קדושין. Kidushin. Guadalajara Atlantic Coast TALMUD. Talmud printed in Sephardic fashion, without Tosafot

Transcription

1 קדושין Kidushin Guadalajara Atlantic Coast TALMUD 1482 Talmud printed in Sephardic fashion, without Tosafot 4

2 15

3 טור אורח חיים Tur Orah Hayim Hijar Atlantic Coast PRINT HISTORY 1485 First use of a printers' mark in a Hebrew book 4

4 15

5 משלי Mishle w/radak Lisbon Atlantic Coast BIBLE 1482 Early example of distinct fonts for Bible and commentary 4

6 15

7 אבודרהם Abudarham Lisbon Atlantic Coast LITURGY 1490 First commentary printed in life of author 4

8 15

9 סדר עולם זוטא Chronologia Hebraeorum maior Paris Atlantic Coast HISTORY 1572 Latin translation of Seder Olam for Christian use 4

10 16

11 De accentibus linguae Hebraicae De accentibus et orthographia linguae Hebraicae Hagenau (Alsace) Atlantic Coast GRAMMAR 1518 Reuchlin on Hebrew 2

12 16

13 Vetus Testamentu[m] multiplici lingua Complutensian Polyglot Bible Alcalá de Henares Atlantic Coast BIBLE st complete polyglot Bible 3

14 16

15 תנ "ך Torah Nevi'im Ketuvim Paris Atlantic Coast BIBLE Printed by the Estienne Press, known for its beauty 3

16 16

17 Historia de riti hebraici Rita hebraici Paris Atlantic Coast RITUAL 1637 First vernacular description of Judaism by a Jew for a non-jewish audience 3

18 17

19 Hope of Israel Hope of Israel London Atlantic Coast APOLOGETICS 1650 First English translation of Mikveh Yisrael 2

20 17

21 Bay Psalm Book Bay Psalm Book Cambridge Atlantic Coast BIBLE 1640 First example of Hebrew in the New world (block print) 6

22 17

23 To His Highnesse the Lord Protector To His Highnesse the Lord Protector London Atlantic Coast GOVERNMENT 1655 Led to Jews being officially allowed back into England 2

24 17

25 Dickdook leshon gnebreet Hebrew Textbook Cambridge, USA Atlantic Coast GRAMMAR 1735 First book using Hebrew type in America 3

26 18

27 Evening Service of Roshashanah Translation of the Prayerbook New York, USA Atlantic Coast LITURGY 1761 One of the first imprints for Jews in the New World 4

28 18

29 סדר הקונטיריס Seder ha-kunteres Avignon Atlantic Coast LITURGY 1765 Prayers for year according to the unique rite of the Comtat Venaissin 2

30 18

31 סדר תפלה על המרד באמריקה Seder Tefilah al ha-mered be-amerikah London Atlantic Coast LITURGY 1776 Prayer regarding the rebellion in America 3

32 18

33 The twenty-four books of the Holy Scriptures Hebrew Bible in English Philadelphia Atlantic Coast BIBLE 1853 Important translation of the Bible by Isaac Leeser 1

34 19

35 Catalogus librorum hebraeorum Catalogus librorum hebraeorum in bibliotheca Bodleiana Berlin Atlantic Coast BIBLIOGRAPHY First modern bibliography 1

36 19

37 תפילת ישרים קריאי העדה אנשי שם סנהדרין Prie re des membres du Sanhe drin Paris Atlantic Coast GOVERNMENT 1807 Publication by the Sanhedrin (convened by Napoleon) 2

38 19

39 סדור שפתי צדיקים Form of prayers Philadelphia Atlantic Coast 1837 LITURGY 1st siddur in America (Portuguese rite, translation) 1

40 19

41 Liber Chronicarum Nuremberg Chronicle Nuremberg Germanic ANTISEMITISM 1493 Includes woodcut illustration of the Jews murdering Simon of Trent 3

42 15

43 De antiquitate Judaica Jewish Antiquities Augsburg Germanic HISTORY 1470 First Josephus imprint 4

44 15

45 Errores Judaeorum ex Talmud extracti Errores Judaeorum ex Talmud extracti Augsberg Germanic ANTISEMITISM Before 1473 Christian work on the errors in the Talmud 3

46 15

47 In aller übung der vernunft Contra perfidos Judaeos (German) Esslingen Germanic ANTISEMITISM 1477 Contains a short Hebrew grammar, with woodcut Hebrew types 3

48 15

49 Portae Lucis שערי אורה Augsburg Germanic KABBALAH 1516 Printed by Christian Hebraists (Latin) 3

50 16

51 הגדה Hagadah Prague Germanic HAGADAH 1526 Earliest illustrated hagadah, standard for future illustrated hagadot 3

52 16

53 ספר מידות Sefer midot [Orhot tsadikim] Izny Germanic ETHICS 1542 First ed., book of mussar, in Yiddish 2

54 16

55 Genoa Psalterium Polyglot Psalms (Arabic, Greek, Hebrew) Geneva Germanic BIBLE 1516 First Polyglot portion of the Bible 3

56 16

57 שפתי ישנים Sifte Yeshenim Amsterdam Germanic BIBLIOGRAPHY 1680 First bibliography written by a Jew 2

58 17

59 צאינה וראינה Tsenerene Hanau Germanic WOMEN 1622 First extant edition. Yiddish translation of the Bible 3

60 17

61 הגדה Hagadah Amsterdam Germanic ART 1695 First hagadah to include copper engravings and a map 2

62 17

63 Tractatus Theologico-Politicus Tractatus theologico-politicus Hamburg Germanic PHILOSOPHY 1670 Spinoza s major work; he had been excommunicated nearly 15 years earlier 3

64 17

65 חמשה חומשי תורה... רש"י והרשב "ם Rashbam s commentary on Torah Berlin Germanic BIBLE 1705 Printed from ms owned by Oppenheim (collector impacting production) 2

66 18

67 Ce r emonies et coutumes religieuses Religious Ceremonies Amsterdam Germanic ART Extensive illustrations of the religions of the world; section on Judaism 3

68 18

69 מסילת ישרים Mesilat Yesharim Amsterdam Germanic ETHICS 1740 Ethical text by philosopher Moshe Hayyim Luzzatto 2

70 18

71 ספר נתיבות השלום Sefer Netivot ha-shalom Berlin Germanic BIBLE 1783 Moses Mendelsohn s commentary on the Bible 3

72 18

73 מחזור מנהג פולין Mahzor minhag Polin Rodelheim Germanic LITURGY Wolf Heidenheim was an important publisher of liturgy in clear format 2

74 19

75 Neunzehn Briefe u ber Judenthum Nineteen Letters about Judaism Altona Germanic PHILOSOPHY 1836 Sampson Raphael Hirsch s corpus on neo- Orthodoxy 1

76 19

77 Der Judenstaat Der Judenstaat Leipzig Germanic ZIONISM 1896 Herzl's seminal work on The Jewish State 2

78 19

79 מעלה בית חורין Hagadah Vienna Germanic ART 1801 Illustrated Hagadah with Yiddish 1

80 19

81 מורה נבוכים Moreh nevukhim Rome Islamic World PHILOSOPHY First work of Jewish philosophy to be printed 3

82 15

83 ברוך אתה בבואך Barukh atah be-vo'ekha Cairo Islamic World PRINT HISTORY c Earliest example of printed Hebrew (block print on paper), found in Cairo Geniza 6

84 15

85 ארבעה טורים Arba ah turim Constantinople Islamic World LAW 1493 First book printed in any language in Ottoman Empire 4

86 15

87 הקאנון Canon of Medicine Naples Islamic World MEDICINE 1492 Hebrew translation of Avicenna s medical work 4

88 15

89 עקדת יצחק Akedat Yitshak Salonika Islamic World BIBLE 1522 Sermons on the Pentateuch; very popular among Sephardi Jews in Salonika 3

90 16

91 מדרש תהלים Midrash Tehilim Salonika Islamic World RABBINICS 1515 One of the first Salonika imprints 3

92 16

93 קהלת יעקב Kehilat Ya'akov Safed Islamic World PRINT HISTORY 1578 One of the first imprints in the Holy Land 3

94 16

95 אבודרהם Abudarham Fez Islamic World LITURGY 1517 Second book printed on African continent 3

96 16

97 שארית יהודה She'erit Yehuda Salonika Islamic World LAW 1600 Commentary on the Shulhan Arukh 2

98 17

99 הליכות אלי Halikhot Eli Izmir Islamic World HISTORY 1662 The author was forced to flee Izmir because he opposed Sabbatai Zevi 2

100 17

101 Bab Musi = Porta Mosis Perush ha-mishna Oxford Islamic World LAW 1654 First Judeo-Arabic imprint. Maimonides commentary on the Mishna 1

102 17

103 כסף נבחר Kesef Nivhar Damascus Islamic World PRINT HISTORY 1605 First book printed in Syria; no printing again in Damascus until the 20th century 3

104 17

105 תורת חיים Torat Hayim Salonika Islamic World LITURGY st book to include responsa for New World (includes prayer for rain in Brazil) 2

106 18

107 מעם לועז Me-'am Lo ez Constantinople Islamic World BIBLE 1730 Ladino commentary on the Pentateuch; beginning of Ladino revival 2

108 18

109 חק לישראל Hok le-yisra el Cairo Islamic World PRINT HISTORY 1740 One of the earliest books printed in Egypt 2

110 18

111 זרע יצחק Zera' Yitshak Tunis Islamic World PRINT HISTORY 1768 First book printed in Tunisia 2

112 18

113 פרק אבות Perek Avot Bombay Islamic World PRINT HISTORY 1822 Hebrew and Arabic in Hebrew characters. (Lithograph) 2

114 19

115 סדר הבדלה בלערבי Seder Havdala bil-'arabi Algiers Islamic World LITURGY 1853 Judeo-Arabic for a Jewish audience 2

116 19

117 שבחי ר חיים ויטאל Shivhe R. Hayim Vital Baghdad Islamic World KABBALAH 1866 Beginning of Baghdad press 1

118 19

119 פאת השלחן Pe at ha-shulhan Safed Islamic World LAW 1836 Compendium of Maimonides Laws relating to living in the Holy Land 2

120 19

121 TITLE TITLE IN ENGLISH CITY, COUNTRY GENRE 14** CREDITS

122 15

123 TITLE TITLE IN ENGLISH CITY, COUNTRY GENRE 14** CREDITS

124 15

125 TITLE TITLE IN ENGLISH CITY, COUNTRY GENRE 14** CREDITS

126 15

127 TITLE TITLE IN ENGLISH CITY, COUNTRY GENRE 14** CREDITS

128 15

129 מרכבת המשנה Mirkevet ha-mishnah Cracow Eastern Europe YIDDISH 1535 Early Cracow imprint; includes Yiddish 2

130 16

131 זאת תורת החטאת Zot torat ha-hatat Cracow Eastern Europe LAW 1570 First halakhic work of the Rama 3

132 16

133 מסכת עבודה זרה Masekhet Avodah zarah Cracow Eastern Europe TALMUD 1580 Printed in Poland because banned/censored in Western Europe. 2

134 16

135 שולחן ערוך עם הגהות הרמ "א Shulhan Arukh Crakow Eastern Europe LAW 1578 With the commentary of the Rama, uniting Ashkenazi and Sephardi halakha 3

136 16

137 מסכת פורים Masekhet Purim Crakow Eastern Europe YIDDISH 1640 Yiddish parody 2

138 17

139 דת יקותיאל Dat Yekuti el Zolkiew Eastern Europe LITERATURE 1696 Poetic account of the 613 Mitsvot 2

140 17

141 שערי אורה Sha are orah Cracow Eastern Europe KABBALAH 1600 Kabbalah; last edition of this work for over 100 years 2

142 17

143 לב טוב Lev Tov Cracow Eastern Europe ETHICS 1641 Ethical work printed in Yiddish 3

144 17

145 תולדות יעקב יוסף Toldot Ya akov Yosef Korets Eastern Europe HASSIDUT 1780 Primary work of teachings of Ba'al Shem Tov. First edition 3

146 18

147 צפנת פנח Tsafnat Pa neah Korets Eastern Europe HASSIDUT 1782 Written by student of the Ba al Shem Tov; works were burned by Mitnagdim 3

148 18

149 סדר התפלה Seder ha-tefila 'al derekh ha-sod Zolkiew Eastern Europe KABBALAH 1781 First complete Ashkenazi Siddur with Lurianic prayers. 2

150 18

151 כתר שם טוב Keter Shem Tov Zolkiew Eastern Europe HASSIDUT First anthology of the teachings of the Ba al Shem Tov 2

152 18

153 שבחי הבעש "ט Shivhe ha-besht Laszczow Eastern Europe HASSIDUT 1815 Hagiographic collection of stories about the Ba al Shem Tov 2

154 19

155 משנה ברורה Mishnah Berurah Warsaw Eastern Europe LAW 1884 "Modern" code of law, written as gloss on the Shulhan Arukh 1

156 19

157 דאס מעסער 'ל Dos meser l St. Petersberg Eastern Europe YIDDISH 1886 Early work of Sholem Aleichem, who would become world-famous for his Yiddish works 1

158 19

159 חטאת נעורים Hat ot Ne urim Vienna/Warsaw Eastern Europe PHILOSOPHY Maskilic literature 1

160 19

161 בחינת עולם Behinat 'Olam Mantua Italy WOMEN 1474 Arranged and printed by Estellina Conat, first book printed by a woman 5

162 15

163 משל הקדמוני Meshal ha-kadmoni Brescia Italy ART 1491 First Hebrew illustrated book. 4

164 15

165 תלמוד: ברכות Talmud Bavli: Masekhet Berakhot Soncino Italy TALMUD 1483 First Talmud with modern layout (Rashi + Tosafot) 4

166 15

167 ערוך Arukh Rome Italy BIBLIOGRAPHY Lexicon of Talmudic and Midrashic Terms; one of the very first Hebrew books ever printed 4

168 15

169 משנה תורה Mishneh Torah Venice Italy LAW 1551 Created a feud between two printers, involved pope, led to the burning of the Talmud in

170 16

171 תלמוד Talmud Bavli Venice Italy TALMUD 1523 First complete edition of the Babylonian Talmud 6

172 16

173 זוהר Zohar Mantua Italy KABBALAH 1558 First edition of the Zohar 3

174 16

175 ספר מנהגים Sefer Minhagim Venice Italy YIDDISH 1589 Illustrated book of Jewish customs. Written in Yiddish 3

176 16

177 ילקוט שמעוני Yalkut Shim oni Livorno Italy MIDRASH 1649 One of the first books printed at Livorno 2

178 17

179 שירים אשר לשלמה Shirim asher li-shelomoh Venice Italy MUSIC 1623 First polyphonic Hebrew printed music. Maybe first Hebrew printed music at all 3

180 17

181 יבין מצולה Yeven Metsulah Venice Italy HISTORY 1653 Detailed description of the horrors of the Chmielnicki massacres 2

182 17

183 בית יהודה Bet Yehudah Venice Italy BIBLIOGRAPHY Author writes about the attacks on printers by the Inquisition 1

184 17

185 Estos son los perakim Pirke Avot Venice Italy LADINO 1707 Includes Ladino in Roman characters 1

186 18

187 מעשה טוביה Ma'aseh Tuviyah Venice Italy MEDICINE 1707 Medical book including many illustrations 2

188 18

189 ספר הרשב "ש Sefer ha-rashbash Livorno Italy BIBLIOGRAPHY 1742 Haskamot detail printer's efforts to get permission to re-establish printing in Livorno 1

190 18

191 מנחת ש "י Minhat Shai Mantua Italy BIBLE A critical Masoretic commentary on the Bible, based on manuscripts and print editions 2

192 18

193 הגדה Trieste Hagadah Trieste Italy PRINT HISTORY 1864 Only early Hagadah to include lithography (58 original engravings) 2

194 19

195 ויכוח על חכמת הקבלה Viku ah al Hokhmat ha-kabbalah Gorizia Italy KABBALAH 1852 Samuel David Luzzatto s controversial work condemning Kabbalah 1

196 19

197 מבוא למחזורבני רומא Mavo le-mahzor bene Roma Livorno Italy LITURGY 1856 Historical/Critical introduction to the Mahzor 1

198 19

199 תולדות גדולי ישראל Toldot Gedole Yisrael Trieste Italy BIBLIOGRAPHY 1853 Mordekhai Ghirondi s extension of Graziadio Nepi s Zekher Zadikim; yielded an unprecedented biographical dictionary of important Jews 1

200 19

201 1492 Christopher Columbus uses Abraham Zakuto's tables for his travels 5

202 15

203 1444 Davin de Caderouse (a Jew) collaborates with Waldvogel on "ars scribendi artificialiter" (art of official writing) in Avignon 5

204 15

205 1487 First printer in Portugal was a Jew (Samuel Porteiro, Faro) 5

206 15

207 1492 Jews expelled from Spain CHANCE

208 15

209 1531 Beginning of the Inquisition in Portugal to identify crypto-jews 4

210 16

211 Merchant of Venice produced, portraying Shylock as a stereotypical Jew 4

212 16

213 1525 Negotiations of shtadlan Yosef Yoselman save Jews of Alsace during Peasants War 4

214 16

215 1550 Henry II gives letters patent to New Christians, allowing them to live in France CHANCE

216 16

217 1664 Charles II grants formal statement of toleration of Jews in England 1

218 17

219 1656 Menasseh ben Israel begins printing activity in England 1

220 17

221 1654 Portugal occupies Recife; Jews flee to New Amsterdam 1

222 17

223 1640 Bay Psalm Book includes Hebrew characters CHANCE

224 17

225 1776 American Revolution: New USA allows for citizenship regardless of religion 2

226 18

227 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man (France) implies equal rights to Jews 2

228 18

229 1791 National Assembly (France) grants equal rights to Jews of Alcase and Lorraine; completes French Jews emancipation 2

230 18

231 1753 Jewish Naturalization Act (England) is announced and repealed due to violent opposition CHANCE

232 18

233 1860 Alliance Israelite Universelle established in France 1

234 19

235 1824 First Reform congregation established in America in Charleston, SC 1

236 19

237 1827 Moses Montifiore begins his travels and philanthropy 1

238 19

239 1807 Napoleon convenes the Sanhedrin CHANCE

240 19

241 1440s Jewish financiers from Einheim loan money to Gutenberg for his press 3

242 15

243 1450 John Capistrano begins preaching against Jews, leading to persecutions and expulsions 3

244 15

245 1450 Samuel and Simon Soncino leave Furth for Italy, (they settled in Soncino in 1454) 3

246 15

247 1434 Council of Basel renews and increases legislation against the Jews (such as distinctive clothing) CHANCE

248 15

249 1512 First Hebrew press founded in Prague by Gershom Kohen 2

250 16

251 1510 Host desecration libel against Jews in Brandenburg 2

252 16

253 1595 Jews begin settling in Amsterdam 2

254 16

255 1543 Martin Luther prints "On the Jews and Their Lies," sparking anti-jewish hatred that would last for centuries CHANCE

256 16

257 1656 Spinoza is excommunicated in Amsterdam CHANCE

258 17

259 1657 Dutch Republic announces that Jews should be considered full citizens abroad and not be restricted 1

260 17

261 1691 Glikl of Hamlen begins writing her memoirs 1

262 17

263 1627 Menasseh ben Israel is the first Jew to print Hebrew in Amsterdam 1

264 17

265 Ha-me'asef printed in Germany (Hebrew literature and Haskalah) 5

266 18

267 1700s Jews active selling books at Frankfurt Book Fair 5

268 18

269 1783 Moses Mendelssohn publishes his Biur 5

270 18

271 1703 Oppenheim Library moves to Hanover, opens to visitors CHANCE

272 18

273 1897 First World Zionist Congress held in Basel, Switzerland 4

274 19

275 1867 Fran s Joseph I gives Jews in Hapsburg Empire equal rights 4

276 19

277 1810 Israel Jacobson introduces an organ into the synagogue 4

278 19

279 1851 Sampson Raphael Hirsch becomes rabbi in Frankfurt 4

280 19

281 1426 Ashenazi Jews, expelled from their lands, begin migrating to the Ottoman Empire 2

282 15

283 1492 Bayezid II, Sultan of Ottoman Empire, invites Spanish refugees to his lands 2

284 15

285 1481 Meshullam of Valterra travels to Palestine; writes detailed narrative of inhabitants 2

286 15

287 1493 Arba'ah Turim is the first book printed in the Ottoman Empire CHANCE

288 15

289 1553 Dona Gracia Mendes settles in Constantinople, where she will establish a huge network supporting conversos 1

290 16

291 1570 Isaac Luria leads the Kabbalists in Safed 1

292 16

293 1516 Ottomans conquer Palestine 1

294 16

295 1538 Re-introduction of formal Semikha by Yaakov Berav in Safed CHANCE

296 16

297 1620s Shene Luhot Haberit written in Jerusalem CHANCE

298 17

299 1661 Jews in Persia allowed to practice Judaism openly 5

300 17

301 1679 Jews of Yemen expelled to the province of Mawza; many would die en route 5

302 17

303 1666 Shabbetai Tsevi converts to Islam 5

304 17

305 1790 James Bruce publishes travelogue including details on the Falashas (Ethiopian Jews) 4

306 18

307 1702 Decree against Jews wearing same clothing as Muslims in Ottoman Empire (required to wear black) 4

308 18

309 1721 Ashkenazic Jews expelled from Jerusalem; synagogue of students of Yehuda ha-hasid destroyed (Hurva) 4

310 18

311 1730 Janissary massacres in Istanbul, Salonika, Izmir, and other cities kill many Jews CHANCE

312 18

313 1878 Petah Tikva established first new settlement in the modern era 3

314 19

315 1835 Hahkam Bashi (Chief Rabbi) given jurisdiction over all Jews in the Ottoman Empire 3

316 19

317 1840 Damascus Blood Libel 3

318 19

319 1842 Buena Esperanza, first weekly in Ladino, is published in Izmir CHANCE

320 19

321 1453 Casimir IV Jagello confirms the privileges of the Jews in the Kingdom of Poland 4

322 15

323 1495 Jews expelled from Lithuania due to a fear of "Judaizing" 4

324 15

325 1453 South Poland rises as a commercial center after fall of Constantinople, bringing Jews 4

326 15

327 1494 Jacob Pollack founds yeshiva in Cracow CHANCE

328 15

329 1580 Earliest record of the Va'ad Arba Aratsot 3

330 16

331 1530 First Hebrew book printed in Poland (Cracow, Torah) CHANCE

332 16

333 1559 First printing of Talmud in Poland (Lublin); Talmud printing moves east due to Church censorship 3

334 16

335 1537 Jews boycott Cracow press because owners convert to Christianity; king breaks the boycott 3

336 16

337 1648 Chmielnicki massacres; tens of thousands of Jews killed 2

338 17

339 1650 First record of hazzanut in Eastern Europe 2

340 17

341 Muscovite and Swedish invasions of Poland kill Jews as armies sweep through 2

342 17

343 1692 Establishment of Hebrew press in Zolkiew (Poland) CHANCE

344 17

345 1734 Ba'al Shem Tov begins teaching publicly 1

346 18

347 1772 Debate between Hassidim and Mitnagdim in Shklov 1

348 18

349 1759 Frankist debates and mass baptism 1

350 18

351 1764 Va'ad Arba Aratsot abolished by the Sejm CHANCE

352 18

353 1884 Publication of the Mishnah Berurah 5

354 19

355 1849 Rabbi Israel Salinger founds the Mussar movement in Kovno 5

356 19

357 1836 Rivalry over publication of the Talmud leads to closure of many presses in the Russian Empire 5

358 19

359 1885 Strashun Library bequeathed to Vilma Jewish community CHANCE

360 19

361 1487 The Agur is the first book printed in the life of its author and the first to include haskamot (Naples) 1

362 15

363 1475 The first dated Hebrew book (Rashi on the Torah) is produced in Reggio di Calabria 1

364 15

365 Hebrew books are printed for the first time ever, at Rome 1

366 15

367 1475 Simon of Trent blood libel; would be illustrated in the Nuremberg chronicle CHANCE

368 15

369 1565 Rama s Ashkenazi halakhic work printed as gloss to Sefaradi Shulhan 'Arukh; only possible because of print 5

370 16

371 1553 Pope orders the burning of the Talmud throughout Italy 5

372 16

373 1566 Pope authorizes printing of "nonoffensive" Hebrew books; beginning of censorship 5

374 16

375 1520 Daniel Bomberg begins printing the first complete edition of the Talmud in Venice CHANCE

376 16

377 1630 Mantua sacked by German troops; Jews expelled 4

378 17

379 1698 Roman community declared bankrupt 4

380 17

381 1612 Salamone [de Rossi] invited to play at the ducal court in Mirandola 4

382 17

383 1645 Yedidiah, son of Isaac ben Solomon Gabbay receives a privativa to print Jewish books in Livorno CHANCE

384 17

385 1767 First communal library established in Italy (at Mantua) 3

386 18

387 1782 Naftali Herz Wessely sends Divre shalom ve-emet to Italy in an attempt to spread his Maskilik ideals 3

388 18

389 1767 Napoleon announces emancipation of Italian Jews 3

390 18

391 1767 New regulations break the monopoly on Hebrew printing in Tuscany CHANCE

392 18

393 1852 First Jewish periodical in Italy: L Educatore Israelita 2

394 19

395 1870 End of Papal dominion in Rome completes Jewish emancipation in Italy 2

396 19

397 1848 Unification of Italy leads to emancipation of most Jews; demolition of the ghetto walls in Rome 2

398 19

399 1815 With Napolean s defeat, Jews sent back to ghettos CHANCE

400 19

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