The Manṣūrīyah Legacy : The Manṣūrī Amirs, Their Mamluks, and Their Descendants during al- Nāṣir Muḥammad s Third Reign and After

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1 Amir Mazor Hebrew University of Jerusalem The Manṣūrīyah Legacy : The Manṣūrī Amirs, Their Mamluks, and Their Descendants during al- Nāṣir Muḥammad s Third Reign and After The long third reign of al-nāṣir Muḥammad ibn Qalāwūn (709 41/ ) put an end to the turbulent Manṣūrīyah period ( / ), in which the mamluks of Sultan al-manṣūr Qalāwūn (678 89/ ) filled the highest positions of the sultanate. Several scholars have tried to find a rational explanation for al-nāṣir Muḥammad s unprecedented long reign. Robert Irwin and Peter M. Holt argue, based on the basic political model of David Ayalon, that al-nāṣir Muḥammad succeeded in the tough mission of eliminating his father s mamluks, the Manṣūrīyah, while advancing his own personal loyal mamluks, the Nāṣirīyah. 1 However, later studies, conducted by Reuven Amitai, Jo Van Steenbergen, and Winslow W. Clifford, indicate that the political-military elite that was fostered by al-nāṣir Muḥammad consisted of members of other khushdāshīyāt besides the Nāṣirīyah, as well as wāfidīyah (refugees from the Mongol Ilkhanate or Seljukid Anatolia) and awlād al-nās (sons of mamluks). 2 This heterogeneous composition of the military elite makes explaining the long duration of al-nāṣir Muḥammad s reign more difficult. Scholars hold different views with regard to al- Nāṣir Muḥammad s policy. Amalia Levanoni indicates that al-nāṣir Muḥammad lost his authority over his personal mamluks, so one cannot see the Nāṣirīyah mamluks as a more loyal factor than any other political faction. 3 Jo Van Steenber- This article is a revised version of part of a chapter from my Ph.D. dissertation, submitted to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in In a somewhat different form it appears in my book, The Rise and Fall of a Muslim Regiment: The Manṣūriyya in the First Mamluk Sultanate (Bonn, 2015). I would like to thank my colleague and friend Dr. Koby Yosef for the data concerning several mamluks and descendants of Manṣūrī amirs, discussed in this article. 1 Robert Irwin, The Middle East in the Middle Ages: The Early Mamluk Sultanate (London, 1986), 106; P. M. Holt, The Age of the Crusades: The Near East from the Eleventh Century to 1517 (London, 1986), Reuven Amitai, The Remaking of the Military Elite of Mamlūk Egypt by al-nāṣir Muḥammad b. Qalāwūn, Studia Islamica 72 (1990): ; Jo Van Steenbergen, Mamluk Elite on the Eve of al-nāṣir Muḥammad s Death (1341): A Look behind the Scenes of Mamluk Politics, Mamlūk Studies Review 11, no. 2 (2005): , esp. 194; W. W. Clifford, State Formation and the Structure of Politics in Mamluk Syro-Egypt, A.H./ C.E. (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Chicago, 1995), Amalia Levanoni, A Turning Point in Mamluk History: The Third Reign of al-nāṣir Muḥammad ibn Qalāwūn ( ) (Leiden, 1995),

2 2 Amir Mazor, The Manṣūrīyah Legacy gen, on the other hand, asserts that it was his [al-nāṣir Muḥammad s] solid, engaged, and independent position at the very top of the military hierarchy and of the government s administration that account for the continuous subordination of this elite. 4 Reuven Amitai suggests that al-nāṣir Muḥammad promoted the non-nāṣirite amirs in order to create a counter-balance to the power of his own mamluks. 5 Winslow Clifford argues that al-nāṣir Muḥammad s policy stemmed from the need to continue the constitutional order, the niẓām, in which resources were distributed in an orderly and agreed-upon way among the members of the Mamluk elite. 6 The policy of al-nāṣir Muḥammad might seem even more enigmatic, given the prominent position of the Manṣūrīyah, the mamluks of al-nāṣir Muḥammad s father, Sultan Qalāwūn, during al-nāṣir s third reign. Though the above-mentioned scholars pointed out in their studies that several Manṣūrī amirs gained honorable positions from al-nāṣir Muḥammad, the widespread assumption is that the Manṣūrīyah faction, which consisted mostly of opponents of al-nāṣir Muḥammad, was more or less eliminated by this sultan, and definitely lost its political power. 7 However, a thorough examination of the Manṣūrīyah s role during al-nāṣir Muḥammad s third reign might challenge this assumption. In what follows, I trace the careers of dozens of the Manṣūrīyah amirs, their mamluks, and descendants, after 709/1310, in order to evaluate more precisely the position of the Manṣūrīyah during al-nāṣir Muḥammad s third reign and after. First, I will describe the moves made by al-nāṣir Muḥammad against the Manṣūrīyah in his first years as an autonomous sultan. Then I will discuss the Manṣūrīyah amirs who were arrested or executed, and those who were not arrested at all. After that, I will discuss the mamluks and descendants of the Manṣūrīyah amirs, who became amirs in al-nāṣir Muḥammad s third reign and after. The findings of this prosopographical examination do not necessarily bring about a better understanding of al-nāṣir Muḥammad s policy or explain his successful continuous rule. However, I will add my own opinion on this disputed issue. 4 Van Steenbergen, Mamluk Elite, Amitai, Military Elite, Clifford, State Formation, On these studies and their incomplete findings with regard to the Manṣūrīyah s political position during al-nāṣir Muḥammad s third reign, see below.

3 MAMLŪK STUDIES REVIEW Vol. 18, Manṣūrī Amirs during al-nāṣir Muḥammad s Third Reign 1.1. The Manṣūrīyah Amirs Who Were Arrested or Executed The Moves Made by al-nāṣir Muḥammad against the Manṣūrīyah When al-nāṣir Muḥammad was crowned as sultan for the third time in 709/1310, the Manṣūrīyah amirs filled the highest positions in the political-military elite. About forty prominent Manṣūrī amirs had passed away by this time, as a result of internal conflicts among the mamluk amirs, military confrontations with external enemies like the Mongols or the Crusaders, or natural deaths. The senior amirs were in their sixties, whereas the youngest, those whom Qalāwūn purchased during his reign, were in their thirties or forties. After about twenty years in which al-nāṣir Muḥammad was forced to accept the Manṣūrīyah amirs de facto rule, and sometimes also de jure, he must have been angry with many of them and seen a significant risk to his rule in their current positions. The young sultan, hence, took gradual steps in order to reduce the power of these amirs. The first step against the Manṣūrīyah was taken on 16 Shawwāl 709/19 March 1310, only two weeks after al-nāṣir Muḥammad entered Cairo and was crowned as sultan. About twenty or thirty amirs who were the supporters of Baybars al- Jāshnakīr, the former sultan and the greatest enemy of al-nāṣir Muḥammad, were arrested. Ibn al-dawādārī mentions that all of them belonged to the Burjīyah, i.e., the fellows of Baybars al-jāshnakīr within the Manṣūrīyah corps. According to Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿasqalānī, however, the arrested amirs were those who were made amirs by Baybars al-jāshnakīr. 8 Examination of the identities of the twenty-two arrested amirs, as mentioned by al-maqrīzī, reveals that not all of them belonged to the Manṣūrīyah-Burjīyah. Most of the names are not mentioned in the sources before that, so there are only four who could be certainly classified as Burji amirs: Tākiz (or: Balabān) al-tughrīlī, Aybak al-baghdādī, Qijmās (Bashshāsh) al-jūkandār, and Balāṭ al-jūkandār. Another Manṣūrī amir mentioned among them is Mankubars or Baybars al-manṣūrī. Among the arrested amirs were supporters of Baybars al-jāshnakīr who did not belong to the Manṣūrīyah-Burjīyah, like Sārūjā and Jaraktamur ibn Bahādur raʾs nawbah. 9 Aybak al-baghdādī died in 8 Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-dawādārī, Kanz al-durar wa-jāmiʿ al-ghurar, ed. Hans R. Roemer (Freiburg and Cairo, 1960), 9:196; Aḥmad Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿasqalānī, Al-Durar al-kāminah fī Akhbār al-miʾah al-thāminah (Hyderabad, 1348), 1:534; al-maqrīzī, Kitāb al-sulūk li-maʿrifat al-duwal waal-mulūk, ed. Muṣṭafá Ziyādah and Saʿīd ʿAbd al-fattāḥ ʿĀshūr (Cairo, ), 2:76; Khalīl ibn Aybak al-ṣafadī, Aʿyān al-ʿaṣr wa-aʿwān al-naṣr, ed. ʿAlī Abū Zayd et al. (Beirut and Damascus, 1998), 5:92. 9 Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:76; Yūsuf Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm al-zāhirah fī Mulūk Miṣr wa-al-qāhirah, ed. Fahīm Muḥammad Shaltūt et al. (Cairo, ), 9:12 13; Shihāb al-dīn Aḥmad al-nuwayrī, Nihāyat al-arab fī Funūn al-adab, ed. Fahīm Muḥammad ʿAlawī Shaltūt (Cairo, ), 32:155. Tākiz or Balabān al-tughrīlī is mentioned in the sources in different variants, such as: Dabākuz, Tanākur, Tabākur, Batākuz, or Bākīr. However, this amir is to be identified with Balabān al-

4 4 Amir Mazor, The Manṣūrīyah Legacy prison in the Cairo citadel in 722/ It seems that Tākiz too died in prison, since he is not mentioned in the sources afterward. Three weeks later, al-nāṣir Muḥammad took measures to promote the Manṣūrī amirs who seemed to be more loyal to him at the expense of those Manṣūrī amirs who were among his opponents during his confrontation with Sultan Baybars al-jāshnakīr (708 9/ ). Among the former were the three governors of the Syrian districts of Aleppo, Ḥamāh, and Tripoli Qarāsunqur, Qibjaq, and Asandamur Kurjī whereas among the latter were the deposed sultan Baybars al-jāshnakīr, his close friend and governor of Damascus Aqūsh al-afram, and the former nāʾib al-salṭanah (vice-sultan), Salār. Qarāsunqur was appointed as the governor of Damascus while Aqūsh al-afram was exiled to the remote fortress of Ṣarkhad as its governor; Qibjaq was appointed as the governor of Aleppo, while Asandamur Kurjī took Qibjaq s position as the governor of Ḥamāh. Quṭlūbak al- Kabīr al-manṣūrī, another of al-nāṣir Muḥammad s opponents, was exiled from Cairo and appointed governor of Safad. Baktamur al-jūkandār, who joined the pro-nāṣirite Manṣūrīyah coalition headed by Qarāsunqur, arrived in Cairo from Safad and was appointed nāʾib al-salṭanah instead of Salār. Other Manṣūrī amirs, who are not mentioned as opponents of al-nāṣir Muḥammad, remained in their offices: Sunqur al-kamālī as ḥājib al-ḥujjāb in Egypt, Qarālājīn as amīr majlis and later as ustādār, Baybars al-manṣūrī as dawādār, and Balabān (or: Ṭurunṭāy) al-muḥammadī al-manṣūrī as amīr jāndār. 11 Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad turned now to deal with his greatest enemies among the Manṣūrīyah: Baybars al-jāshnakīr, Salār, and Aqūsh al-afram. From his place of refuge in Akhmīm, Upper Egypt, deserted by almost all of his allies and mamluks, Baybars asked amān from the sultan. Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad agreed and dispatched his Manṣūrī khushdāshs Baybars al-manṣūrī and Bahādur Āṣ to receive his allegiance to the new sultan and to escort him to the remote fortress of Ṣahyūn in northern Syria. However, shortly after that, al-nāṣir Muḥammad changed his mind and ordered al-jāshnakīr brought to Cairo immediately. For that purpose, al-nāṣir Muḥammad dispatched other Manṣūrī amirs, Bahādur al-ḥājj, Asandamur Kurjī, Qarāsunqur, and Baktamur al-jūkandār. Baybars al-jāshnakīr sur- Tughrīlī; see Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 8:168, n. 4. Similarly, Qijmās al-jūkandār, known as Bashāsh, is mentioned in different variants, such as Qijmāz, Qijmār, Qijqār, Qimār, Bijās, or Qiḥmāsh. See on Qijmās, Balāṭ, and Mankubars, below. 10 Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2: Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:75, 77; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9:11; Baybars al-dawādār al-manṣūrī, Kitāb al-tuḥfah al-mulūkīyah fī al-dawlah al-turkīyah, ed. ʿAbd al-ḥamīd Ṣāliḥ Ḥamdān (Cairo, 1987), ; al-nuwayrī, Nihāyah, 32: The same biographical data is mentioned both for Balabān and Ṭurunṭāy al-muḥammadī. It is probable, then, that the two names refer to the same amir; see Ibn Ḥajar, Durar, 1:494 95, 2:218; al-nuwayrī, Nihāyah, 32:162; al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:418, 675; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 10:115.

5 MAMLŪK STUDIES REVIEW Vol. 18, rendered himself to Qarāsunqur near Gaza, and the next day, when they arrived in the vicinity of Cairo, Qarāsunqur handed al-jāshnakīr to Asnadamur Kurjī, who brought him to Cairo. After al-nāṣir Muḥammad repeated to Baybars al- Jāshnakīr all the evils that the latter had done to him, Baybars al-jāshnakīr was executed, probably by strangling, on 15 Dhū al-qaʿdah 709/16 April At the same time, al-nāṣir Muḥammad arrested Baybars al-jāshnakīr s most loyal amirs, the most prominent members of the Burjīyah. In the end of 709/spring 1310, the Burjis Aydamur al-khaṭīrī and Baktūt al-fattāḥ were arrested. 13 Baktūt al-fattāḥ was executed in his prison in Alexandria not long after. 14 Another Burji amir who was arrested at the same time was Mughulṭāy al-baʿlī. 15 Qarāsunqur, the governor of Damascus, was ordered to arrest the Burji amirs Baybars al-ʿalamī and Nughāy al-jamdār al-manṣūrī. The two amirs were arrested in the Damascus citadel, and Nughāy died there in Jumādá II 710/October In the end of 709/ May 1310 al-nāṣir Muḥammad arrested also the prominent Burji amir and sonin-law of Baybars al-jāshnakīr, Burlughay al-ashrafī, together with other amirs related to him. This was after Bughlughay tried to murder al-nāṣir Muḥammad together with Aqūsh al-ashrafī and the Burjīyah. 17 Bughlughay was starved to death in Rajab 710/November A short time after that, al-nāṣir Muḥammad arrested three of the closest associates of Aqūsh al-afram, took their iqṭāʿāt, and imprisoned them in Alexandria. 18 In 710/1310 al-nāṣir Muḥammad also arrested the Burji Ṭashtamur al-jumaqdār and the Manṣūrī Balabān (or: Ṭurunṭāy) al-muḥammadī Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 8:80 81, ; al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:78 80; al-nuwayrī, Nihāyah, 32:156, 158. On the military capture of Baybars al-jāshnakīr by Qarāsunqur, see Ismāʿīl Ibn Kathīr, Al-Bidāyah wa-al-nihāyah fī al-tārīkh, ed. Maktab Taḥqīq al-turāth (Beirut, 1994), 14:45. It was also said that Baybars al-jāshnakīr was executed by drinking poison; see Khalīl ibn Aybak al-ṣafadī, Kitāb al-wāfī bi-al-wafayāt (Istanbul, Damascus, Wiesbaden, and Stuttgart, ), 10:350; idem, Aʿyān, 2:73 13 Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:77; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9: Ibn Ḥajar, Durar, 1: Al-Ṣafadī, Aʿyān, 5:125; Ibn Ḥajar, Durar, 4: Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:84; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9:14; al-nuwayrī, Nihāyah, 32:159. On the death of Nughāy, see al-ṣafadī, Aʿyān, 5:525; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9:217. Baybars al-ʿalamī was probably released a short time after his arrest, since he was arrested again in 712/1312; see below. 17 Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9:16 17, 216; al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2: Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:84; these three were Quṭlūbak al-ūshāqī, Alṭunqush (or: Alṭunfush) the ustādār of al-afram, and ʿAlī ibn Ṣabīḥ. Quṭlūbek was released only in 735/1334; see al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:378; Ibn al-dawādārī, Kanz, 9:393; on Alṭunqush see 2.1 below. 19 K. V. Zetterstéen, Beiträge zur Geschichte der Mamlūkensultane in den Jahren der Hiǵra, nach arabischen Handschriften (Leiden, 1919), 152; al-nuwayrī, Nihāyah, 32:162. On Balabān or

6 6 Amir Mazor, The Manṣūrīyah Legacy In the same year, al-nāṣir Muḥammad succeeded also in eliminating Salār. As sultan Baybars al-jāshnakīr s deputy, Salār changed his political tendencies immediately after Baybars al-jāshnakīr was forced to leave Cairo. Salār safeguarded the Cairo citadel, expressed his rejection of Baybars al-jāshnakīr, and demonstrated his support for al-nāṣir Muḥammad unambiguously. When al-nāṣir Muḥammad arrived in Cairo, Salār gave him precious gifts, including slaves, horses, and expensive fabrics. Still feeling unsecure in Cairo, Salār asked to be appointed governor of al-shūbak, and he made his way there in Shawwāl 709/March For a short time, al-nāṣir Muḥammad satisfied Salār, and made him amir of one hundred. 21 However, after the execution of Baybars al-jāshnakīr and the arrest of his associates, the sultan felt strong enough to arrest about twenty of Salār s close associates, mamluks, and brothers, as a preliminary to the arrest of Salār. 22 Then al-nāṣir Muḥammad dispatched his envoys to bring Salār to Cairo. At first, Muḥammad ibn Biktāsh al-fakhrī was sent, but Salār was cautious and refused to come to Cairo. Later, however, al-nāṣir Muḥammad used the more effective tactic in which Manṣūrī amirs caught their khushdāshs for him once more. The sultan dispatched Salār s close friends Sanjar al-jawlī al-manṣūrī and Baybars al-manṣūrī to al-shūbak. These two amirs succeeded in convincing their khushdāsh to travel to Cairo for consultation with the sultan. At the same time, the sultan ordered two other Manṣūrī amirs, Qarāsunqur and Asandamur Kurjī, who were the governors of Damascus and Ḥamāh, to block the roads from Syria to the Mongol Ilkhanate in order to prevent Salār s defection to these territories. Immediately after his arrival in Cairo, Salār was arrested in the citadel and was starved to death, while all his innumerable monies and properties, hidden in many places, were brought to the royal treasury. Salār died on 24 Rabīʿ II/19 September 1310 or about a month later, in 20 Jumādá I 710/14 October At approximately the same time, in Rabīʿ II 710/August 1310, another Manṣurī amir, Bahādur al-ḥājj, met his death. Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad feared his arrival in Ṭurunṭāy al-muḥammadī, see n. 11 above; al-nuwayrī, Nihāyah, 32:162; al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:418, 675; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 10: Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:75; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9:11; al-nuwayrī, Nihāyah, 32: Al-Nuwayrī, Nihāyah, 32: Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9:15; al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2: The Arabic sources mention six brothers of Salār: Mughulṭāy, Lājīn, Samūk (or: Samuk, Samūl), Ādam, Jubā, and Dāwūd. The last two arrived to the sultanate together with Salār s mother in 705/1305 as part of the Wāfīdīyah; see Baybars al-dawādār al-manṣūrī, Zubdat al-fikrah fī Tārīkh al-hijrah, ed. Donald S. Richards (Beirut, 1998), 385. Only three brothers are mentioned among Salār s associates who were arrested (Samuk, Jubā, and Dāwūd). The last two brothers were released in Rabīʿ II 715/July 1315; see al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2: Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9:16 18; al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:88; Baybars al-manṣūrī, Al-Tuḥfah,

7 MAMLŪK STUDIES REVIEW Vol. 18, Cairo, and appointed him governor of Tripoli. The tension between the two, however, continued to escalate until Bahādur s death, which was likely the result of being poisoned by envoys of the sultan. 24 In 710/1310 al-nāṣir Muḥammad managed to capture Asandamur Kurjī. Asandamur was the governor of Tripoli and one of the main supporters of al-nāṣir Muḥammad during his struggle with Baybars al-jāshnakīr. After his arrival in Cairo, al-nāṣir Muḥammad appointed Asandamur governor of Ḥamāh. However, a few months later the sultan ordered Asandamur to leave his office for the Ayyubid prince Abū al-fidāʾ. Asandamur refused, and after the death of Qibjaq, the governor of Aleppo, Asandamur took over this city. Asandamur was captured in Aleppo by many of his Manṣurī khushdāshs, and they took him to Cairo, where he was put in prison and died in Dhū al-qaʿdah 710/March Several other prominent Manṣūrī amirs were arrested at the end of 710 and the beginning of 711/1311, after an unsuccessful attempt to depose the sultan and to crown his nephew Mūsá ibn ʿAlī ibn Qalāwūn. The leaders of the conspirators were nāʾib al-salṭanah Baktamur al-jūkandār and Butkhāṣ al-manṣūrī. Al- Nāṣir Muḥammad captured not only these two Manṣūrī amirs, but also their khushdāshs and friends Kirāy, the governor of Damascus, Quṭlūbak, the governor of Safad, and Quṭlūqatmur, the governor of Gaza. 26 Butkhāṣ was executed in Dhū al-qaʿdah 711/March Baktamur al-jūkandār stayed in prison until he was executed in 716/ Kirāy also died in al-nāṣir Muḥammad s prison, but of natural causes, in 719/ Aḥmad ibn ʿAlī al-maqrīzī, Kitāb al-muqaffá al-kabīr, ed. Muḥammad al-yaʿlāwī (Beirut, 1991), 2:507; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9:24, 216; al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 90, Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9:23 24, 26 27; al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:89 91, 93; al-nuwayrī, Nihāyah, 32:167 68; al-maqrīzī, Al-Muqaffá, 2:188; Ibn al-dawādārī, Kanz, 9: On his death, see al- Ṣafadī, Aʿyān, 1:535, 679; Ibn Kathīr, Bidāyah, 14:52. However, al-maqrīzī mentions Asandmur Kurjī among the amirs who were executed by strangling in 716/1316 (Sulūk, 2:168). According to Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿasqalānī, Asandamur died in 721/1321 (Durar, 1:388). 26 Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:91 93, 104; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9:24 28, 30; Baybars al-manṣūrī, Al- Tuḥfah, Al-Ṣafadī, Aʿyān, 1:679; Ibn Ḥajar, Durar, 1: Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:168; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9:30; Ibn Ḥajar, Durar, 1:485. On the arrest of Quṭlūbak, see al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:105; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9:30; Baybars al-manṣūrī, Al-Tuḥfah, Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:199; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9:245; al-ṣafadī, Wāfī, 24:332 33; Ibn Ḥajar, Durar, 3:267; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Manhal al-ṣāfī wa-al-mustawfá baʿda al-wāfī, ed. Muḥammad Muḥammad Amīn and Saʿīd ʿĀshūr (Cairo, ), 9:123. Kirāy was jailed in very good conditions; see: al-ṣafadī, Aʿyān, 4:154; idem, Wāfī, 24:332. According to Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿasqalānī, Kirāy was released in 717/1317 but arrested again and held until his death in 719/1319 (Durar, 3:267).

8 8 Amir Mazor, The Manṣūrīyah Legacy At the end of 711/spring 1312, three prominent senior Manṣūrī amirs Qarāsunqur, Aqūsh al-afram, and his father-in-law Aydamur al-zaradkāsh defected to the Ilkhanid Mongols, after al-nāṣir Muḥammad made every possible effort to capture them. Despite the fact that Qarāsunqur had been the head of the pro-nāṣirite coalition during the conflict between al-nāṣir Muḥammad and sultan Baybars al-jāshnakīr, the new sultan was intimidated by Qarāsunqur. Qarāsunqur, who had sharp political instincts, escaped dangers time and again. Unlike Salār who was tempted to go to Cairo, or Asandamur Kurjī who was not suspicious enough, Qarāsunqur, who served now as the governor of Damascus, requested that the sultan appoint him governor of Aleppo. This request was not only in order to move even farther from Cairo, but also to feel more secure in the company of his loyal associates that he had managed to acquire during his long period as governor of this district. The sultan agreed to that and appointed him governor of Aleppo at the end of 710 or the beginning of 711/May However, al-nāṣir Muḥammad dispatched his loyal mamluk Arghūn al-dawādār ostensibly to escort Qarāsunqur to Aleppo, but he actually ordered Arghūn to capture him. 31 Qarāsunqur managed to avoid capture again, but felt totally unsecure in Aleppo. In Shawwāl 711/February 1312, while Qarāsunqur made his way to Mecca for the hajj, he managed to escape once more from another capture attempt by al- Nāṣir Muḥammad, and received asylum from the Syrian Bedouin chieftain ʿĪsá ibn Muhannā. 32 Qarāsunqur now contacted Aqūsh al-afram so that the latter would join him in defecting to the Mongols. Aqūsh, who was appointed governor of Tripoli after the death of Bahādur al-ḥājj, realized that if he did not act in time his end would be like that of most of the other Manṣūrī amirs who lead the anti-nāṣirite coalition, such as his close friend Baybars al-jāshnakīr and Salār. Hence, Aqūsh al-afram together with his father-in-law Aydamur al-zaradkāsh fled to ʿĪsá ibn Muhanná, too, and joined Qarāsunqur on his way to the Mongols. The Manṣūrī amirs received a warm and honorable welcome from Ilkhan Öljeitü, who according to the Mamluk sources gave Qarāsunqur the district of al-marāghah in Azerbaijan as an iqṭāʿ, Hamadhān district to Aqūsh al-afram, and Nahāwand to Aydamur al-zaradkāsh. 33 Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad continued with his attempts to 30 Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9:27; al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:93; al-ṣafadī, Aʿyān, 4:94; idem, Wāfī, 24: Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2: Ibid, 2:108 9; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9:30 31; al-ṣafadī, Aʿyān, 4:94; idem, Wāfī, 24:218; Baybars al-manṣūrī, Al-Tuḥfah, 235; Ibn al-dawādārī, Kanz, 9: On Qarāsunqur and Aqūsh al-afram, see al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:110, 115; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al- Nujūm, 9:31 33; al-nuwayrī, Nihāyah, 32:185. On Aydamur al-zaradkāsh, see al-ṣafadī, Aʿyān, 4:95. On the warm welcome and the high position they received from the Ilkhan, see Ibn al-

9 MAMLŪK STUDIES REVIEW Vol. 18, murder Qarāsunqur and Aqūsh al-afram. He dispatched assassins to the Ilkhanid territories who failed in their mission again and again, and the two Manṣūrī amirs died of old age in the Ilkhanid territories. 34 The defection of Qarāsunqur and Aqūsh al-afram caused al-nāṣir Muḥammad to start an unprecedented wave of arrests: no less than fifteen high-ranking Manṣūrī amirs were captured in Rabīʿ II 712/August 1312, due to the sultan s suspecting them of collaboration with the defectors. These Manṣūrī amirs were: Aqūsh al-ashrafī, Baybars al-manṣūrī, Sunqur al-kamālī, Lājīn al-jāshnakīr (Zīrbāj), Baynajār al-manṣūrī, al-dukuz al-ashrafī, Mughulṭāy al-masʿūdī, Baybars al-ʿalamī, Baybars al-majnūn, Sanjar al-barwānī, Ṭūghān al-manṣūrī, Baybars al-tājī, Baybars al-ʿalāʾī, Baktūt al-qarmānī, and Kashlī. 35 These captured amirs were imprisoned in several jails, mainly in Cairo, Kerak, and Alexandria. Six of them died in prison: Baybars al-ʿalāʾī, Baybars al-tājī, Baynajār al-manṣūrī, Sunqur al-kamālī, al-dukuz al-silaḥdār al-ashrafī, and Baybars al-majnūn. 36 Dawādārī, Kanz, 9:230, 233, On the protection they received from the Bedouin chieftain before their defection, see Joseph Drory, The Role of Banū Faḍl in Fourteenth Century Northern Syria, in Egypt and Syria in the Fatimid, Ayyubid and Mamluk Eras V, Proceedings of the 11th, 12th and 13th International Colloquium, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, May 2002, 2003, and 2004, ed. Urbain Vermeulen and Kristof D Hulster (Leuven, 2007), Qarāsunqur died, according to most of the sources, in al-marāghah in 728/1328; see al-ṣafadī, Aʿyān, 4:89; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Manhal, 9:48; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9:273 74; al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:305. Al-Maqrīzī and Ibn Taghrībirdī, however, mention Qarāsunqur also among the people who died in 741/ ; see al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:554; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9:326. According to these sources, Qarāsunqur captured and killed no less than one hundred twenty-four assassins sent by al-nāṣir Muḥammad; see al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:143, 207, ; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9:273 74; idem, Al-Manhal, 9:48; al-ṣafadī, Wāfī, 24:220; Ibn Kathīr, Bidāyah, 14:59. The data concerning Aqūsh al-afram is also confusing, since he too died far away from the territories of the sultanate. Al-Ṣafadī mentions that Aqūsh had a stroke in 714/1314 and lived like that until his death after the year 720/1320 (Aʿyān, 1:571, 569; Wāfī, 9:334). According to Ibn Ḥajar al- ʿAsqalānī, Aqūsh had a stroke after 720/1320 (Durar, 1:398). Ibn Taghrībirdī mentions that Aqūsh died as a result of his stroke, in 720/1320 or 716/ (Al-Manhal, 3:13). According to al-ṣuqāʿī, the news of Aqūsh s death reached the sultanate in 717/1317; see Faḍl Allāh al-ṣuqāʿī, Tālī Kitāb Wafāyāt al-aʿyān, ed. and tr. Jacqueline Sublet (Damascus, 1974), 180. Al-Maqrīzī mentions that Aqūsh died in Muḥarram 716/April 1316 in Hamadān (Sulūk, 2:167) and that his stroke and death were in 714/ (Al-Muqaffá, 2:236, 245); Ibn Taghrībirdī mentions too that Aqūsh died in this year, but in al-marāghah (Al-Nujūm, 9:237). 35 Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9:33 34; al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:117 19; al-nuwayrī, Nihāyah, 32:196 97; al-ṣafadī, Aʿyān, 2:77 78; Ibn al-dawādārī, Kanz, 9: Baybars al-ʿalāʾī, who served as governor of Homs, died in Kerak in 712/1312; see Ibn Ḥajar, Durar, 1:509. Baynajār died in 716/1316; see Ibn Ḥajar, Durar, 1:471; al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:168. Sunqur al- Kamālī and al-dukuz al-ashrafī died in the Cairo citadel in 718/1318; see al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:189. Baybars al-majnūn died in 715/1315, 716/1316, or after 718/1318. Al-Maqrīzī mentions Baybars al-majnūn among the amirs who were executed by strangling by order of al-nāṣir Muḥammad

10 10 Amir Mazor, The Manṣūrīyah Legacy The year 712/1312, therefore, may be considered as the watershed after which the Manṣūrīyah s power was significantly weakened. 37 Six to nine Manṣūrī amirs were arrested after 712/1312 and it seems that this was due to minor political disagreements, especially with the governor of Syria, Tankiz. In Ramaḍān 713/December 1313 al-nāṣir Muḥammad imprisoned Aybak al-rūmī due to a disagreement between the latter and Aydughdī Shuqayr, al-nāṣir Muḥammad s confidant. Aybak is not mentioned in the sources anymore, so it is probable that he died in prison. 38 In 714/1314 Balabān al-shamsī was arrested because of his misconduct as the amīr al-ḥajj. 39 In the same year the governor of Safad, Balabān Ṭurnā, was arrested, after demonstrating his dissatisfaction with the fact that the sultan had empowered Tankiz as the supreme governor of all the districts of Syria. 40 In 715/ al-nāṣir Muḥammad arrested two other high-ranking Manṣūrī amirs, Bahādur Āṣ and Tamur al-sāqī, the governor of Tripoli. The first was arrested due to a disagreement with Tankiz. 41 In 720/1320 Sanjar al-jawlī, the governor of Gaza, was arrested too, also as a result of a disagreement with Tankiz. 42 In Ramaḍān 722/September 1322 Baktamur al-abū Bakrī was arrested after refusing to leave Cairo for Safad. He died in prison in Shaʿbān 728/June Three other Manṣūrī amirs were arrested by al-nāṣir Muḥammad during his third reign: Ṭughjī al-manṣūrī, who was one of the prominent Burji amirs, died in 716/1316 (Sulūk, 2:168). However, the same historian mentions shortly after that this amir was among the amirs whose prison conditions in the citadel tower were worsened; see al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:183. According to al-ṣafadī, Baybars al-majnūn died in Rabīʿ I 715/June 1315 (Aʿyān, 2:76). Baybars al-tājī probably died in his prison too, since he is not mentioned in the sources anymore. All the other amirs who were captured were released after shorter or longer jail periods, as I discuss in below. 37 See also the opinion of Reuven Amitai, Military Elite, 156, Aybak al-rūmī was captured together with his close friend (khushdāsh) from the Burjīyah, Baybars al-aḥmadī. However, the latter was released immediately and continued to serve as a high-ranking amir until his death from old age in 746/ ; see Zetterstéen, Beiträge, 160; al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:128; David Ayalon, Baḥrī Mamlūks, Burjī Mamlūks Inadequate Names for the Two Reigns of the Mamlūk Sultanate, Tārīḫ 1 (1990): 38. See section 1.2 below for more on Baybars al-aḥmadī s career. 39 Al-Nuwayrī, Nihāyah, 32:212; al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2: Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:137. Balabān Ṭurnā was appointed as governor of Safad in Jumādá I 712/ September 1312; see Zetterstéen, Beiträge, 149; al-nuwayrī, Nihāyah, 32:199. He is not mentioned explicitly as Manṣūrī, but he is mentioned together with other Manṣūrī amirs; see al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2: Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:144; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9:41; al-ṣafadī, Aʿyān, 2:107 8; Ibn Ḥajar, Durar, 1:497. On Bahādur s disagreement with Tankiz, see Ibn Kathīr, Bidāyah, 14: Al-Ṣafadī, Aʿyān, 2:469; idem, Wāfī, 15: Al-Ṣafadī, Aʿyān, 1:701 2; al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:238.

11 MAMLŪK STUDIES REVIEW Vol. 18, in prison in 738/ ; 44 Balabān al-ʿanqāwī al-zarrāq al-manṣūrī, who died in 732/1332 after his release from prison, when he was over seventy; 45 and Aydamur al-yūnusī, who was released in 735/ To sum up: forty-six prominent Manṣūrī amirs were arrested during al-nāṣir Muḥammad s third reign, about forty of them during the first three years of his rule. However, during these three years, only eighteen amirs were executed after their arrest or died in jail. Among the nine amirs who were arrested between 712/1312 and 722/1322, only three died in al-nāṣir Muḥammad s prison. Three other amirs were forced to escape to the Ilkhanid Mongols. Thus, we may conclude that out of the forty-six amirs who were arrested, twenty-two amirs were executed or died in prison. The other twenty-four amirs were released after being imprisoned (discussed below). Three other amirs defected to the Ilkhanid Mongols The Amirs Who Were Arrested The jail periods of the twenty-four prominent Manṣūrī amirs who were arrested during al-nāṣir Muḥammad s third reign stretched from a few months to twentysix years. In what follows, I briefly discuss the jail periods and careers of these Manṣūrī amirs, in addition to their attitude toward al-nāṣir Muḥammad. 1. Ṭashtamur al-jumaqdār (Burji) was imprisoned in Rabīʿ I 710/August 1310 but released together with other Burji amirs already in 711/ Ṭashtamur is not mentioned in the sources after his release, so it is reasonable to assume that he continued as an amir like Aydamur al-khaṭīrī, who was released together with him (see below). 2. Baktūt al-qarmānī (Burji) was arrested for the first time in Rabīʿ II 712/ August 1312, as mentioned above, but probably stayed in jail for a short period since already at the beginning of 713/May 1313 he was dispatched to al-raḥbah as governor, after serving as shādd al-dawāwīn in Damascus. 48 Baktūt was arrested again in 726/1326 as a result of a disagreement with Tankiz, and was released in 734/ Until his second arrest he held several important offices, like kāshif al-qilāʿ al-shāmīyah (supervisor of the for- 44 Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9:317; al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2: Al-Ṣafadī, Aʿyān, 2:49 50; Ibn Ḥajar, Durar, 1:494. See section below. 46 Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:387; Ibn al-dawādārī, Kanz, 9:393. See section below. 47 Zetterstéen, Beiträge, 152; Ibn al-dawādārī, Kanz, 9: Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2: Mūsá ibn Muḥammad ibn Yaḥyá al-yūsufī, Nuzhat al-nāẓir fī Sīrat al-malik al-nāṣir, ed. Aḥmad Ḥuṭayṭ (Beirut, 1986), 191; al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:272, 371.

12 12 Amir Mazor, The Manṣūrīyah Legacy tresses in Syria), shādd al-dawāwīn and ustādār in Damascus, governor of Homs, amir in Damascus, and shādd in Tripoli. After his release in 734/1333, Baktūt again became amīr ṭablkhānah in Damascus, probably until his death as a result of the epidemic of 749/ Baktūt al-qarmānī served in all these positions despite being one of the associates of Baybars al-jāshnakīr. Baktūt received an amirate at the beginning of the joint rule of Baybars al- Jāshnakīr and Salār, and during the conflict between Baybars al-jāshnakīr and al-nāṣir Muḥammad he was sent by the former to capture Nughāy al- Jamdār, who started the wave of defection to al-nāṣir Muḥammad s side Aydamur al-khaṭīrī (Burji) was arrested during the wave of arrests in Shawwāl 709/March However, he was released less than two years later and became one of the most prominent amirs in the Mamluk Sultanate. He was the amir of one hundred twenty mamluks, and one of the consultant (mashūrah) amirs of the sultan. 52 In 715/1315 Aydamur was among the amirs who took part in al-nāṣir Muḥammad s rawk reform. 53 In 732/1332 he was amīr al-ḥajj and he died five years later in 737/ Aydamur al- Khaṭīrī was one of the main supporters of Baybars al-jāshnakīr and only in the last stages of the conflict was he forced to move to the side of al-nāṣir Muḥammad Bahādur Āṣ was the governor of Safad and in 712/1312 became amir in Damascus. 56 He was imprisoned in 715/1315, as mentioned above, as a result of a disagreement with Tankiz. However, he was released two years later, and immediately was made amīr ṭablkhānah in Damascus by the sultan. 57 Later he became amir of one hundred until his natural death in Damascus in 50 Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:87, 105, 183, 192, 793; al-nuwayrī, Nihāyah, 32:182; al-ṣafadī, Aʿyān, 1:717, 3:720; Ibn Ḥajar, Durar, 1:489 90; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 10:237; Ayalon, Baḥrī Mamlūks, Burjī Mamlūks, Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 1:873; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 8: Al-Ṣafadī, Aʿyān, 1:660; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Manhal, 3:181; idem, Al-Nujūm, 9:312. On the mashūrah amirs, see Holt, The Structure of Government in the Mamluk Sultanate, in The Eastern Mediterranean Lands in the Period of the Crusades, ed. P. M. Holt (Warminster, 1977), 44 61; Van Steenbergen, Mamluk Elite, 187, n Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2: Ibid, 2:351, 426; Ibn al-dawādārī, Kanz, 9:366; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9:312; Ayalon, Baḥrī Mamlūks, Burjī Mamlūks, 38; Clifford, State Formation, Clifford mentions that Aydamur was governor of Damascus in 712/1312, but I did not find this in the sources. 55 Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:78, Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 8: Al-Nuwayrī, Nihāyah, 32: Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:172, Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9:41.

13 MAMLŪK STUDIES REVIEW Vol. 18, / According to Ibn Kathīr, Aydamur was raʾs maymanat al-shām and one of the most senior amirs in Damascus. 59 Bahādur Āṣ is usually mentioned as one of the supporters of al-nāṣir Muḥammad. When Baybars al-jāshnakīr was crowned sultan, Bahādur refused, at first, to swear allegiance to him. 60 Later he assisted al-nāṣir Muḥammad to enlarge his circle of supporters by secretly swearing the amirs to the latter. 61 Bahādur Āṣ, together with Baybars al-manṣūrī, suggested to Baybars al-jāshnakīr that he leave Cairo and renounce his rule as sultan for al-nāṣir Muḥammad. 62 Later, these two Manṣūrī amirs captured Baybars al-jāshnakīr for al-nāṣir Muḥammad Aqūsh al-manṣūrī was imprisoned by al-nāṣir Muḥammad for three years, / , and after his release he was made an amir. In 719/1319 al- Nāṣir Muḥammad made him amīr ṭablkhānah and he was dispatched together with other amirs to defeat the Bedouins in ʿAydhāb. 64 In 724/1324 he was sent out, probably from Cairo, to serve as amir in Damascus or Aleppo. He died three years later. 65 Aqūsh was in prison during the conflict with Baybars al-jāshnakīr, probably because of his involvement in the murder of Sanjar al-shujāʿī in 693/ Aqūsh al-ashrafī was in prison from Rabīʿ II 712/August 1312 until Rajab 715/October Before his arrest and after, he gained a high and honorable position in the sultanate. He is mentioned as the only amir for whom al-nāṣir Muḥammad stood up out of respect. 68 From Jumādá II 711/October 58 Al-Ṣafadī, Aʿyān, 2:56; al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2: Ibn Kathīr, Bidāyah, 14: Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 8: Al-Ṣafadī, Wāfī, 10:297; idem, Aʿyān, 2:56 57; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 8: Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 2:270; al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2: See n. 12 above. 64 Zetterstéen, Beiträge, Ibn Ḥajar, Durar, 1:400; Zetterstéen, Beiträge, 174; al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:257; idem, Al-Muqaffá, 2: Aqūsh al-manṣūrī is probably to be identified with the amir of the same name who (or whose mamluks) murdered al-shujāʿī; see Muḥammad ibn ʿAbd al-raḥīm Ibn al-furāt, Tārīkh al-duwal wa-al-mulūk, ed. Qusṭanṭīn Zurayq (Beirut, 1942), 8:182; al-nuwayrī, Nihāyah, 31:276; Baybars al- Manṣūrī, Zubdah, 302; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 8:46; al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2: Al-Ṣafadī, Aʿyān, 1:578; Ibn Ḥajar, Durar, 1: Ibn al-dawādārī, Kanz, 9:378; al-ṣafadī, Wāfī, 9:336; idem, Aʿyān, 1:578; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Manhal, 3:27.

14 14 Amir Mazor, The Manṣūrīyah Legacy 1311 until his arrest he was governor of Damascus. 69 Right after his release he was made an amir of one hundred twenty. 70 In 721/1321 he was the commander of the Mamluk force that defeated the Armenians in Ayas. 71 He is mentioned as a commander also in the following year. 72 In 723/1323 he was appointed as the manager of the hospital (bīmāristān) in Cairo. 73 In 727/1327 he was the amīr al-ḥajj of Egypt. 74 In Muḥarram 734/September 1333, however, he was exiled from Cairo and appointed governor of Tripoli. 75 Aqūsh al- Ashrafī was arrested in Jumādá II 735/January 1335 and died in prison less than a year later, in Jumādá I 736/December He was not executed but died as the result of an accident. 77 Aqūsh was one of the most loyal amirs (khawāṣṣ) of Baybars al-jāshnakīr. When al-nāṣir Muḥammad arrived in Kerak in 708/1309 he expelled Aqūsh since he tried to restrict the property of the former. 78 Baybars al-jāshnakīr relied on Aqūsh al-ashrafī during his conflict with al-nāṣir Muḥammad, and it was only in the last stage, when al- Jāshnakīr s defeat was clear, that Aqūsh al-ashrafī was forced to leave him and to join the supporters of al-nāṣir Muḥammad. 79 Later, when al-nāṣir Muḥammad made his way to Cairo as the new sultan, Aqūsh, together with Burji amirs, planned to murder him. 80 However, Aqūsh al-ashrafī is also mentioned as the one who fulfilled all the orders of al-nāṣir Muḥammad already when the latter was exiled to Kerak in 697/ Baybars al-manṣūrī was arrested and held in Alexandria for five years, from Rabīʿ II 712/August 1312 to Jumādá I 717/July After his release he gained a high position in the sultanate until his death in Ramaḍān 725/August Baybars al-manṣūrī became amir of one hundred and raʾs al-maysarah. 82 Be- 69 Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9:30; al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:105; al-ṣafadī, Aʿyān, 9: Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:144, 159; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9:232; al-ṣafadī, Aʿyān, 9: Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2: Ibid., 2: Ibid., 2: Ibid., 2: Ibid., 2:371; Ibn al-dawādārī, Kanz, 9: Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:405; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9: Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Manhal, 3:30; al-ṣafadī, Aʿyān, 1: Al-Nuwayrī, Nihāyah, 32:139; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Manhal, 3: Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 8:264, 9:4; al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2: Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2: Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 1:832 33; Baybars al-manṣūrī, Zubdah, 314; al-nuwayrī, Nihāyah, 31: Ibn Ḥajar, Durar, 1:509 10; al-nuwayrī, Nihāyah, 32:252; al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:172.

15 MAMLŪK STUDIES REVIEW Vol. 18, fore his arrest he served as dawādār and as nāʾib al-salṭanah for about a year. 83 Baybars al-manṣūrī tried to stay away from political conflicts. At the beginning of the conflict between Baybars al-jāshnakīr and al-nāṣir Muḥammad, it seems he was neutral. Later he inclined to al-nāṣir Muḥammad s side, when the latter s power was strengthened. When it became clear that Baybars al-jāshnakīr was going to lose, Baybars al-manṣūrī advised the sultan to abdicate in favor of al-nāṣir Muḥammad. Afterward, as mentioned above, Baybars al-manṣūrī captured Baybars al-jāshnakīr, Salār, and others, on the orders of al-nāṣir Muḥammad. 8. Qijmās (Bashshāsh) 84 al-jūkandār (Burji) was among the amirs who were captured right after al-nāṣir Muḥammad s arrival in Cairo, in Shawwāl 709/ March He was released five and a half years later, in Rabīʿ II 715/July 1315, and made amīr ṭablkhānah. 85 In 734/1334 he was appointed governor of Homs and died in the same year. 86 Qijmās was one of the greatest supporters and associates of Baybars al-jāshnakīr and was loyal to him until the last stages of his conflict with al-nāṣir Muḥammad Mankubars (or Baybars) al-manṣūrī was arrested together with Qijmās and other confidants of Baybars al-jāshnakīr. It is not mentioned when he was released, but he died in 718/1318, probably as the governor of ʿAjlūn. He is mentioned as one of the veteran Manṣūrī amirs who gained a high position in the sultanate Ṭūghān al-manṣūrī was arrested in the big wave of arrests in Rabīʿ II 712/August He was released in Ṣafar 720/March Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad made him amir of ten and sent him to Safad, where he held the office of nāʾib al-qalʿah until his death in 724/1324. Before his arrest he was shādd aldawāwīn and ustādār in Damascus Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:103; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9:30. For Baybars self-testimony, see Baybars al-manṣūrī, Al-Tuḥfah, See n. 9 above. 85 Al-Nuwayrī, Nihāyah, 32:222; al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:144; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9: Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:371, 377; Ayalon, Baḥrī Mamlūks, Burjī Mamlūks, Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 8:261, 271; al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:64, Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9:243; al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 76, 189. Al-Maqrīzī mentions this amir as Baybars, whereas Ibn Taghrībirdī refers to him as Mankubars. 89 Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:202; al-ṣafadī, Aʿyān, 2: Al-Ṣuqāʿī, Tālī, 193; al-ṣafadī, Aʿyān, 2:623; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9:27; al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:94, 100. According to Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿasqalānī, Ṭūghān stayed in his prison in Kerak until his

16 16 Amir Mazor, The Manṣūrīyah Legacy 11. Sanjar al-barwānī was arrested and held, according to most of the sources, from Rabīʿ II 712/August 1312 to Ṣafar 720/March 1320, like Ṭūghān al- Manṣūrī. 91 According to Ibn Ḥajar al-ʿasqalānī, however, he was released only in 727/1327 and appointed as amīr ṭablkhānah in Cairo until his death in 731/ Sanjar al-jāwlī was arrested only in 720/1320 as a result of a disagreement with Tankiz, the governor of Damascus. 93 In 726/1326 he was transferred to prison in Alexandria and a year later to a more comfortable imprisonment in one of the towers of the Cairo citadel. 94 In Dhū al-ḥijjah 728/September 1328 he was released after eight years and three months. 95 Al-Nāṣir Muḥammad appointed him government of Gaza from Jumādá I 711/October 1311 until his arrest nine years later. The sultan added several other places in Palestine under his supervision and gave him a vast iqṭāʿ. 96 In 713/1313 he was sent to Syria to assist the sultan in his rawk reform. 97 Four years later al-jāwlī is mentioned as a commander of a Mamluk force that besieged a Bedouin force near Jerusalem. 98 After his release at the end of 728/1328 he gained an even higher position than he had before his arrest. At the beginning he was amīr ṭablkhānah, but soon he became amir of one hundred and one of the consultant amirs (mashūrah) of the sultan. 99 In 732/1332 he was among the amirs who performed the hajj pilgrimage with the sultan. According to al-maqrīzī, he was then an amīr ṭablkhānah. Ibn al-dawādārī, however, mentions him among the amirs of one hundred. 100 During this decade Sanjar al-jāwlī was appointed as the nāẓir of the Māristān hospital in Cairo. 101 In 741/1341, the year of al-nāṣir Muḥammad s death, Sanjar is still death after 720/1320 (Durar, 2:228). Ṭūghān was arrested for a very short time before 712/1312; see Baybars al-manṣūrī, Al-Tuḥfah, ; Ibn Ḥajar, Durar, 2: Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:202; al-nuwayrī, Nihāyah, 32:318; Zetterstéen, Beiträge, Ibn Ḥajar, Durar, 2:173; al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2: See n. 42 above. 94 Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:274, Ibid, 2:209, 299, 304; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9:90; Ibn Kathīr, Bidāyah, 14: Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:101; Baybars al-manṣūrī, Al-Tuḥfah, 227. Al-Ṣafadī mentions that Sanjar al- Jāwlī was also the governor of Jerusalem, Hebron, Nablus, Qaqun, Lod, and Ramla (Wāfī, 15:483). 97 Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:127; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9: Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2: Al-Ṣafadī, Aʿyān, 2:469; idem, Wāfī, 15:483; al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2: Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:352; Ibn al-dawādārī, Kanz, 9: Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:420.

17 MAMLŪK STUDIES REVIEW Vol. 18, mentioned as one of the senior mashūrah amirs. 102 He continued his career after al-nāṣir Muḥammad s death. In 743/1343 he was appointed governor of Homs for three months, later as the governor of Gaza for a similar period, and then he returned to his senior amirate in Cairo. 103 Sanjar al-jāwlī held other offices until he was murdered in Ramaḍān 745/January Sanjar al-jāwlī s political inclinations are puzzling. On the one hand, Sanjar is mentioned as a close associate of al-nāṣir Muḥammad. He served as al-nāṣir Muḥammad s ustādār during his second reign and took care of all his interests. 105 As described above, al-nāṣir Muḥammad also sent Sanjar to persuade Salār to come to Cairo, where he was executed. He even brought Salār s extensive property from his house to the sultan s treasury. 106 On the other hand, there are several testimonies that Sanjar al-jāwlī was an opponent of al-nāṣir Muḥammad. First, Sanjar was Salār s closest friend and he served Salār s mamluks, Kitbughā and Butkhāṣ. Second, Aqūsh al-afram, the governor of Damascus, had used Sanjar to prevent al-nāṣir Muḥammad from entering Damascus. And finally, Sanjar only joined al- Nāṣir Muḥammad s coalition at a late stage, after Aqūsh al-afram had escaped from Damascus. 107 It seems, therefore, that Sanjar al-jāwlī was an associate of both al-nāṣir Muḥammad and Salār, he maneuvered between the two, and in the end he sided with al-nāṣir Muḥammad in order to protect his life and position. Sanjar, however, is mentioned as the one who washed the dead bodies of both al-nāṣir Muḥammad and Salār Aydamur al-yūnusī (Burji) was arrested and held for a long period that probably exceeded eight years, though it is not mentioned when he was imprisoned. In 727/1327 he was transferred with other amirs from Alexandria to Cairo, where he was imprisoned in al-jubb (the pit) jail. 109 Aydamur was released in Rajab 735/March 1335 together with other amirs and was made amir in Tripoli. 110 His death year is not mentioned. Aydamur was a 102 Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9: Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:620; al-ṣafadī, Aʿyān, 2:469; idem, Wāfī, 15: Al-Ṣafadī, Aʿyān, 2:468; al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2: Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Manhal, 6:75; al-ṣafadī, Wāfī, 15:472; idem, Aʿyān, 2: Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9: Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 8:261, 265. About Sanjar al-jāwlī s service to Kitbughā and his mamluk, see al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2: Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9:18 19; Ibn Ḥajar, Durar, 2: Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2: Ibid., 2:387; Ibn al-dawādārī, Kanz, 9:393.

18 18 Amir Mazor, The Manṣūrīyah Legacy supporter of Baybars al-jāshnakīr and was one of his associates from the Burjīyah Mughulṭāy al-baʿlī (Burji) was arrested and held for about ten years, from 709/1310 to 720/1320. His death year is not mentioned. He was a confidant of Baybars al-jāshnakīr. When the latter became sultan, he sent Mughulṭāy to Kerak in order to take the property that al-nāṣir Muḥammad took with him Balabān al-shamsī was arrested only in 714/1314. He was released in 725/ and served as amir in Damascus and Aleppo until his death in 745/ Balabān Ṭurnā was also arrested in 714/1314, as a result of a dispute with Tankiz. He was released in Shaʿbān 726/July 1326, and made amīr ṭablkhānah in Damascus and later amir of one hundred. He was one of Tankiz s associates, and died in Damascus in Rabīʿ I 734/November Lājīn Zīrbāj al-jāshnakīr al-ʿumarī al-manṣūrī was arrested during the wave of arrests in Rabīʿ II 712/August 1312 and released at the end of 728/October 1328, after more than sixteen years. 116 He died three years later, in Ṣafar 731/ November 1330 as a result of the plague in Cairo. 117 Lājīn Zīrbāj was one of Baybars al-jāshnakīr s loyal associates. He took the army s allegiance to the sultan after the caliph crowned Baybars al-jāshnakīr as sultan for the second time, during the conflict with al-nāṣir Muḥammad. 118 Until his arrest he was one of the senior amirs Baybars al-manṣūrī, Zubdah, 406; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 8: Al-Ṣafadī, Aʿyān, 5:125; Ibn Ḥajar, Durar, 4: Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:264, Ibn Ḥajar, Durar, 1:494; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 10:115; al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2: Ibn Ḥajar, Durar, 1:494; al-ṣafadī, Aʿyān, 2:45; al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:377; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 9:304. According to Ibn al-dawādārī, after his release, Balabān Ṭurnā was sent to Aleppo as an amir (Kanz, 9:320). Al-Maqrīzī, contradicting all other sources including himself (Sulūk, 10:115), mentions Balabān Ṭurnā among the amirs who were executed in 716/1316 (Sulūk, 2:168). 116 Al-Maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2:298; al-ṣafadī, Aʿyān, 4:180; Ibn Ḥajar, Durar, 3:271. While al-maqrīzī mentions that in Rajab 727/May 1327 Lājīn Zīrbāj was transferred to al-jubb prison in the Cairo citadel (Sulūk, 2:286), according to al-yūsufī, Lājīn was released in this year (Nuzhat al-nāẓir, 234). 117 Ibn al-dawādārī, Kanz, 9:358; Ibn Ḥajar, Durar, 3:271; al-maqrīzī, Sulūk, 2: Baybars al-manṣūrī, Zubdah, 406; Ibn Taghrībirdī, Al-Nujūm, 8: Baybars al-manṣūrī, Al-Tuḥfah, 231, 235.