Contents. Part 1: 'Metropolis civitas Nortmannorum est Trondemnis...In qua iacet corpus beatissimi Olaph regis et martyris'

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1 Contents Part 1: 'Metropolis civitas Nortmannorum est Trondemnis...In qua iacet corpus beatissimi Olaph regis et martyris' Chapter 1: The Nidaros Church and its province 15 Steinar Imsen The Province 16 The Church 19 Sanctus Olavus Rex Perpetuum Norwegiae 22 Church reform, the case of Iceland 26 The border-diocese of Orkney 29 Close to the pagans 33 The Nordic ecclesiastical context 35 Conclusion 38 Bibliography 40 Chapter 2: The cult of St. Olav in the Norse cultural sphere - and outside it 45 Oystein Ekroll St. Olav 46 The cult of St. Olav 47 The first phase 1031-C The second phase c The literary and legendary material 55 The second Strand: The surge of the cult outside Scandinavia 56 Conclusion 62 Bibliography 63 Chapter 3: The metropolitan, the king and the bishops in 'Norgesveldet' 67 Eldbjerg Haug Introduction: Patterns of conflicts CONTENTS 7 Ecclesia Nidrosiensis and Noregs veldi 2012 digitalisiert durch: IDS Basel Bern

2 Section I: Conflicts and legislation in the Norwegian Commonwealth 69 The Tonsberg Concordat.. 71 The concordat and the Jurisdiction in the insular churches 72 The election of bishops 73 Earldom and bishopric in Orkney 74 The Faeroes - a conjecture 75 Gardar 76 Metropolitan authority at the tum of the Century and the legal framework 76 Section II: Metropolitan authority at risk 79 Papal provisions and authorisations 80 Section III: The Union of Kalmar and the church policy of Queen Margrete and King Erik the Pomeranian 83 The Faeroes 84 Orkney: the death of a bishop 85 Gardar on Greenland - towards extinction? 87 Papal pro visions to Skälholt 89 Bishop Peter of Holar 91 Erik the Pomeranian and the Orkney church 93 The church policy of Queen Margrete's house 95 Section IV: Aslak Bolt's archiepiscopacy and the Council of Basle 96 Jens Gereksson and the English bishops on Iceland 96 The Council, the Pope and the King 100 The renewal of the Tautra Concord 102 Papal provisions 103 Epilogue and conclusion 106 Bibliography 108 Part 2: Nidaros and its British dioceses Chapter 4: Sodor, Nidaros, the Isles and 'Norgesveldet' - Diocese, province, kingdom and dominion in the making in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries 115 Ian Beuermann The inclusion of the diocese of Sodor into the province of Nidaros 116 The Norwegian side 118 The Island side 121 The contacts between the diocese of Sodor and the Archbishop of Nidaros CONTENTS

3 Lapse of contacts, Re-establishment of contacts, Concluding remarks 138 Bibliography 139 Chapter 5: The diocese of Sodor and its connection to Nidaros and the Curia after Sarah Thomas Perth 1266 and the ecclesiastical dilemma 144 Sodor and Nidaros 148 Consecration 148 Administration 150 Sodor and the Curia - the changing focus of the late medieval Church 153 Sodor and Scotland 155 Conclusion 159 Bibliography 160 Chapter 6: The Nidaros Church and 'Norgesveldet': Shetland to Brian Smith Shetland in the high Middle Ages 164 Archdeacon Engelbrekt's campaign 166 'The most powerfiil men in Orkney and Shetland' 170 Schism and after 173 Bibliography 175 Chapter 7: St. Magnus Cathedral - a proprietorial church of the Orkney earls? 177 Barbara E. Crawford Introduction 177 Historical background 178 Founding of St. Magnus Cathedral at Kirkwall and urban development Foundation and endowment of St. Magnus Cathedral by Earl Rognvald Kali Kolsson and the question of proprietary rights 183 Fabric 190 Consideration of events post and Bishop Andrew 193 Lord Henry Sinclair 195 CONTENTS 9

4 Conclusion 197 Bibliography 198 Part 3: Iceland and Nidaros Chapter 8: Election and rejection - the Norwegian 'seizure' of the Icelandic bishoprics in Heidi Anett Overgärd Beistad The Icelandic context: the question of the goöakirkju 204 The Nidaros context: the question of ecclesiastical integration and intervention 209 The Norwegian context: the question of regnum and sacerdotium 215 The universal context: the question of uniformity within Western Christianity 220 Election and rejection-concluding remarks 225 Bibliography 226 Chapter 9: The Laws on Tithe in the Manuscripts Konungsbök and Staöarhölsbok of Grägäs 231 Patricia Pires Boulhosa Bibliography 240 Chapter 10: The Organisation of Holar bishopric according to Auöunarmäldagar 243 Jon Viöar Sigurösson Churches, half-churches and chapels 244 Population, parishes and hreppr 251 Conclusion 256 Bibliography 257 Chapter 11: Succumbing secuiar Chiefs. On secular Chiefs in Iceland, their loss of ground to the Church, c.1270 to 1355 and its impact 261 Helgi Porläksson Introduction 261 How great a loss? 264 Were major farmers' churches any Substitutes for the staöir? 269 Clashes between the secular leaders and the bishops in Skagafjöröur CONTENTS

5 Conclusions 278 Bibliography 279 Chapter 12: Use of canonistic texts in medieval Iceland - the case of AM fol. 40r-63v 283 Kristoffer Vadum Introduction 283 Canonistic tools 287 The extracts from Speculum historiale 290 Speculum historiale VIII canon law for dummies 290 Speculum historiale I the need for professional skills 293 Conclusion 294 Bibliography 295 Part 4: Nidaros' expansion northwards, its terra missionis and its neighbours in Scandinavia and the Baltic Chapter 13: Juxta paganos: The delineation of the religious frontier in the North 301 Lars Ivar Hansen Introduction 301 The foundation: Establishment of fishing villages - and churches 304 The expansion of the Norwegian church 311 The expansion of the Orthodox monasteries in the east 317 The multi-room houses 319 Conclusion 325 Bibliography 328 Chapter 14: The Cistercians, Linköping, Uppsala and the making of a conglomerate Sweden 333 Thomas Lindkvist The Cistercians and the emerging Kingdom of Sweden 333 Uppsala becomes metropolis of Sweden 337 The Church and the expansion of the Swedish realm 338 The first phase 339 The second phase 340 CONTENTS 1 1

6 Church Organisation and monarchy 341 Bibliography 343 Chapter 15: Danish Crusades towards the eastern Baltic region until c Jens E. Olesen The start and King Valdemar II's expedition in Archbishop Anders Sunesen and the Baltic enterprise 351 The conquest of Estonia 354 The Teutonic Order : The end of an era 358 Conclusion 361 Bibliography 362 Contributors CONTENTS

Introduction: Medieval Scotland

Introduction: Medieval Scotland Learning Intentions You will be able to: Describe Scotland in the twelfth century, with reference to: Population The structure of society Daily life Trade Government Religion