Appendix. Useful Facts and Figures
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1 Appendix Useful Facts and Figures Prominent Roman Emperors A-1 Prominent Byzantine Emperors A-2 Prominent Popes A-3 The Carolingian Dynasty A-3 German Kings Crowned Emperor A-3 Rulers of France A-4 Monarchs of England and Great Britain A-4 Prime Ministers of Great Britain A-5 Rulers of Prussia and Germany A-6 Rulers of Austria and Austria-Hungary A-6 Leaders of Post World War II Germany A-6 Rulers of Russia, the USSR, and the Russian Federation A-7 Rulers of Spain A-7 Rulers of Italy A-7 Secretaries-General of the United Nations A-8 United States Presidential Administrations A-8 Major Wars of the Modern Era A-8 Prominent Roman Emperors Julio-Claudians 27 b.c.e. 14 c.e. Augustus Tiberius Gaius (Caligula) Claudius Nero Flavian Dynasty Vespasian Titus Domitian Golden Age Emperors Nerva Trajan Hadrian Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius Severan Emperors Septimius Severus Antoninus (Caracalla) Macrinus Severus Alexander Period of Instability Maximinus Thrax Gordian III Philip the Arab Decius Trebonianus Gallus Valerian Aurelian Tacitus Probus Carinus Dominate Diocletian 306 Constantius Constantine I Constantine II Constans I Constantius II Julian Jovian Valentinian I Valens Gratian Valentinian II Theodosius I (the Great) The Western Empire Honorius Marcus Constantine III Maximus Jovinus Sebastianus Johannes Valentinian III Avitus Majorian Libius Severus Anthemius Glycerius Julius Nepos Romulus Augustulus A-1
2 A-2 Appendix Prominent Byzantine Emperors Dynasty of Theodosius Arcadius Theodosius II Marcian Dynasty of Leo Leo I 474 Leo II Zeno Basiliscus Leontius Anastasius Dynasty of Justinian Justin Justinian I Justin II Tiberius II Tiberius II (I) Constantine Maurice Phocas Dynasty of Heraclius Heraclius 641 Heraclonas 641 Constantine III Constans II Gregory Olympius 669 Mezezius Constantine IV Justinian II (banished) Leontius Tiberius III (II) Justinian II (restored) Bardanes Anastasius II Theodosius III Isaurian Dynasty Leo III Constantine V Copronymus Leo IV Constantine VI Irene Nicephorus I 811 Strauracius Michael I Leo V Phrygian Dynasty Michael II Thomas Theophilus Michael III Macedonian Dynasty Basil I Constantine Leo VI Alexander Constantine VII Porphrogenitos Romanus I Lecapenus Christopher Stephen Romanus II Nicephorus II Phocas Basil II Constantine VIII (IX) alone Romanus III Argyrus Michael IV the Paphlagonian Michael V Calaphates 1042 Zoe and Theodora Constantine IX Monomachus Theodora alone Michael VI Stratioticus Prelude to the Comnenian Dynasty Isaac I Comnenos Constantine X (IX) Ducas Romanus IV Diogenes Michael VII Ducas Nicephorus III Botaniates Nicephorus Melissenus Comnenian Dynasty Alexius I John II Manuel I Alexius II Andronieus I Isaac, Emperor of Cyprus Dynasty of the Angeli Isaac II Alexius III Isaac II (restored) with Alexius IV 1204 Alexius V Ducas Murtzuphlus Lascarid Dynasty in Nicaea Theodore I Lascaris John III Ducas Vatatzes Theodore II Lascaris John IV Lascaris Dynasty of the Paleologi Michael VIII Paleologus Andronicus II Andronicus III John V John VI Cantancuzenus Andronicus IV John V (restored) 1390 John VII Manuel II John VIII Constantine XI (XIII) Dragases
3 Appendix A-3 Prominent Popes Sylvester Leo I Gregory I (the Great) Sergius I Zachary Nicholas I Leo IX Nicholas II Gregory VII Urban II Paschal II Alexander III Innocent III Gregory IX Innocent IV Boniface VIII John XXII Nicholas V Pius II Alexander VI Julius II Leo X Paul III Paul IV Sixtus V Urban VIII Gregory XVI Pius IX Leo XIII Pius X Benedict XV Pius XI Pius XII John XXIII Paul VI 1978 John Paul I John Paul II 2005 Benedict XVI The Carolingian Dynasty Pepin of Heristal, Mayor of the Palace Charles Martel, Mayor of the Palace Pepin III, Mayor of the Palace Pepin III, King Charlemagne, King Charlemagne, Emperor Louis the Pious West Francia Charles the Bald, King Charles the Bald, Emperor Louis II, King Louis III, King Carloman, King Middle Kingdoms Lothair, Emperor Louis (Italy), Emperor Charles (Provence), King Lothair II (Lorraine), King East Francia Ludwig, King Carloman, King Ludwig, King Charles the Fat, Emperor German Kings Crowned Emperor Saxon Dynasty Otto I Otto II Otto III Henry II Franconian Dynasty Conrad II Henry III Henry IV Henry V Lothair II (Saxony) Hohenstaufen Dynasty Conrad III Frederick I (Barbarossa) Henry VI Philip of Swabia Otto IV (Welf) Frederick II Conrad IV Interregnum, : Emperors from Various Dynasties Rudolf I (Habsburg) Adolf (Nassau) Albert I (Habsburg) Henry VII (Luxemburg) Ludwig IV (Wittelsbach) Charles IV (Luxemburg) Wenceslas (Luxemburg) Rupert (Wittelsbach) Sigismund (Luxemburg) Habsburg Dynasty Albert II Frederick III Maximilian I Charles V Ferdinand I Maximilian II Rudolf II Matthias Ferdinand II Ferdinand III Leopold I Joseph I Charles VI Charles VII (not a Habsburg) Francis I Joseph II Leopold II Francis II
4 A-4 Appendix Rulers of France Capetian Dynasty Hugh Capet Robert II Henry I Philip I Louis VI Louis VII Philip II (Augustus) Louis VIII Louis IX (St. Louis) Philip III Philip IV Louis X Philip V Charles IV Valois Dynasty Philip VI John Charles V Charles VI Charles VII Louis XI Charles VIII Louis XII Francis I Henry II Francis II Charles IX Henry III Bourbon Dynasty Henry IV Louis XIII Louis XIV Louis XV Louis XVI After First Republic Napoleon Bonaparte, First Consul Napoleon I, Emperor Louis XVIII (Bourbon Dynasty) Charles X (Bourbon Dynasty) Louis Philippe Second Republic Napoleon III, Emperor Third Republic Vichy government, Pétain regime Provisional government Fourth Republic 1958 Fifth Republic Monarchs of England and Great Britain Anglo-Saxon Monarchs Egbert Ethelwulf Ethelbald Ethelbert Ethelred I Alfred the Great Edward the Elder Ethelstan Edmund I Edred Edwy Edgar Edward the Martyr Ethelred the Unready Canute (Danish nationality) Harold I Hardicanute Edward the Confessor 1066 Harold II Norman Monarchs William I (the Conqueror) William II Henry I House of Blois Stephen House of Plantagenet Henry II Richard I John Henry III Edward I Edward II Edward III Richard II House of Lancaster Henry IV Henry V Henry VI House of York Edward IV 1483 Edward V Richard III House of Tudor Henry VII Henry VIII Edward VI Mary Elizabeth I House of Stuart James I Charles I Commonwealth and Protectorate ( ) Oliver Cromwell Richard Cromwell House of Stuart (Restored) Charles II James II William III and Mary II William III (alone) Anne House of Hanover George I George II George III George IV William IV Victoria House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha Edward VII House of Windsor George V 1936 Edward VIII George VI 1952 Elizabeth II
5 Appendix A-5 Prime Ministers of Great Britain Term Prime Minister Government Sir Robert Walpole Whig Spencer Compton, Earl Whig of Wilmington Henry Pelham Whig Thomas Pelham-Holles, Whig Duke of Newcastle William Cavendish, Whig Duke of Devonshire William Pitt (the Elder), Whig Earl of Chatham Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke Whig of Newcastle John Stuart, Earl of Bute Tory George Grenville Whig Charles Watson-Wentworth, Whig Marquess of Rockingham William Pitt, Earl of Chatham Whig (the Elder) Augustus Henry Fitzroy, Duke Whig of Grafton Frederick North (Lord North) Tory 1782 Charles Watson-Wentworth, Whig Marquess of Rockingham William Petty FitzMaurice, Whig Earl of Shelburn 1783 William Henry Cavendish Whig Bentinck, Duke of Portland William Pitt (the Younger) Tory Henry Addington Tory William Pitt (the Younger) Tory William Wyndham Grenville Whig (Baron Grenville) William Henry Cavendish Tory Bentinck, Duke of Portland Spencer Perceval Tory Robert Banks Jenkinson, Tory Earl of Liverpool 1827 George Canning Tory Frederick John Robinson Tory (Viscount Goderich) Arthur Wellesley, Tory Duke of Wellington Charles Grey (Earl Grey) Whig 1834 William Lamb, Viscount Whig Melbourne Sir Robert Peel Tory William Lamb, Viscount Whig Melbourne Sir Robert Peel Tory John Russell (Lord) Whig 1852 Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley Whig Derby, Earl of Derby George Hamilton Gordon Peelite Aberdeen, Earl of Aberdeen Henry John Temple Palmerston, Tory Viscount Palmerston Edward Geoffrey Smith Stanley Whig Derby, Earl of Derby Henry John Temple Palmerston, Tory Viscount Palmerston Term Prime Minister Government John Russell (Earl) Liberal Edward Geoffrey Smith Tory Stanley Derby, Earl of Derby 1868 Benjamin Disraeli, Earl Conservative of Beaconfield William Ewart Gladstone Liberal Benjamin Disraeli, Earl Conservative of Beaconfield William Ewart Gladstone Liberal Robert Arthur Talbot, Conservative Marquess of Salisbury 1886 William Ewart Gladstone Liberal Robert Arthur Talbot, Conservative Marquess of Salisbury William Ewart Gladstone Liberal Archibald Philip Primrose Liberal Rosebery, Earl of Rosebery Robert Arthur Talbot, Conservative Marquess of Salisbury Arthur James Balfour, Conservative Earl of Balfour Sir Henry Campbell-Bannerman Liberal Herbert Henry Asquith Liberal Herbert Henry Asquith Coalition David Lloyd George, Earl Coalition Lloyd-George of Dwyfor Andrew Bonar Law Conservative Stanley Baldwin, Earl Conservative Baldwin of Bewdley 1924 James Ramsay MacDonald Labour Stanley Baldwin, Earl Conservative Baldwin of Bewdley James Ramsay MacDonald Labour James Ramsay MacDonald Coalition Stanley Baldwin, Earl Coalition Baldwin of Bewdley Neville Chamberlain Coalition Winston Churchill Coalition 1945 Winston Churchill Conservative Clement Attlee, Earl Attlee Labour Sir Winston Churchill Conservative Sir Anthony Eden, Earl of Avon Conservative Harold Macmillan, Earl Conservative of Stockton Sir Alec Frederick Douglas- Conservative Home, Lord Home of the Hirsel Harold Wilson, Lord Wilson Labour of Rievaulx Edward Heath Conservative Harold Wilson, Lord Wilson Labour of Rievaulx James Callaghan, Lord Labour Callaghan of Cardiff Margaret Thatcher (Baroness) Conservative John Major Conservative Tony Blair Labour Gordon Brown Labour 2010 David Cameron Conservative
6 A-6 Appendix Rulers of Prussia and Germany *Frederick I *Frederick William I *Frederick II (the Great) *Frederick William II *Frederick William III *Frederick William IV *William I (German emperor after 1871) 1888 Frederick III *William II Weimar Republic Third Reich (Nazi dictatorship under Adolf Hitler) Allied occupation Division of Federal Republic of Germany in west and German Democratic Republic in east 1990 Federal Republic of Germany (reunited) *King of Prussia. Rulers of Austria and Austria-Hungary *Maximilian I (Archduke) *Charles V *Ferdinand I *Maximilian II *Rudolf II *Matthias *Ferdinand II *Ferdinand III *Leopold I *Joseph I *Charles VI Maria Theresa *Joseph II *Leopold II *Francis II (emperor of Austria as Francis I after 1804) Ferdinand I Francis Joseph (after 1867 emperor of Austria and king of Hungary) Charles I (emperor of Austria and king of Hungary) Republic of Austria (dictatorship after 1934) Republic restored, under Allied occupation 1956 Free Republic *Also bore title of Holy Roman Emperor. Leaders of Post World War II Germany West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany), Years Chancellor Party Konrad Adenauer Christian Democratic Union (CDU) Ludwig Erhard Christian Democratic Union (CDU) Kurt Georg Kiesinger Christian Democratic Union (CDU) Willy Brandt Social Democratic Party (SPD) Helmut Schmidt Social Democratic Party (SPD) Helmut Kohl Christian Democratic Union (CDU) East Germany (German Democratic Republic), Years Communist Party Leader Walter Ulbricht Erich Honecker Egon Krenz Federal Republic of Germany (reunited), 1990 Years Chancellor Party Helmut Kohl Christian Democratic Union (CDU) Gerhard Schroeder Social Democratic Party (SPD) 2005 Angela Merkel Christian Democratic Union (CDU)
7 Appendix A-7 Rulers of Russia, the USSR, and the Russian Federation c Vladimir Yaroslav the Wise Vsevolod III Ivan III Vasily III Ivan IV Theodore I Boris Godunov 1605 Theodore II Vasily IV Michael Alexius Theodore III Ivan V and Peter I Peter I (the Great) Catherine I Peter II Anna Ivan VI Elizabeth 1762 Peter III Catherine II (the Great) Paul Alexander I Nicholas I Alexander II Alexander III Nicholas II Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)* Vladimir Ilyich Lenin Joseph Stalin Nikita Khrushchev Leonid Brezhnev Yuri Andropov Konstantin Chernenko Mikhail Gorbachev Russian Federation Boris Yeltsin Vladimir Putin 2008 Dmitry Medvedev *USSR established in Rulers of Spain Ferdinand and Isabella Ferdinand and Philip I Ferdinand and Charles I Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V) Philip II Philip III Philip IV Charles II Philip V Ferdinand VI Charles III Charles IV 1808 Ferdinand VII Joseph Bonaparte Ferdinand VII (restored) Isabella II Republic Amadeo Republic Alfonso XII Alfonso XIII Republic Fascist dictatorship under Francisco Franco 1975 Juan Carlos I Rulers of Italy Victor Emmanuel II Humbert I Victor Emmanuel III Fascist dictatorship under Benito Mussolini (maintained in northern Italy until 1945) 1946 (May 9 June 13) Humbert II 1946 Republic Secretaries-General of the United Nations Years Secretary-General Nationality Trygve Lie Norway Dag Hammarskjöld Sweden U Thant Myanmar Kurt Waldheim Austria Javier Pérez de Cuéllar Peru Boutros Boutros-Ghali Egypt Kofi A. Annan Ghana 2007 Ban Kimoon South Korea
8 A-8 Appendix United States Presidential Administrations Term(s) President Political Party George Washington No party designation John Adams Federalist Thomas Jefferson Democratic-Republican James Madison Democratic-Republican James Monroe Democratic-Republican John Quincy Adams Democratic-Republican Andrew Jackson Democratic Martin Van Buren Democratic 1841 William H. Harrison Whig John Tyler Whig James K. Polk Democratic Zachary Taylor Whig Millard Filmore Whig Franklin Pierce Democratic James Buchanan Democratic Abraham Lincoln Republican Andrew Johnson Republican Ulysses S. Grant Republican Rutherford B. Hayes Republican 1881 James A. Garfield Republican Chester A. Arthur Republican Grover Cleveland Democratic Term(s) President Political Party Benjamin Harrison Republican Grover Cleveland Democratic William McKinley Republican Theodore Roosevelt Republican William H. Taft Republican Woodrow Wilson Democratic Warren G. Harding Republican Calvin Coolidge Republican Herbert C. Hoover Republican Franklin D. Roosevelt Democratic Harry S. Truman Democratic Dwight D. Eisenhower Republican John F. Kennedy Democratic Lyndon B. Johnson Democratic Richard M. Nixon Republican Gerald R. Ford Republican Jimmy Carter Democratic Ronald W. Reagan Republican George H. W. Bush Republican William J. Clinton Democratic George W. Bush Republican 2009 Barack Obama Democratic Major Wars of the Modern Era German Wars of Religion Ottoman wars French Wars of Religion , Revolt of the Netherlands Thirty Years War English Civil War Anglo-Dutch Wars Wars of Louis XIV Ottoman wars War of the League of Augsburg War of Spanish Succession Great Northern War Ottoman wars War of Austrian Succession Seven Years War American Revolution Napoleonic wars Mexican-American War Crimean War United States Civil War Franco-Prussian War Sino-Japanese War 1898 Spanish-American War Russo-Japanese War World War I World War II Vietnam wars Korean War Persian Gulf War Civil War in the former Yugoslavia 2001 War in Afghanistan 2003 Iraq War
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