World Religions. Part 7: Islam Session 1: Origins. Dirk s Contact Info

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1 Slide 1 World Religions Part 7: Islam Session 1: Origins Dirk s Contact Info Phone: (Bethany Church s main number) drodgers@bethanychurch.com Facebook Page: Pastor Dirk Rodgers Tumblr: Dirk s Web Site: Bethany Church Web Site:

2 Slide 2 This Session 1 Preliminary Considerations 2 The Prophet Muhammad 3 The Quran

3 Slide 3 Part 7.1: Islam Origins 1 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS

4 Slide 4 Islam Worldwide ~1.6 billion, 23% of the world population Image & Data Source:

5 Slide 5 A Quote from the Quran True Religion, in God s eyes, is islam: [devotion to Him alone]. Quran 3:19

6 Slide 6 An Islamic Scholar s View And yet we cannot tell you exactly what Islam is. There is no single religious authority, and it is too broad and deep to be captured in mere concepts and words. There is today a struggle for the meaning of Islam: who will speak for it, what it stands for, and what its essential values are. Hassaballa, Hesham A.; Helminski, Kabir ( ). The Beliefnet Guide to Islam (Beliefnet Guides) (p. 9-10). Potter/TenSpeed/Harmony. Kindle Edition.

7 Slide 7 Another Helpful Comment The central theme of this book is that the image of Islam (particularly in the West) is very different from the lived reality of over a billion adherents around the globe. While Islam is often imagined as a static and monolithic tradition, the reality is quite different. Like other world religions, it is fluid, dynamic, and characterized by enormous diversity. ( ). An Introduction to Islam in the 21st Century (p. 4). Wiley. Kindle Edition.

8 Slide 8 Challenges to Understanding Multiple Islamic traditions Cultural and religious dimensions of Islam Long and diverse history of Jewish, Christian, Muslim interaction Recent terrorist activity Translation of the Quran

9 Slide 9 The Translation Used in this Course Haleem, M. A. S. Abdel ( ). The Qur'an (Oxford World's Classics) Oxford University Press.

10 Slide 10 Part 7.1: Islam Origins 2 THE PROPHET MUHAMMAD

Slide 11 Mecca Birthplace of Muhammad Center of Arabian tribal worship prior to Muhammad Believed to be built by Adam; destroyed by the Flood and then rebuilt by Abraham and Ishmael Then filled with

11 Slide 11 Mecca Birthplace of Muhammad Center of Arabian tribal worship prior to Muhammad Believed to be built by Adam; destroyed by the Flood and then rebuilt by Abraham and Ishmael Then filled with over 300 images of various tribal gods, until Muhammad later cleanses it of images Now a center for Muslim pilgrimage known as the Hajj The Qa abah (Kaaba) Image Source: By Zakaryaamr at the English language Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0, Contains the Black Stone which is believed to have dropped from heaven as a sign to Adam and Eve where to build their altar

12 Slide 12 The Prophet Muhammad c Born in Mecca (now in Saudi Arabia) Born into the Quraysh line, custodians of the Qa abah Father, Abdullah, died before his birth; mother, Amina, died when he was 6 Raised by grandfather, Abdul- Mutalib, and uncle, Abu Talib Mausoleum of Muhammad in Medina Image Source: Bluemangoa2z at Malayalam Wikipedia - Transferred from ml.wikipedia to Commons by Sreejithk2000 using CommonsHelper., Public Domain,

Slide 13 The Prophet Muhammad Married Khadija at age 25; 12 additional wives after Khadijah s death 3 sons and 4 daughters (all except 1 son born by Khadija; Shia recognize only 1 daughter, Fatima)

13 Slide 13 The Prophet Muhammad Married Khadija at age 25; 12 additional wives after Khadijah s death 3 sons and 4 daughters (all except 1 son born by Khadija; Shia recognize only 1 daughter, Fatima) Only Fatima outlives him Mausoleum Khadija, Mecca, before its destruction in 1925 Image Source: Public Domain,

Slide 14 First Revelation Mt Hira, 610 Read! In the name of your Lord who created: He created man from a clinging form. Read! Your Lord is the Most Bountiful One who taught by the pen, who taught man what he did not know.

14 Slide 14 First Revelation Mt Hira, 610 Read! In the name of your Lord who created: He created man from a clinging form. Read! Your Lord is the Most Bountiful One who taught by the pen, who taught man what he did not know. Quran 96:1-5 Entrance to the traditional site of the Cave of Hira Image Source: Nacizane - originally posted to Flickr as CEBEL-İ NUR HİRA, CC BY 2.0,

Slide 15 First Believers Khadija Ali ibn Abi Talib (10 year old cousin) Abu Bakr (close friend) Zayd ibn Haritha (later Zayda ibn Muhammad, after he is adopted by the Prophet) Ambigram depicting

15 Slide 15 First Believers Khadija Ali ibn Abi Talib (10 year old cousin) Abu Bakr (close friend) Zayd ibn Haritha (later Zayda ibn Muhammad, after he is adopted by the Prophet) Ambigram depicting Muhammad (right) and Ali (left) written in a single word. The 180 degree inverted form shows both words. Image Source: Juzer (vector image: Gothika)This vector graphics image was created with Adobe Illustrator. - en:image:92110.jpg uploaded by en:user:juzer on 19:59, 8 August 2007, CC BY-SA 3.0,

Slide 16 Beginning of Public Ministry, 613 It was not the jinn who brought down this Qur an: it is neither in their interests nor in their power, indeed they are prevented from overhearing it.

16 Slide 16 Beginning of Public Ministry, 613 It was not the jinn who brought down this Qur an: it is neither in their interests nor in their power, indeed they are prevented from overhearing it. So [Prophet] do not invoke any gods beside God, or you will incur torment. Warn your nearest kinsfolk and lower your wing tenderly over the believers who follow you. The last ayah from the sura An-Najm in the Quran Quran 26: Image Source: Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0,

Slide 17 Early Opposition in Mecca Sumayyah bint Khabbab, first Muslim Martyr, female slave killed by her master Bilal, Muslim slave, heavy rock placed on his chest to force his conversion Boycott

17 Slide 17 Early Opposition in Mecca Sumayyah bint Khabbab, first Muslim Martyr, female slave killed by her master Bilal, Muslim slave, heavy rock placed on his chest to force his conversion Boycott called against Muhammad s protector, Banu Hashim The name "Sumayyah" in arabic calligraphy Image Source: Erisedstar Own work, CC BY-SA 4.0,

18 Slide 18 Muslim Flight to Abyssinia, 615 For protection, Muhammad sends small group of early Muslims to the Christian Kingdom of Aksum (now, Ethiopia and Eritrea) Sometimes called the First Hijra Story recorded in Ibn Ishaq s 8 th century biography Ja'far ibn Abi Talib defends the group before King Negus by quoting a passage from the Quran regarding Jesus and the Virgin Birth Map showing this migration and Muhammad s later Hijra to Yathrib/Medina Image Source: ExploreTheMed - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0,

19 Slide 19 Satanic Verses? Incident alleged to have occurred in 615; most Muslims reject its historicity Also known as the Story of the Crane, a mistranslation of one the Arabic words in the text First legends preserved 200 years after the fact Alleges that Muhammad, for political purposes, uttered a Quranic phrase affirming three goddesses worshipped in Mecca; later Gabriel tells him that these verses were actually spoken by Satan. Became the subject of the highly controversial work by Salman Rushdie in 1988; which triggered a fatwā calling for his death issued by Ayatollah Khomeini

20 Slide 20 The Year of Sorrows, 619 His wife, Khadija dies His uncle Abu Talib dies

Jerusalem Image Source: David Shankbone - David Shankbone, CC BY-SA 3.0, https://commons.wikimedia.

21 Slide 21 Isra and Mi'raj, c. 620 Muhammad s Night Journey to the farthest mosque and to the seventh heaven The Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem Image Source: David Shankbone - David Shankbone, CC BY-SA 3.0, Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem Image Source: jonathan jacobi - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0,

Slide 22 Dome of the Rock First constructed in 691 Shares a holy site with the Western Wall of Judaism and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre of Christianity Houses the Foundation Stone, traditional

22 Slide 22 Dome of the Rock First constructed in 691 Shares a holy site with the Western Wall of Judaism and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre of Christianity Houses the Foundation Stone, traditional Muslim site where Abraham laid Ishmael upon an altar of sacrifice Also the spot from which Muhammad is believed to have departed on his journey into the heavens Image Source: By Godot13 - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0,

Slide 23 The Hijrah, 622 Muhammad s Move from Mecca to Yathrib/Medina Invited by a delegation of some 75 Muslims who now lived in Medina About ~200 miles; 26 days Joined by Abu Bakr Medina simply

23 Slide 23 The Hijrah, 622 Muhammad s Move from Mecca to Yathrib/Medina Invited by a delegation of some 75 Muslims who now lived in Medina About ~200 miles; 26 days Joined by Abu Bakr Medina simply means city, shortened from city of the Prophet ) Traditional beginning of the Muslim Calendar, (AH) Image Source: jonathan jacobi - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, Map of the Hijrah and the earlier Muslim migration to Abyssinia

24 Slide 24 The Constitution of Medina (This shall be a pact) between the Muslims of Quraysh, the people of Yathrib (the Citizens of Madina) and those who shall follow them and become attached to them (politically) and fight along with them. (All these communities shall be the constitutional subjects of the state.) The aforementioned communities shall formulate a Constitutional Unity as distinct from (other) people. Source: accessed 3/30/2016

25 Slide 25 A Change in Direction, 624? Foolish people will say, What has turned them away from the prayer direction they used to face? Quran 2:142 Many a time We have seen you [Prophet] turn your face towards Heaven, so We are turning you towards a prayer direction that pleases you. Turn your face in the direction of the Sacred Mosque. Quran 2:145 Jews and the people of the scriptures used to be pleased to see the Prophet facing Jerusalem in prayers but when he changed his direction towards the Ka'ba, during the prayers, they disapproved of it. Hadith, Sahih Bukhari, 2, No 40, Narrated by Al-Bara bin Azib

Slide 26 Battle of Badr, 624 Muhammad s defeats the Meccans Muslims outnumbered but victorious Viewed as confirmation of their new faith Followed by a Muslim defeat at the Battle of Uhud, 625 Muslims

26 Slide 26 Battle of Badr, 624 Muhammad s defeats the Meccans Muslims outnumbered but victorious Viewed as confirmation of their new faith Followed by a Muslim defeat at the Battle of Uhud, 625 Muslims defend against a siege of Medina in the Battle of the Trench, 627. Image Source: Lütfi Abdullah - e.htm, Public Domain, 16 th century depiction of the Battle

Slide 27 Jews Banished from Medina, 624-627 Remains of a Banu Qaynuqa fort, a Jewish tribe banished from Medina for

27 Slide 27 Jews Banished from Medina, Remains of a Banu Qaynuqa fort, a Jewish tribe banished from Medina for breaking the Constitution of Medina Image Source:

Slide 28 Muslims Take Mecca, 630 Meccans breached the truce of Hudaybiyyah negotiated at the end of the Battle of the Trench 10,000 Muslims marched on Mecca Taken with minimal casualties Many

28 Slide 28 Muslims Take Mecca, 630 Meccans breached the truce of Hudaybiyyah negotiated at the end of the Battle of the Trench 10,000 Muslims marched on Mecca Taken with minimal casualties Many conversions to Islam Cleared the Qa abah of images Tradition the Muhammad personally kept paintings of Jesus and Mary from being destroyed. 16 th century depiction of the taking of Mecca Image Source: Public Domain,

Slide 29 Battles of Hunayn and Tabuk (630-631) Surrounding Tribes suppressed, brought under Muslim control Image Source: Adapted; By No machine-readable author provided.

29 Slide 29 Battles of Hunayn and Tabuk ( ) Surrounding Tribes suppressed, brought under Muslim control Image Source: Adapted; By No machine-readable author provided. NormanEinstein assumed (based on copyright claims). - No machine-readable source provided. Own work assumed (based on copyright claims)., CC BY-SA 3.0,

Slide 30 Final Pilgrimage and Farewell Sermon, 632 First Hajj to Mecca Various traditions from the hadith regarding the text of this sermon Mt Arafat,

30 Slide 30 Final Pilgrimage and Farewell Sermon, 632 First Hajj to Mecca Various traditions from the hadith regarding the text of this sermon Mt Arafat, Traditional Site of the Farewell Sermon Image Source: Md iet at English Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0,

31 Slide 31 A Few Quotes from the Final Sermon God has decreed that there will be no usury You have [the right] that [your wives] should not cause anyone of whom you dislike to tread on your beds; and that they should not commit any open indecency (fāḥishah). If they do, then God permits you to shut them in separate rooms and to beat/chastise them, but not severely. Know for certain that every Muslim is a brother of another Muslim, and that all Muslims are brethren. I. K. Poonawala in The History of al-tabari, vol. IX: The Last Years of the Prophet (1990), pp , available in accessed 4/13/2016

32 Slide 32 Death of the Prophet, 632 "The Prophet's mosque" in Medina, Saudi Arabia Image Source: By Ahmed Medineli - Own work, Public Domain,

33 Slide 33 Part 7.1: Islam Origins 3 THE QURAN

Slide 34 The Quran The Recitation Viewed as a copy of the heavenly Quran Revelations given to Muhammad during his lifetime, beginning in 610 Given in Arabic; translations are at best regarded as

34 Slide 34 The Quran The Recitation Viewed as a copy of the heavenly Quran Revelations given to Muhammad during his lifetime, beginning in 610 Given in Arabic; translations are at best regarded as interpretations Rules govern its handling Image Source: By Unknown - Online Collection of Brooklyn Museum; Photo: Brooklyn Museum, _SL1.jpg, Public Domain, surahs, longest to shortest (except for the first surah) Scholars distinguish Mecca from Medina revelations

Slide 35 Uthman, 3 rd Caliph In 651, Commissioned 5 copies of the Quran to be distributed to various locations Became an authoritative edition of the Quran The Uthman Quran Samarkand

35 Slide 35 Uthman, 3 rd Caliph In 651, Commissioned 5 copies of the Quran to be distributed to various locations Became an authoritative edition of the Quran The Uthman Quran Samarkand Kufic Quran, in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, which some believe to be one of the Uthman Qurans Image Source: By Wiggum - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0,

36 Slide 36 A Few Quotes from the Quran About Itself God has sent down the most beautiful of all teachings: a Scripture that is consistent and draws comparisons; that causes the skins of those in awe of their Lord to shiver. Then their skins and their hearts soften at the mention of God: such is God s guidance. Quran 39:23

37 Slide 37 A Few Quotes from the Quran About Itself Those who reject the Qur an when it comes to them though it is an unassailable Scripture which falsehood cannot touch from any angle, a Revelation sent down from the Wise One, Worthy of All Praise [should remember that] you [Prophet] are not told anything that the previous messengers were not told: your Lord is a Lord of forgiveness, but also of painful punishment. Quran 41:41-43

38 Slide 38 A Few Quotes from the Quran About Prophets in the Bible We have sent revelation to you [Muhammad] as We did to Noah and the prophets after him, to Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, and the Tribes, to Jesus, Job, Jonah, Aaron, and Solomon to David We gave the book [of Psalms] to other messengers We have already mentioned to you, and also to some We have not. To Moses God spoke directly. Quran 4:

39 Slide 39 A Few Quotes from the Quran About Jesus The angels said, Mary, God gives you news of a Word from Him, whose name will be the Messiah, Jesus, son of Mary, who will be held in honour in this world and the next, who will be one of those brought near to God. He will speak to people in his infancy and in his adulthood. He will be one of the righteous. Quran 3:45-46

40 Slide 40 A Few Quotes from the Quran About Jesus People of the Book, do not go to excess in your religion, and do not say anything about God except the truth: the Messiah, Jesus, son of Mary, was nothing more than a messenger of God, His word, directed to Mary, a spirit from Him. So believe in God and His messengers and do not speak of a Trinity stop [this], that is better for you God is only one God, He is far above having a son, everything in the heavens and earth belongs to Him and He is the best one to trust. Quran 4:171

41 Slide 41 A Few Quotes from the Quran About Husbands and Wives You who believe, it is not lawful for you to inherit women against their will, b nor should you treat your wives harshly, hoping to take back some of the bride-gift you gave them, unless they are guilty of something clearly outrageous. Live with them in accordance with what is fair and kind: if you dislike them, it may well be that you dislike something in which God has put much good. Quran 4:19

42 Slide 42 A Few Quotes from the Quran About Husbands and Wives Husbands should take good care of their wives, with [the bounties] God has given to some more than others and with what they spend out of their own money. Righteous wives are devout and guard what God would have them guard in their husbands absence. If you fear highhandedness from your wives, remind them [of the teachings of God], then ignore them when you go to bed, then hit them. If they obey you, you have no right to act against them: God is most high and great. Quran 4:34

43 Slide 43 A Few Quotes from the Quran About Other Religions There is no compulsion in religion: true guidance has become distinct from error, so whoever rejects false gods and believes in God has grasped the firmest hand-hold, one that will never break. God is all hearing and all knowing. Quran 2:256

44 Slide 44 A Few Quotes from the Quran About Other Religions But they are not all alike. There are some among the People of the Book who are upright, who recite God s revelations during the night, who bow down in worship, who believe in God and the Last Day, who order what is right and forbid what is wrong, who are quick to do good deeds. These people are among the righteous and they will not be denied [the reward] for whatever good deeds they do: God knows exactly who is conscious of Him. Quran 3:

45 Slide 45 A Few Quotes from the Quran About Other Religions Fight in God s cause against those who fight you, but do not overstep the limits: God does not love those who overstep the limits. Kill them wherever you encounter them, and drive them out from where they drove you out, for persecution is more serious than killing. Do not fight them at the Sacred Mosque unless they fight you there. If they do fight you, kill them this is what such disbelievers deserve but if they stop, then God is most forgiving and merciful. Fight them until there is no more persecution, and worship is devoted to God. If they cease hostilities, there can be no [further] hostility, except towards aggressors. Quran 2:

46 Slide 46 A Few Quotes from the Quran About Other Religions When the [four] forbidden months are over, whereverb you encounter the idolaters, kill them, seize them, besiege them, wait for them at every lookout post; but if they repent, maintain the prayer, and pay the prescribed alms, let them go on their way, for God is most forgiving and merciful. Translators note: In this context, this definitely refers to the ones who broke the treaty. The article here is ahdiya (specific) referring to what has already been stated. Quran 9:5

47 Slide 47 A Few Quotes from the Quran About Other Religions Fight those of the People of the Book who do not [truly] believe in God and the Last Day, who do not forbid what God and His Messenger have forbidden, who do not obey the rule of justice, until they pay the tax and agree to submit. Quran 9:29

48 Slide 48 A Few Quotes from the Quran About Other Religions Have faith in God and His Messenger and struggle for His cause with your possessions and your persons that is better for you, if only you knew and He will forgive your sins, admit you into Gardens graced with flowing streams, into pleasant dwellings in the Gardens of Eternity. That is the supreme triumph. Quran 61:11-12

Past Paper Questions May/June 2009 to Oct/Nov 2016

Past Paper Questions May/June 2009 to Oct/Nov 2016 Paper 1 Islamiyat GCE O LEVEL & IGCSE(0493) Compiled by Tahir Ali Babar The history and importance of the Qur an The life and importance of the Prophet