アメリカ文学の模索時代 アーヴィング業績. Dr. Seuss / ドクター スース. A History of New York(1809) Washington Irving 国が独立 文化的にもヨーロッパから独立すべき アメリカの自然のすばらしさ ヨーロッパの歴史の厚み

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1 国が独立 アメリカ文学の模索時代 文化的にもヨーロッパから独立すべき Washington Irving ニューヨーク生まれ 弁護士から文筆家へ 婚約者の死を経験し 生涯独身 メランコリックに人生の有為転変を眺める態度 作品はユーモアと古き良きアメリカを懐かしむ心情 古典主義的 アーヴィング業績 アメリカの自然のすばらしさ + ヨーロッパの歴史の厚み + 空想力を刺激する材料 = ヨーロッパとアメリカの間が繋がり A History of New York(1809) Dr. Seuss / ドクター スース ユニークな宣伝方法 ディートリッヒ ニッカーボッカー Dietrich Nickerbocker( ニューヨーカーの代名詞となる ) 氏が 自分の日記を紛失した 見つけた人には謝礼する という広告を新聞に掲載 この話が ちまたの話題になった後 あの日記を出版するというふれこみで A History of New York(1809) を売り出す 1

2 ドクター スースの伝記 ドクター スースの素顔ー世界で愛されるアメリカの絵本作家 彩流社刊 大変ユニークな人物の伝記 読めばドンドンスースファンになります 当時のニューヨーク 19 世紀に東海岸最大の街 1784から90 年までは首都 商業の街で 自由な雰囲気があった The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon ,33 の短編集 The Legend of Sleepy Hollow Rip Van Winkle Rip Van Winkle 次の 20 年間 Catskill 山中で 眠りこけていた男の物語 次のアドレスに英文テキストがあります 次のアドレスにオーディオがあり テキストを楽しく聞くことができます ネット上の英文を読むときには Popsisyo ( を利用すると 知らない単語を矢印で指すだけで意味が表示されます これを利用して 一部だけでも原文を楽しんで下さい アメリカらしいプロット 近代世界における 最初の女性家長制度の国家 アメリカ を自認する国にふさわしい空想物語 <= 村に帰ってみると がみがみうるさかった女房が死んでいる ハッピーエンド 男同士の一夜の酒宴によって眠りに落ちた => 美女に誘惑され 人間の経験の範囲を超えた快楽を経験する 息子が自分とそっくりに成長していた 娘の息子の名前もリップで 娘は母親と同じようなかかあ天下の女房になっていた 2

3 Rip Van Winkle story Having nothing to do at home, and being arrived at that happy age when a man can be idle with impunity, he took his place once more on the bench at the inn door, and was reverenced as one of the patriarchs of the village, and a chronicle of the old times before the war. It was some time before he could get into the regular track of gossip, or could be made to comprehend the strange events that had taken place during his torpor. How that there had been a revolutionary war that the country had thrown off the yoke of old England and that, instead of being a subject of his Majesty George the Third, he was now a free citizen of the United States. Rip, in fact, was no politician; the changes of states and empires made but little impression on him; but there was one species of despotism under which he had long groaned, and that was petticoat government. Happily that was at an end; he had got his neck out of the yoke of matrimony, and could go in and out whenever he pleased, without dreading the tyranny of Dame Van Winkle. Whenever her name was mentioned, however, he shook his head, shrugged his shoulders, and cast up his eyes; which might pass either for an expression of resignation to his fate, or joy at his deliverance. 逃走する男の始まり リップは女性が責任と呼んでいるものから逃避した最初の男性 The 3 rd US President( ): Thomas Jefferson, 建国の父の一人 ジェファソンが 国家予算の 2 年分 1500 万ドルでフランスのナポレオンより購入 4 /1 acre( 約 200 メーター四方 ) Lewis and Clark に新獲得領土の調査を命じた The Lewis and Clark expedition ( ) "Left Pittsburgh this day at 11 o'clock with a party of 11 hands 7 of which are soldiers, a pilot and three young men on trial they having proposed to go with me throughout the voyage." 3

4 アメリカ史に名を残すインディアン女性の一人 Sacagawea, a Shoshone woman By August 1805 the corps had located a Shoshone tribe and was attempting to trade for horses to cross the Rocky Mountains. Sacagawea was brought in to translate, and it was discovered the tribe's chief was her brother Cameahwait. Lewis and Clark の取ったルート 西部 アメリカ的風景の発見 Yellow Stone( 世界初の国立公園となる 1872 年 ) Grand Canyon Yosemite 4

5 Death Valley James Fenimore Cooper, アメリカ小説の父 ロマン主義的 Cooperstown 大森林地帯のニューヨーク北西部 オトシーゴ湖周 OtsegoLake 辺に広大な領地を持つ地主の息子 Leather-Stocking Tales 革脚絆物語 The Pioneers 1823, The Last of the Mochicans 1826, The Prairie 1827, The Pathfinder 1840, The Deerslayer 1841 アメリカの抱える問題を取り上げている 自然の法律 natural law と市民法律 civil law の対立 自然と文明の対立 西部開拓の発展と共に問題になる インディアンと白人の対立 1740 年代から 1804 年までを舞台 20 代から 80 歳半ばまでの Natty Bumpo, バンポウ ( Leatherstocking Tales の主人公の毛皮とり猟師 ; 自然を愛し, 文明を憎む者 ). モヒカン族の親友のチンガチグック Chingachgook と冒険する 空間のヒーロー ナティ 広大な無限の空間に 朽ち果てることなく 永遠に生き続けるヒーロー D H ロレンスの評価 => 孤独で ほとんど利己心をもたない 克己心をもち 忍耐強い人間 外に向かうアメリカンヒーロー像 自己の本質的性格を貫いて生きるには絶えず荒野に行く (Jump off) する必要があった アメリカの個人は 普通の社会の外側で人生の出発 外にむかえば 自由を実現すべき環境を発見できる 5

6 Romantic view in the 19 th Century 高貴な野蛮人 Noble savage Jean-Jaques Rousseau Primitive humans, noble savages, were happier than modern individuals. インディアン ( Chingachgook ) と 白人 ( Natty Bumpo ) が対等 アメリカ小説の主人公の原型となる 理念やライフ スタイルをもとめ 自らの自由意志により放浪する The Last of The Last of the Mohicans Chingachgook became once more the object of the common attention. He had not yet spoken, and something consolatory and instructive was expected from so renowned a chief on an occasion of such interest. Conscious of the wishes of the people, the stern and self-restrained warrior raised his face, which had latterly been buried in his robe, and looked about him with a steady eye. His firmly compressed and expressive lips then severed, and for the first time during the long ceremonies his voice was distinctly audible. Why do my brothers mourn? he said, regarding the dark race of dejected warriors by whom he was environed; why do my daughters weep? that a young man has gone to the happy hunting-grounds; that a chief has filled his time with honor? He was good; he was dutiful; he was brave. Who can deny it? The Manitou had need of such a warrior, and He has called him away. As for me, the son and the father of Uncas, I am a blazed pine, in a clearing of the pale faces. My race has gone from the shores of the salt lake and the hills of the Delawares. But who can say that the serpent of his tribe has forgotten his wisdom? I am alone - - No, no, cried Hawkeye, who had been gazing with a yearning look at the rigid features of his friend, with something like his own self-command, but whose philosophy could endure no longer; no, Sagamore, not alone. The gifts of our colors may be different, but God has so placed us as to journey in the same path. I have no kin, and I may also say, like you, no people. He was your son, and a red-skin by nature; and it may be that your blood was nearer - but, if ever I forget the lad who has so often fou't at my side in war, and slept at my side in peace, may He who made us all, whatever may be our color or our gifts, forget me! The boy has left us for a time; but, Sagamore, you are not alone. Chingachgook grasped the hand that, in the warmth of feeling, the scout had stretched across the fresh earth, and in an attitude of friendship these two sturdy and intrepid woodsmen bowed their heads together, while scalding tears fell to their feet, watering the grave of Uncas like drops of falling rain. 6

7 In the midst of the awful stillness with which such a burst of feeling, coming as it did, from the two most renowned warriors of that region, was received, Tamenund lifted his voice to disperse the multitude. It is enough, he said. Go, children of the Lenape, the anger of the Manitou is not done. Why should Tamenund stay? The pale faces are masters of the earth, and the time of the red men has not yet come again. My day has been too long. In the morning I saw the sons of Unamis happy and strong; and yet, before the night has come, have I lived to see the last warrior of the wise race of the Mohicans 年 領土拡張の始まりと開拓者精神の形成 ミシシッピ川以西への領土拡張開始 ジェファソンがルイジアナをフランスより購入 イギリス スペイン メキシコからの割譲 併合 購入を繰り返し アリゾナ メキシコ国境地帯購入 (1853 年 ) まで北米大陸での領土拡張を続ける 開拓者精神 (Frontier Spirits) 拡張する辺境では独立心 勇気 平等の精神 民主主義と結びつき独自の国民性形成へ アメリカの神話 旧世界 (= ヨーロッパ ) での失敗 堕落したヨーロッパの歴史と習慣 新世界 (= アメリカ ) での再出発 アメリカン アダムの創出 アメリカン アダム = ヒーロー 堕落以前の人間の原型 完全に innocent 世界と歴史は彼から始まる 自由 Self-reliance( 自己信頼 ) Self-made man( 独立独歩 ) Tall Tale( ほら話 ) から生まれたヒーロー Johnny Appleseed( ) Mike Fink(1770(?) ) Daniel Boone( ) Davy Crocket( ) 7

8 Daniel Boone Bio:Boone is reported to have said he needed more elbow room. In 1775, Boone blazed the trail known as the Wilderness Road" into what is now the U.S. state of Kentucky and founded Boonesborough (Lexington), one of the first English-speaking settlements in that region. During the American Revolutionary War, Boone helped to defend the Kentucky settlements from American Indian attempts to drive them out. After the war Boone engaged in various business ventures, mostly unsuccessful, and eventually resettled in Missouri, where he spent the final years of his life. biographies popularized the image of Daniel Boone by John Flint the archetypal American Western hero, who tames the wilderness and paves the way for civilization. Flint's Boone fought hand-to-hand with a bear, escaped from Indians by swinging on vines (like Tarzan would later do), Lord Byron's epic poem Don Juan (1822), Of the great names which in our faces stare, The General Boon, back-woodsman of Kentucky, Was happiest amongst mortals any where; For killing nothing but a bear or buck, he Enjoyed the lonely vigorous, harmless days Of his old age in wilds of deepest maze. Go West アメリカでは女性の支配権を脱することを意味する Wathington Irving の Rip Van Winkle Fenimore Cooper の Natty Bumpo Mark Twain の Huck Finn Herman Melville, の Ishmael 8

9 ( 明白な宿命 )Manifest Destiny 1840 年代からはじまった西部開拓に広まる 西部開拓は神の御心にかなった行為 1845 editor John L. O Sullivan said to overspread and to possess the whole of the continent allotted by Providence for the free development of our yearly multiplying millions 西部開拓熱の盛り上がり 広大な平原の彼方に聳える大山脈と 更にその先にある肥沃な谷や原野に対する憧憬 東洋との交易意欲 Gold Rush In 1848, Gold was discovered in the California Territory in1849 more than 80,000 persons reached California and 55,000 on their way テキサス カリフォルニア オレゴンの領有をめぐるイギリスの政治的な動きが 合衆国発展の障害になる恐れ 49ers Frederic Jackson Turner s The Significance of the Frontier in American History 1890 The West as a place of escape from society the West as a stage on which the moral conflicts confronting society The frontiersmen as a mythic American Adam simple, virtuous, and innocent, untainted by a corrupt social order 9

10 Results of Vanishing the Frontier The brutalities of Indian war fares, the forced removal of the Indians to the reservations, the racist discrimination against Mexican- Americans and blacks, the risk and perils of commercial agriculture and cattle growing, boom-and-bust mentality in the selfish exploitation of natural resources Constructing Transcontinental railroad linking the eastern seaboard with the pacific coast Completed In 1869 Until the Completion of Transcontinental Railroad, 1869 アイリッシュとチャイニーズ労働者を酷使 10