freedom of speech, or of the press; or of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances. Civil Religion 見えざる国教 Judeo-Christian Tradition in US presidential Inauguration 9