Contents PART ONE: THE AMERICAN SETTING

Transcription

1 Preface PART ONE: THE AMERICAN SETTING xvii CHAPTER 1. THE PEOPLE 3 1. The Influence of the New World on the Old: John R. Seeley 5 2. "The Disinherited, the Dispossessed": Stephen Vincent Benet 8 3. The Inhabitants of Colonial Virginia: Robert Beverley The Coming of the Pilgrims: William Bradford "This Is the Door Thou Hast Opened": Edward Johnson "What Is an American?": Jean de Crevecoeur The "Despised Races": Robert Louis Stevenson "The Souls of Black Folk": W. E. B. Du Bois A Map of New York: Jacob A. Riis "I Lift My Lamp Beside the Golden Door": Emma Lazarus A Test of Opportunity, Not of Character: Woodrow Wilson Putting up the Bars: Commissioner-General of Immigration The American Language: Henry L. Mencken "The Three Southwestern Peoples": Paul Horgan The Twentieth-Century American: Henry Steele Commager 46 CHAPTER 2. THE LAND The Spaciousness and Diversity of the American Scene: ~kfu~~ ~ 2. The Rhythm of Flowing Waters: Constance Lindsay Skinner "The Extreme Fruitfulness of That Country": Robert Beverley "A Hideous and Desolate Wilderness": William Bradford "American Areas without a Trace of Europe's Soil": Walt Whitman ll9 6. The Significance of the Frontier: Frederick Jackson Turner 72 vi

2 .~ 7. A Democratic Land System 80 A. "The Common Benefit of the United States": Resolu tion of Congress on Public Lands 81 B. The Land Ordinance of A Belt of Trees for the Arid West: Ferdinand V. Hayden The Arid Regions of the West: John W. Powell Forests, Prosperity, and Progress: Carl Schurz "From Plymouth Rock to Ducktown": Stuart Chase A Program of Conservation : Theodore Roosevelt The TVA and the Seamless Web of Nature: David E. Lilienthal 102 PART TWO: PRINCIPLES, TRADITIONS AND INSTITUTIONS CHAPTER 3. FUNDAMENTALS OF THE AMERICAN POUTICAL SYSTEM The Mayflower Compact III 2. The Fundamental Orders of Connecticut II2 3. An Early Assertion of Colonial Independence: Massachusetts' Declaration of Liberties II5 4. The Origin and Nature of Government: John Locke II6 5. Natural Law and Democracy: John Wise Government Is Limited 123 A. "Parliament Cannot Make Two and Two Five": James O~ I~ B. "In All Free States the Constitution Is Fixed": Samuel Adams The Declaration of Independence: Thomas Jefferson Revolution Legalized 127 A. "How Can the People Institute Governments?": John Adams 127 B. Concord Demands a Constitutional Meeting: Resolu tions of the Concord Town Meeting The Virginia Bill of Rights: George Mason The Constitution: Preamble and Bill of Rights The Northwest Ordinance The Principle of Equality in American Society: Charles Pinckney 138 vii

3 Vlll 13. What Is a Republic? 140 A. "A Government Which Derives All Its Powers from the People": James Madison 141 B. "It Is Representation Ingrafted upon Democracy": Thomas Paine Washington's Farewell Address: George Washington "We Are All Republicans, We Are All Federalists": Thomas JefJerson "A Constitution Framed for Ages to Come": John Marshall The Gettysburg Address: Abraham Lincoln Liberty, the Necessary Condition of Progress: Henry George "There Is Nothing Mysterious about Democracy": Franklin D. Roosevelt "This I Deeply Believe": David E. Lilienthal 158 CHAPTER 4. me MACHINERY OF GOVERNMENT How to Balance Classes and Factions in a Republic: James Madison Davy Crockett Runs for the Legislature: David Crockett Andrew Jackson Is Inaugurated: Mrs. Samuel Harrison Smith The Spoils System 176 A. Rotation in Office: Andrew Jackson 176 B. The Spoils of Victory: William Learned Marcy "Troubles of a Candidate": Peter Finley Dunne "Honest Graft and Dishonest Graft": William L. Riordan "Boss Pendergast": Ralph Coghlan Invisible Government: Elihu Root "Let's Go Back to the Spoils System": John Fischer Political Parties in America: Henry Steele Commager Public and Political Associations in the United States: Alexis de Tocqueville "It Is of the Very Essence of Americanism": George Santayana 201 CHAPTER 5. DEMOCRACY, OR MAJORITY RULE AND MINORITY RIGHT' "Cherish the Spirit of the People": Thomas JefJerson "It Is Essential to Liberty that the Rights of the Rich Be Secured": John Adams 208

4 3. "The Combinations of Civil Society Are Not Like Those of a Set of Merchants": Benjamin Franklin "We Are Descending into a Licentious Democracy": Fisher Ames "Dare We Flatter Ourselves That We Are a Peculiar Pe~ pie?": James Kent The Tyranny of the Majority: Alexis de Tocqueville The Numerical and the Concurrent Majorities: John C. Calhoun "Democracy Furnishes Its Own Checks and Balances": Henry Steele Commager "The People Is Firm and Tranquil": George Bancroft "Every American Is an Apostle of the Democratic Creed": Alexander Mackay The Real Meaning of the Principles of the Declaration 232 A. "They Meant to Set up a Standard for a Free Society": Abraham Lincoln 233 B. "To Lift Artificial Weights from All Shoulders": Abraham Lincoln "Did You Suppose That Democracy Was Only for Politics?": Walt Whitman "The Eternal Mob": Henry L. Mencken "Democracy Is Not Dying": Franklin D. Roosevelt The Faults and Strength of American Democracy 244 A. The True Faults of American Democracy: James Bryce 245 B. The Strength of American Democracy: James Bryce 247 CHAPTER 6. STATE AND NATION "With Our Fate Will the Destiny of Unborn Millions Be Involved": George Washington The Constitution Partly Federal, Partly National: James ~~~ ~ 3. "A Rising, Not a Setting Sun": Benjamin Franklin Strict or Broad Construction? 264 A. "Lace Them up Straitly within the Enumerated Powers": Thomas Jefferson 265 B. "There Are Implied as Well as Express Powers": Alexander Hamilton 269 ix

5 x 5. The Constitution a Compact 273 A. Kentucky Resolutions: Thomas Jefferson 273 B. Virginia Resolutions: James Madison "The Origin of This Government and the Source of Its Power": Daniel Webster "A Compact Is a Binding Obligation": Andrew Jackson "A Separation of These States Is a Moral Impossibility": Daniel Webster "The Fictitious Idea of One People of the United States": Jefferson Davis "The Union Is Older than the Constitution": Abraham Lincoln The Fourteenth Amendment "Government at the Service of Humanity" : Woodrow Wilson Broadening the Commerce Power: Charles E. Hughes "The Obsolescence of Federalism": Harold J. Laski Central Policy and Local Administration: David E. Lilienthal 307 CHAPTER 7. THE WELFARE STATE AND RUGGED INDIVIDUAliSM 315 l. True and False Principles of Economy in the Bay Colony: John Winthrop An Early Program of Social Security: Thomas Paine "All Communities Are Apt to Look to Government for Too Much": Martin Van Buren Affectation with a Public Interest: Morrison Waite "Liberty, Inequality, Survival of the Fittest": William. Graham Sumner The Courts as Guardians of the Status Quo 33 0 A. "Such Governmental Interferences Disturb the Social Fabric": Robert Earl 331 B. "The Police Power Will Have Been Widened to a Great and Dangerous Degree": George Sutherland "The Doctrine of Laissez-Faire Is Unsafe in Politics and Unsound in Morals": Richard T. Ely Government Is But One of the Tools of Man: Lester F. Ward 337

6 I 9. The Courts Accept Governmental Regulation 342 A. "The Fourteenth Amendment Does Not Enact Herbert Spencer's Social Statics": Oliver Wendell Holmes 342 B. "The Liberty Safeguarded Is Liberty in a Social Organization Which Requires Protection": Charles Evans Hughes "The Old Order Changeth": Woodrow Wilson The Philosophy of Rugged Individualism: Herbert Hoover "Whether Men Serve Government or Whether Government Exists to Serve Men": Franklin D. Roosevelt The Fair Deal Succeeds the New Deal: Harry S. Truman "The Agenda of Liberalism": Walter Lippmann 360 CHAPTER 8. LIBERTY AND ORDER The Massachusetts Body of Liberties : Nathaniel Ward "A True Picture of a Commonwealth": Roger Williams "The Public Judgment Will Correct False Reasoning": Thomas Jefferson On the Murder of Elijah Lovejoy: Wendell Phillips The Duty of Civil Disobedience: Henry David Thoreau Huck and Jim on the Raft: Mark Twain The Constitutional Limits of Free Speech 389 A. "A Clear and Present Danger": Oliver Wendell Holmes 390 B. "Free Trade in Ideas": Oliver Wendell Holmes "It Is the Function of Speech to Free Men from the Bondage of Irrational Fear": Louis D. Brandeis "To the End That Changes May Be Obtained by Peaceful Means": Charles Evans Hughes "To An Anxious Friend": William Allen White 3~ 11. "The Indispensable Opposition": Walter Lippmann "You Cannot Create Loyalty by Compulsion": Zechariah Chafee, Jr The Loyalty Program: Harry S. Truman "Who Is Loyal to America?": Henry Steele Commager 4IO 15. "Due Notice to the FBI": Bernard De Voto Civil Rights in the Nation's Capital: Robert Carr A Universal Declaration of Human Rights: General Assembly of the U nited Nations 430 xi

7 xii CHAPTER 9. THE TRADITION OF CHANGE AND REFORM Every Generation Has a Right to Make Its Own Constitution 439 A. "Some Men Look at Constitutions with Sanctimonious Reverence": Thomas Jefferson 439 B. "All Eyes Are Open to the Rights of Man": Thomas Jefferson The Declaration of Independence and the Spirit of Reform 443 A. "The Standard of Emancipation Is Now Unfurled": William Lloyd Garrison 443 B. "All Men and Women Are Created Equal": Elizabeth C. Stanton and Susan B. Anthony The Ferment of Reform: Theodore Parker Man the Reformer: Ralph Waldo Emerson The Search for Utopia 453 A. The Constitution of the Brook Farm Association 454 B. Blithedale: Nathaniel Hawthorne "We Meet in the Midst of a Nation Brought to the Verge of Ruin": Ignatius Donnelly "We Need an Annual Supplement to the Decalogue": Ed~ ward A. Ross Portrait of the American as Reformer 466 A. Jane Addams at Hull House: Jane Addams 466 B. Mayor Jones Preaches the Golden Rule: Brand Whitlock 468 C. Lincoln Steffens Is Won over by Bob LaFollette: Lin~ coin Steffens 470 D. "To Live in Mankind Is Far More Than to Live in a Name": Vachel Lindsay "The Old Formulas Do Not Fit Present Problems": W ood~ row Wilson "Wanted: American Radicals": James Bryant Conant Not a Revolution But a New Deal: Henry Steele Commager 486 CHAPTER 10. CHURCH AND STATE Religious Conformity in the Bay Colony: John Winthrop "God Requireth Not a Uniformity of Religion": Roger Wil~ ~~ m 3. Maryland Toleration Act "The Great Case of Liberty of Conscience": William Penn 502

8 5. "All Christians Are Equally Entitled to Protection": Consti.. tution of Maryland "If We Contract the Bonds of Religious Freedom, No Name Will Too Severely Reproach Our Folly": James Madison Virginia Statute of Religious Liberty: Thomas Jefferson The Socialization of Christianity 517 A. "The Social Creed of the Churches" : Federal Council of Churches 517 B. "A Christian Social Order": Edwin O'Hara "My Creed as an American Catholic": Alfred E. Smith "A Wall Between Church and State... High and Impreg.. nable": Hugo Black Religious Freedom and the Flag Salute 53! A. "The Flag Is the Symbol of Our National Unity: Felix Frankfurter 532 B. "No Official, High or Petty, Can Prescribe What Shall Be Orthodox in. Matters of Opinion": Robert Jackson 538 CHAPTER 11. SCHOOL AND SOCIETY "To Advance Learning and Perpetuate It to Posterity" "That Learning May Not Be Buried in the Grave of Our Fathers" 550 A. "Ye Ould Deluder, Satan": Massachusetts School Law of B. "A Grand Mental and Moral Experiment": Horace Mann "To Render the People Safe, Their Minds Must Be 1m.. proved": Thomas Jefferson "Why Send an American Youth to Europe for Education?": Thomas Jefferson The Education Proper in a Republic: Benjamin Rush The Education of Women: Catherine Beecher "Education Is the Balance Wheel of the Social Machinery": Horace Mann "The Scholar Is to Think with the Sage But Talk with Common Men": Theodore Parker 568 xiii

9 xiv 9. The First Great Public Library 571 A. "The Increase and Perpetuation of Public Libraries": Proposed Massachusetts Library Act 572 B. "If It Can Be Done Anywhere, It Can Be Done Here, in Boston": Trustees of the Public Library of the City of Boston The Laboratory of Democracy 5']6 A. School Life on the Prairie: Hamlin Garland 576 B. The Beginnings of Tuskegee: Booker T. Washington 578 C. The Promised Land Fulfills Its Promise: Mary Antin "To Promote the Liberal... Education of the Industrial Classes": T he Morrill Act "The Worthy Fruit of Academic Culture Is an Open Mind": Charles W. Eliot "Make Each One of Our Schools an Embryonic Community Life": John Dewey "The Chief Characteristic of the Higher Learning Is Disorder": Robert Maynard Hutchins The Nature and Function of Academic Freedom 592 A. "The Fortress of Our Liberties": James Bryant Conant 592 B. "Subversion from Within by the Whittling Away of the Very Pillars of Our Freedom": Judge Peek "Libraries Are the Vessels in Which the Seed Corn for the Future Is Stored"; Dorothy Canfield Fisher 599 PART THREE: AMERICA AS A WORLD POWER CHAPTER 12. PEACE AND WAR Lexington and Concord 609 A. American Account of the Battle of Lexington: The Provincial Congress 609 B. "Concord Hymn": Ralph Waldo Emerson 6II 2. "Had This Day Been Wanting, the World Had Never Seen the Last Stage of Perfection": George Washington 6II 3. "I Shall Never Surrender Nor Retreat": William Barret Travis The Character of the American Soldier: William F. G. Shanks 617

10 5. General McClellan Tries to Take Charge of the War: George B. McClellan "In Victory Magnanimity, in Peace Good Will" 622 A. "With Malice toward None, with Charity for All": Abraham Lincoln 622 B. "Avoid the U~eless Sacrifice": Robert E. Lee 624 C. "Bury Contention with the War": Robert E. Lee "The Most Fearful Atrocities... That Was Ever Heard Of": E. W. Wynkoop "The Hay Fleet": Finley Peter Dunne "Turn Not Their New-World Victories to Gainl": William Vaughn Moody "Proper Language for a Subordinate to Use to a Superior": Henry L. Stimson and McGeorge Bundy "A Great Principle Was Never Lost So Casually": Eugene V. Rostow "The Moral Equivalent of War": William James 642 CHAPTER 13. ISOLATION, INTERVENTION AND WORLD POWER The Bases of Isolationism 653 A. "The Insidious Wiles of Foreign Influence": George Washington 654 B. "America Has a Hemisphere to Itself": Thomas Jefferson The Monroe Doctrine 656 A. The Monroe Doctrine: James Monroe 656 B. "The American System of Government Is Entirely Different from That of Europe": James K. Polk "Turning the Eyes Outward Instead of Inward": Alfred Mahan The Acquisition of the Philippines: William McKinley The Open Door in China: John Hay "God... Has Made Us the Master Organizers of the World": Albert J. Beveridge The Platt Amendment 673 A. Treaty with Cuba, Embodying the Platt Amendment 673 B. Abrogation of the Platt Amendment: U. S. Statutes at Large "We Must Prove Ourselves... Friends... upon Terms of Equality and Honor": Woodrow Wilson 676 xv

11 xvi 9. The Policy of the Good Neighbor: Franklin D. Roosevelt "The World Must Be Made Safe for Democracy": Woodrow Wilson The Fourteen Points: Woodrow Wilson "We Do Not Profess to Be Champions of Liberty and Then Consent to See Liberty Destroyed": Woodrow Wilson A Quarantine Against Aggressor Nations: Franklin D. Roosevelt The Four Freedoms: Franklin D. Roosevelt The Atlantic Charter: Franklin D. Roosevelt and Winston Churchill "The True Goal We Seek Is... Above and Beyond the Ugly Field of Battle": Franklin D. Roosevelt "Power Must Be Linked with Responsibility": Franklin D. Roosevelt The Abiding Principles of American Foreign Policy: Harry S. Truman "The Greatest Opportunity Ever Offered a Single Nation": Henry L. Stimson The Control of Atomic Energy 713 A. "A Choice Between the Quick and the Dead": Bernard Baruch 714 B. "One of Those Great Mountain Peaks of History": David E. Lilienthal "To the Rescue and Liberation of the Old" 72I A. The Truman Doctrine: Harry S. Truman 722 B. The Marshall Plan: George C. Marshall 723 C. Point Four: Harry S. Truman The Atlantic Community 726 A. "A Great Community... from Which No Member Can Be Excluded and None Can Resign": Walter Lippmann 727 B. The American Destiny: Walter Lippmann 731