Year 8 Prep Time Activities

Transcription

1 Year 8 Prep Time Activities

2 Year 8 Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Humanities Welsh English Science French English

3 Where in the World? Geography Option Geography - Ecosystems Rainforests Key Words Rainforests are found in the tropics, the region between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn, just above and below the Equator. In this tropic zone the sun is very strong and shines about the same amount of time every day all year long, keeping the climate warm and relatively stable. Layers of the Rainforest Case Study The Amazon Rainforest People of the Amazon Colonise - Settle among 1. The Amazon is a vast region that spans across eight rapidly developing countries: Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname and French Guiana, 2. The Amazon is the world's biggest rainforest. Covering over 5.5 million square kilometres, it s so big that the UK and Ireland would fit into it 17 times! 3. The Amazon rainforest has been around for at least 55 million years 4. 10% of the world s known species live in the Amazon rainforest. 5. The Amazon is sometimes referred to as the lungs of the Earth, more than 20% of the world s oxygen is produced by the Amazon. The first people to colonise Brazil were the tribal Indians Amerindians). These are the indigenous tribe. They lived in harmony with the plants and animals, much like their surviving ancestors today. There are other tribes within the Amazon and they use it in very different ways: Korubo Tribe - Build our settlements close to rivers as fish are our their main source of food Kayapo Tribe - Grow some crops, but rely on hunting for food Panara Tribe - Are nomadic farmers. They have a large herd of Cattle and sell the beef to large companies such as McDonalds Tupi Tribe- Are Rubber Tappers. They use a knife to cut a line in the bark of the trees to collect the rubber. They sell this to companies and it is used around the world and establish control over a place Indigenous- Original people Nomadic - Move from place to place Habitat An area where an animal lives Extinct The whole species is no longer alive Agriculture This means framing The Emergents There are a few trees that rise above the rest, these are known as emergents and are home to Parrots and large birds of prey. The Canopy The canopy is where all the tree tops merge to form a sort of roof. A lot of animals live here including monkeys. Under Canopy The under canopy is where small trees and shrubs are. It is home to animals such as tree frogs. Forest Floor The forest floor is the very bottom layer of the rainforest. It is very dark and home to animals such as snakes. Positives Rainforest Destruction JOBS It creates jobs. For example, by using the trees for timber, many jobs are created in the logging industry, it also provides up with resources such as paper and pencils etc. INCOME- It brings in money. The countries where rainforests are found are some of the poorer countries in the world (LEDC s). PRODUCTS Sometimes rainforests are destroyed to build cattle ranches (to provide beef for things like burgers). Negatives LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY Animals and birds lose their homes. Plants and trees are being cut down and more and more animals losing their habitat and becoming extinct. CLIMATE CHANGE It makes the greenhouse effect worse. Trees breathe in Carbon Dioxide and let out Oxygen. TRIBAL ISSUES Tribes lose their homes, culture and food supply. Eco Tourism Sustainable Logging Sustainable Solutions Eco-tourism raises money by bringing wealthy people to the region. These people pay to see the rainforests and spend money while they are there. It provides education because eco-tourists travel to see the rainforest's beauty and to learn about their importance. Agroforestry This is when agricultural land meets rainforest. Crops or animals are grown in an area that also incorporates trees. The rainforest is worked with rather than being cut down. Cable Systems: where cables move wood in the air. Animal Harvesting: Using animals i.e. elephants to harvest timber Balloon Systems or helicopter systems:, balloon and helicopter harvesting has potential for removing highly desirable species keep most of the surrounding forest intact.

4 Key words Monarch a king or queen. Heir next in line to the throne. Pope the leader of the Catholic Church, who lives in Rome. Excommunicated to expel from the Catholic Church. Appearance and personality Henry VIII became king in Henry was tall, handsome and full of energy. Henry loved to dress in expensive clothes. His silk shirts and jewel-encrusted jackets would have cost a fortune. He spoke four languages. He loved jousting. He enjoyed hunting. He wrote music. He loved entertaining. He was a keen sportsman and a good soldier. In old age, he was overweight and bad-tempered. History The Tudors Henry and the church Henry was a very religious man and, like most people in the country at the time, he was Catholic. He visited the church at least three times a day. He wrote a book supporting the Pope, who was the Head of the Catholic Church. Henry was such a good Catholic that in 1521, the Pope rewarded him with the title Fidei Defensor, which means Defender of the Faith. By 1533, Henry had fallen out with the Pope, who excommunicated him. The break with Rome Henry married Catherine of Aragon in Henry desperately wanted a son. Catherine gave birth to a daughter called Mary. By 1527, Henry thought Catherine was too old to have anymore children. Henry wanted to divorce Catherine. He had fallen in love with Anne Boleyn. The Pope refused to allow Henry to have a divorce. Henry ignored the Pope and made himself Head of the Church of England instead of the Pope. In 1533, Henry gave himself the divorce he wanted. Henry married Anne Boleyn in The Pope was furious and excommunicated Henry. This meant Henry was expelled from the Catholic Church. This was a serious punishment at the time. The wives of Henry VIII Wife Number 1 Catherine of Aragon: Henry married her to bring friendship between England and Spain. She had a daughter called Mary. He divorced her. Wife Number 2 Anne Boleyn: She was young, attractive and very fashionable. She had a daughter, Elizabeth. Henry accused Anne of being unfaithful with five other men. Anne was beheaded in Wife Number 3 Jane Seymour: She had a son, Edward. Jane died of an infection a few days after the birth. Wife Number 4 Anne of Cleves: 1540 Henry married Anne because it brought friendship between England and Germany. She was serious and unfashionable. Henry described her as a Flanders mare. Henry divorced her. Wife Number 5 Catherine Howard She was young, lively and very pretty. She flirted with lots of men She was executed. Wife Number 6 Catherine Parr When Catherine married Henry, he was an old man and she acted as his nurse as well as his wife. Catherine outlived Henry, who died in 1547.

5 Religious Expression - Pilgrimage Key terms Religious Expression A way of expressing your religious identity ( through pilgrimage, worship, actions, sharing faith, symbolism, art, clothing) Pilgrim A person who goes on a pilgrimage Pilgrimage A special journey for religious reasons Hindu pilgrimage Ganges (India) The pilgrimage takes place at the city of Varanasi. It is believed the water in the river washes away sins. Bodies are cremated (burnt) at the banks of the river. Hindus believe when a person dies the soul is reincarnated (reborn). Cremating the body releases the soul (Atman) to end the cycle of rebirth. Once the body has been burnt, the ashes are placed in the River Ganges (this cleanses them of all sins). The festival of Kumbh Mela takes place at the River Ganges, where Hindus bathe, hoping their sins will be washed away. Christian pilgrimage Lourdes (France) Bernadette Soubirous had 18 visions of the Virgin Mary at the Grotto. It is believed the water at Lourdes brings miraculous healing from God. Many of the pilgrims who go to Lourdes are seriously ill or severely handicapped. Pilgrims visit the body of St. Bernadette Soubirous which is on display in gold and crystal coffin in Nevers. Between Easter and December jumbulances' travel to Lourdes. These are large ambulances, capable of carrying twenty-four passengers, including a doctor, three or four nurses, a chaplain, other helpers and about a dozen sick pilgrims. When pilgrims come to Lourdes they also spend their time Praying, taking part in Bible readings, singing hymns, lighting candles, visiting the special sites Muslim pilgrimage Makkah (Saudi Arabia) Muslims have a duty to go on Hajj if they are well enough and can afford it. It usually takes 5/6 days! They go on pilgrimage to show their devotion to Allah Everyone must wear a white cloth this is so all people are equal. Muslims walk 7 times around the Kaaba to copy Muhammad s actions (a large black box). They run between two mountains to search for water (Zam Zam), to copy Ibrahim s wife. They sleep at Mina. They travel to Arafat to pray for forgiveness on the Mount of Mercy (from noon until dusk) and spend the night in Muzdalifah. They return to Mina to throw 7 stones at the devils (pillars), this shows Ibrahim's rejection of Satan. Muslims celebrate the festival of Id-ul-Adha An animal is sacrificed, and after many men have their heads shaved and women cut off a lock of their hair (to symbolise a new beginning and that they should share with those less fortunate) The pilgrims then return to Makkah where they make a final seven circuits of the Kaaba.

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7 Cymraeg 1.0 Yr Amser Presennol - The Present Tense 1.1 Yr Amser Presennol Cadarnhaol - Positive Present Tense 1.2 Yr Amser Presennol Negyddol - Negative Present Tense Rydw i/dw i Rwyt ti Mae e Mae hi Mae Rhodri yn Mae r plant Rydyn ni Rydych chi Maen nhw I am You are(singular/informal) He is She is Rhodri is The children are We are You are (plural/formal) They are Dydw i ddim Dwyt ti ddim Dydy e ddim Dydy hi ddim Dydy Rhodri ddim Dydy r plant ddim Dydyn ni ddim Dydych chi ddim Dydyn nhw ddim I am not/i don t You are not/don t (singular/inf) He is not/doen t She is not/doesn t Aled is not/doesn t The children are not/don t We are not/don t You are not (plural/formal)/don t They are not/don t You must add an yn or n after each phrase before you add a verb or adjective. You use n after a vowel (a/e/i/o/y/u/w) and yn after a consonant. Example 1: Rydw i n hoffi not Rydw i hoffi - I like Example 2: Dydy r plant ddim yn mwynhau not Dydy r plant ddim mwynhau - The children do not enjoy 1.3 Cwestiynau r Amser Presennol - Present Tense Questions Ydw i n? Am I?/Do I? Wyt ti n? Ydy e n? Ydy hi n? Ydy Osian yn? Ydy r bechgyn yn? Are you?/do you? (s/inf) Is he?/does he? Is she?/does she? Is Osian?/Does Osian? Are the boys?/do the boys? Here, the yn or n has been added already, so you only need to add the verb or adjective. Example: Wyt ti n mwynhau? - Do you enjoy? 1.4 Berfau yn yr Amser Presennol - Verbs in the Present Tense mynd - to go/going chwarae - to play/playing bwyta - to eat/eating yfed - to drink/drinking cysgu - to sleep/sleeping gwneud - to do/doing dysgu - to teach or learn/teaching or learning gweiddi - to shout/shouting dweud - to say/saying cael - to receive/receiving bod - to be/being Ydyn ni n? Ydych chi n? Ydyn nhw n? Are we?/do we? Are you? Do You? (pl/for) Are they? Do they? PWYSIG - IMPORTANT! Mae can also mean there is/there are Example: Mae McDonalds yng Nghaerdydd -There is a Mcdonalds in Cardiff.

8 Cymraeg 1.5 Mynegi Barn - Expressing Opinions Mae'n well gyda fi - Fy hoff... ydy - My favourite... is Dydw i ddim yn mwynhau - I don t enjoy Dydw i ddim yn hoffi - I don t like Rydw i'n mwynhau Yn fy marn i, mae yn... In my opinion,... is... Rydw i n meddwl bod... yn... I think that... is... Rydw i n credu bod... yn... I believe that... is... I prefer - I enjoy Mynegi Barn Rydw i'n caru - Rydw i n hoffi It s really important to vary how you express your opinion. Rydw i n hoffi gets boring very quickly! I love - I like Use the fancy phrases in the heart to stretch yourselves to get better levels/grades. Mae'n gas gyda fi - Rydw i'n dwlu ar - Add some adjectives and extended reasons to spice up your sentences! I hate Rydw i'n casau - I love I hate You can change the person if you d like to talk about somebody else. You simple use your present tense positive and negative forms. Example: Rydw i n hoffi - I like Mae e n hoffi - He likes

9 Cymraeg Enghraifft 2.0 Yr Amser Perffaith Gorff. - The Past Perfect Tense 2.1 Wedi - has/have done something 2.2 Wedi bod - has/have been somewhere/doing something You can use wedi instead of yn with the present tense forms when you want to say has or have done something: Rydw i n prynu Rydw i wedi prynu I am buying/ I buy I have bought You can use wedi with bod to mean that you have been doing something or have been somewhere: Rydw i wedi bod i r Eisteddfod Mae e wedi bod yn nofio Maen nhw wedi bod yn gwylio ffilm I have been to the Eisteddfod He has been swimming They have been watching a film Mae Nia yn chwarae Mae Nia wedi chwarae Nia is playing/nia plays Nia has played You can use this with the negative and question forms also: Dydw i ddim wedi bod yn chwarae I haven t been playing You can use wedi instead of yn with the negative and question form as well: Wyt ti wedi bod yn cysgu? Have you been sleeping? Dydw i ddim yn dawnsio Dydw i ddim wedi dawnsio Wyt ti n gweld? Wyt ti wedi gweld? Key words I am not/do not dance I haven t danced Wedi - has/have Wedi bod - has been/have been Do you see?/are you seeing? Have you seen? Do not confuse this way of saying has or have with the way you d use the possessive; i.e when somebody has something. This is a different sentence pattern! Rydw i wedi (bod) Rwyt ti wedi (bod) Mae e wedi (bod) Mae hi wedi (bod) Mae Osian wedi (bod) Mae r bechgyn wedi (bod) Rydyn ni wedi (bod) Rydych chi wedi (bod) I have (been) You have (been) - singular/informal He has (been) She has (been) Osian has (been) The boys have (been) We have (been) You have (been) - plural/formal Mae nhw wedi (bod) They have (been)

10 Cymraeg 3.0 Yr Amser Gorffennol - The Past Tense When we want to talk about something in the past, and it has finished happening, we use the past tense to convey this. In this tense, we use terfyniadau or endings, which are added onto the verb to show the tense. In English we sometimes use the -ed ending for this (I walked, she skipped). 3 Step Process 1. Find the stem of the verb Example, based on the word nofio E.g. Nofio, meaning to swim, ends in an o If the ending appears on the flower leaves opposite, we get rid of it. We now have Nofi as our stem. 2. Find the ending, depending on who completed the action We now must add an ending, depending on who swam. Choose the ending from the list opposite. If we wanted to say I swam we would add the ending -ais i. 3. Add your stem and ending together to create your phrase Add together your stem and ending. To say I swam we would say Nofiais i. Example 1: I ate Bwyta means to eat and ends in an a The letter a is on a flower leaf, so we must get rid of it. This means our stem is Bwyt. We then find the ending for I as we need to say I ate. Our ending is ais i We add them together: Bwyt + ais i = Bwytais i = I ate Example 2: She travelled Teithio means to travel and ends in an o The letter o is on a flower leaf, so we must get rid of it. This means our stem is Teithi We then find the ending for She as we need to say She travelled. Our ending is odd hi We add them together: Teithi + odd hi = Teithiodd hi = She travelled ais i I aist ti you odd e he odd hi she odd Jac Jac on ni we och chi you (p) on nhw - they

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12 DO Make eye contact Speak clearly ORACY SKILLS Thoroughly research the topic Stick to your planned, researched arguments Use humour and / or anecdotes Be aware of what your partner(s) plans are Recycle information in your closing speech How to have an effective debate: DON T Read from notes Mumble Use inappropriate language or gestures Side track your opponents with irrelevant points, stay on topic Simply state facts Work alone, make the most of your team Say something new in your closing speech. Assessment Tips You will have 3 assessments this half term. Knowing this information will help you do your best in them. READING SKILLS Summarising S Shorter than the original U Use your own words M Main points only Read the original passage or text very carefully. Use a pencil to highlight or underline what you take to be the main point of the original text, or make notes in the margins or on another sheet of paper. If you're summarising an entire essay, outline the writer's argument. A summary can be in bullet points A summary shouldn t include your own opinion WRITING SKILLS How to structure a formal letter: Style Up My Sentences: Learning a variety of sentence styles can help you to improve your level. Here are three to learn this term to get you started. Don t forget the punctuation and try some of your own. 3 _-ed sentences Begin your sentences with 3 words that end in _ed and are linked to each other. Remember to follow the 3_ed adjectives with a semi-colon! Example: Tricked, trapped and snared; a teenagers life is not a life of freedom. 2 pairs Begin your 2 Pairs sentence with two pairs of related adjectives/ Example: Calm and quiet, enjoyable and fun, Eastern High is the only place for your child to study. 4A sentences A 4A sentence has two adjectives before a noun and another two adjectives before the final noun Example: We were served limp, pale lettuce in boring, disgusting salad. English Capital Letters: Top sign off tip! You are sincere to those you know and faithful to those you don t. GRAMMAR TIPS Learning these will help you with your written accuracy so that your work will be the best it can be. Learning by heart challenge: Learn this helpful poem off by heart! Parts of Speech Poem Nouns are just the names of things, As rice, and birds, and snow, and rings. Pronouns take the place of nouns, As she for woman, they for clowns. Adjectives describe the nouns, As quacking ducks and pretty gowns. Verbs are action words like stir, Or state; like is, or was, or were. Something is done, the Adverb then, Tells how, and why, and where, and when. The Preposition stands before, The noun as in or through a door. Conjunctions join the words together, As man or woman, wind and weather. Strong feeling words are: Ouch! and Oh! They're exclamations: Ah! Bah! Ho! Articles are the, a, an, To point out nouns: that boy, a man. Use capital letters at the start of every sentence. Example His dog chased after him in an aeroplane. Some words always start with a capital letter. People s names and titles - Romeo and Juliet Names of companies British Airways Titles of books and plays - The Hobbit Towns and names of places - Cardiff Countries and nationalities Wales and Welsh/England and English Names of days and months. Monday / October I is always written as a capital letter no matter where it is in the sentence. Capitalising some words can be tricky Some queens like to eat cabbage. (if you re talking about queens in general you don t need a capital letter.) The Queen likes to eat cabbage. (If you re talking about a particular queen you do need a capital letter.) KEY WORDS (learn the spelling AND the definition): Discussion - a conversation or debate about a specific topic. Descent - the origin or background of a person in terms of family or nationality. Genealogy names of people who you are descended from. Taste The things you like and dislike. Generation - A set of members of a family regarded as a single step or stage in descent. Flavour The way something tastes when eaten. Archive Where records and historical documents are stored. Neighborhood The area where a person lives, including houses, shops, and schools. Identity - Who you are; what makes you unique. Aspiration What you dream of becoming. Inspirational Something that makes you feel inspired to be or act positively. Heirlooms Something valuable handed down from one generation to another. Career a job that a person does for a long time and which they can get better at. Top tip Use Look, Cover, Write Check, or make up your own mnemonic (e.g. Because = Bears Eat Crisp Apples Under Sleeping Elephants)

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14 Science Unit 1 Systems and Exchanges Affecting the rate of photosynthesis; Light intensity increases the rate of photosynthesis in a plant to a point where the chlorophyll can no longer absorb any more light Carbon dioxide concentration increases the rate of photosynthesis again to a point where chlorophyll no longer need it Temperature increases the rate of photosynthesis up to 40 0 C, any further and enzymes will start to denature The lung is adapted to gas exchange in four ways; Large surface area to allow lots of gas to pass through it Thin walls to make gas exchange as easy as possible Moist to allow for gas exchange Well supplied with blood so blood can carry oxygen to the body Aerobic respiration occurs when the body has plenty of oxygen, when there is a lack of oxygen anaerobic respiration occurs causing the build up of lactic acid. If there is a lactic acid build up oxygen must be used to break it down. Word equation for photosynthesis; Carbon dioxide + Water > Glucose + Oxygen Four things are needed for photosynthesis to take place; 1, Carbon dioxide - Provides carbon for glucose 2, Water - Provides hydrogen for glucose 3, Light - Provides energy for the chemical reaction 4, Chlorophyll - Absorbs the light energy found in chlorophyll. The heat is a muscle that pumps blood around the body. The left side of the heart pumps blood to the body and so has a thick muscular wall, the right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs and so as a thinner wall. The valves within the heart stop blood flowing backwards. The arrows on the diagram show the flow of blood through the heart. There are four main part to our blood; 1, Red blood cells; Carry oxygen around the body, attached to the red pigment haemoglobin. They are biconcave discs. 2, Plasma; A yellow liquid, which transports substances including digested food, carbon dioxide, urea and hormones. 3, White blood cells; There are lots of different types of white blood cells. One type is a phagocytes, which engulf and destroy bacteria. 4, Platelets; Small cell fragments that help the blood to clot. This plugs wounds and so helps to prevent infection. Aerobic respiration: Oxygen + Glucose > Carbon dioxide + Water Anaerobic respiration: Glucose > Carbon dioxide + Lactic acid

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16 Les Nombres 1. un 16 seize 2. deux 17 dix-sept 3. trois 18 dix-huit 4. quatre 19 dix-neuf 5. cinq 20 vingt 6. six 21 vingt-et-un 7. sept 22 vingt-deux 8. huit 23 vingt-trois 9. neuf 24 vingt-quatre 10. dix 25 vingt-cinq 11. onze 26 vingt-six 12. douze 27 vingt-sept 13. treize 28 vingt-huit 14. quatorze 29 vingt-neuf 15. Quinze 30 trente Les dates Le 1er dècembre on the 1 st of December En 2017 In 2017 Lundi 26 novembre = Monday 26 th November Note: Days of the week and months of the year are not written with a capital letter in French. Quand? When? Aujourd hui today Demain tomorrow Hier - yesterday La semaine week Pendant la semaine during the week Le matin in the morning L après-midi the afternoon/in the afternoon Le soir the evening/in the evening Quel âge as-tu? How old are you? J ai 12/13/14 ans I am 12/13/14 years old Quelle est la date aujourd hui? What is the date today? C est le 5 avril It is the 5th May C est quand ton anniversaire? When is your birthday? Mon anniversaire, c est le 4 mai my birthday is the 4th May Les jous de la semaine lundi mardi mercredi jeudi vendredi samedi dimanche Note: lundi = Monday/on Monday Le lundi = on Mondays janvier février mars avril mai juin juillet août septembre octobre novembre décembre Les mois de l année Note: En janvier = In January En fevriér = In february Les Opinions C est = it is super super cool cool sympa nice amusant fun nul rubbish intéressant interesting facile easy difficile difficult joli pretty moche - ugly horrible - horrible utile useful inutile - useless Le français Les salutations Bonjour hello Salut hi Au revoir good bye salut - bye  bientôt see you soon Oui - yes Non no Merci thank you S il te plaît please S il vous plait (Polite form) - please Pourquoi? Why? Comment? How? Quand? When? Qui? Who? Ça va? Oui, Ça va bien merci Pas mal Non, ça ne va pas! Et toi? And you? rouge orange jaune vert bleu rose crème blanc violet Un dialogue Bonjour Bonjour Ça va? Pas mal, et toi? Ça va bien merci Comment t appelles-tu? Je m appelle Claudette et toi? Je m appelle Youna Au revoir Au revoir Les verbes ÊTRE TO BE Je suis I am Tu es You are Il/Elle est He/She is Nous sommes We are Vous êtes You are Ils/Elles sont They are Je suis gallois I am welsh (M) Je suis galloise I am welsh (F) Je suis grand I am tall (M) Je suis grande I am tall (F) AVOIR TO HAVE J ai I have Tu as You have Il/Elle a He/She has Nous avons We have Vous avez You have Ils/Elles ont They have J ai un frère I have a brother J ai une sœur I have a sister J ai 12 ans ALLER TO GO Je vais I go/i am going Tu vas You go Il/Elle va He/She goes Nous allons We go Vous allez You go Ils/Elles vont They go Je vais en ville I am going to town Je vais au collège I am going to school