THE ISSUE OF CULTURAL IDENTITY IN KHALED HOSSEINI S THE KITE RUNNER

Transcription

1 THE ISSUE OF CULTURAL IDENTITY IN KHALED HOSSEINI S THE KITE RUNNER Arranged By: NINA FARLINA NIM ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA

2 2 THE ISSUE OF CULTURAL IDENTITY IN KHALED HOSSEINI S THE KITE RUNNER A Thesis Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for the Strata One Degree Arranged By: NINA FARLINA NIM ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 2008

3 3 ABSTRACT Nina Farlina, The Issue of Cultural Identity in Khaled Hosseini s The Kite Runner. Thesis. Jakarta: Letters and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah, September In this research, the writer analyzes a novel by Khaled Hosseini entitled The Kite Runner. This research is focused on the character analysis and Cultural Identity. The writer uses qualitative descriptive method. The Kite Runner describes two main characters, Amir and Hassan. They come from the same background, Afghanistan, but present different ethnic and inter-religion. The first character, Amir is a Pashtun ethnic, the majority ethnic group in Afghanistan, who believes he is a better class than the Hazara and who follows the Sunni sect of Islam. The second character is Hassan. Hassan is a Hazara ethnic, a minority ethnic group of Afghanis who follow Islamic beliefs called Shi a. The different ethnics and inter-religions create civil war, ethnic conflict, and inter-religion conflict. Amir envies and has internal conflict toward Hassan. Amir creates everything to wipe Hassan off his life. Amir s conflict makes him feel guilty and sin toward Hassan. Finally, Amir can bury his past memories toward Hassan in America after bringing son of Hassan, Sohrab. In America, Amir still keeps and uses his cultural identity as the Afghan especially as the Pashtun.

4 4 APPROVEMENT THE ISSUE OF CULTURAL IDENTITY IN KHALED HOSSEINI S THE KITE RUNNER A Thesis Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Strata One Degree NINA FARLINA Approved By: DINI MASITAH, S.S. M.Hum. NIP ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH JAKARTA 2008

5 5 LEGALIZATION The thesis entitled The Issue of Cultural Identity in Khaled Hosseini s The Kite Runner has been defended before the Letters and Humanities Faculty s examination Committee on September 5, The thesis has already been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for Strata One Degree. Jakarta, September 5, 2008 Examination Committee Chair Person, Secretary, Dr. H. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd. NIP NIP Members: Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum Drs. H. Abdul Hamid, M.Ed. NIP NIP

6 6 DECLARATION I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma of the university or other institute of higher learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in the text. Jakarta, September 5, 2008 Nina Farlina

7 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT In the name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful. First of all, the writer would like to thank to Allah SWT, the Lord of the universe and the thereafter. She is sure that all she has is from Him. Peace and blessing be upon our prophet Muhammad SAW and all of his friends and followers. On this occasion, the writer would like to express her gratitude to her family: her Dad (Nur Ali), her mom (Nur Janah), for their financial support, prayers, hope and all the contribution she need to finish her study in this university and she also wants to thank to her brothers (Fahrul, Baidi, Syauqi) for supporting her in doing her study. Then, the writer would like to thank to her advisor Dini Masitah, M. Hum for her great patient and contributions in finishing this study. She thanks for all her advices that have been given to her, and may God bless her and her family. The writer wishes to say gratitude to the following persons: 1. Dr. H. Abd. Chair, M.A., the Dean of the Faculty of Letters and Humanities. 2. Dr. Muhammad Farkhan, M.Pd., the Head of the English Department. 3. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd., the Secretary of the English Department. 4. All lecturers of English Letters Department for having taught and educated the writer during her study at State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah.

8 8 5. All of the Librarian of Faculty of Letters and Humanities, State Islamic University Syarif Hidayatullah as well as the Librarians in University of Indonesia. 6. Her beloved (Abanxu Ozi) for giving her some supports, motivation and moral encouragement to finish this paper. 7. Her cousin (Hannan) for giving her some supports to finish this paper. 8. All of her friends at English Letters Department, especially her classmates: Rika, Lia, Jay, Cut, Atin, Ne2k for cheering her up in any condition, give her some spirits and being her friends. May Allah bless us. Amin. Jakarta, September 2008 The writer

9 9 TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT..i APPROVEMENT ii LEGALIZATION..iii DECLARATION iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.v TABLE OF CONTENTS..vii CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION...1 A. Background of the Study.. 1 B. Scope of the Research...6 C. Statement of the Problem.6 D. Objective of the Research.6 E. Significance of the Research 7 F. Methodology of the Research..7 CHAPTER II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 9 A. The Theory of Character...9 B. The Concept of Stuart Hall s Cultural Identity..12 C. The Culture in Afghanistan 15 CHAPTER III. RESEARCH FINDINGS 19 CHAPTER IV. A. Data Description.19 B. Character Analysis..22 C. The Issue of Cultural Identity. 33 CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION..51 A. Conclusion..51 B. Suggestion..53

10 BIBLIOGRAPHY

11 11 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study America is a destination place for immigrants from many countries. Many immigrants stay in U.S for different reasons such as studying, working, or running away from economic or politic crisis, religious conflict and warfare in their homeland. In America, the immigrants come along with their original culture. However, they face many kind of problems in the host country; they realize that they are different with the local people, by having a different name, physical appearance, culture, ethnicity, and religion among other things. Nevertheless, they have to adopt and develop in the host country. This is proved from their success in literature. Many of them produced many literatures such as novels, essays, and short stories about their life as immigrant in their adopted country, such as Jumpa Lahiri, Shauna Singh Baldwin 1 and Amir Tan. They showed 1 Shauna Singh Baldwin published her first novel, What the Body Remembers (1999), that has been translated into 11 languages and won the 2000 Commonwealth Writer's Prize for the Canada/ Caribbean region and was longlisted for the prestigious Orange Prize in Fiction. She is also the author of English Lessons and Other Stories and coauthor of A Foreign Visitor's Survival Guide to North America. Her short stories have been published widely and have won numerous prestigious literary prizes in the United States, Canada, and India. (Emily Johansen, Shauna Singh Baldwin, accessed on September 6,

12 12 that their work is good as well as the other writers from the origin of America. The other writers who succeed become an established writer is Khaled Hosseini. Khaled Hosseini is one of the Afghan immigrants who studied in Los Angeles and decided to become an established writer after releasing The Kite Runner. 2 Khaled Hosseini gets positive respond for his novel The Kite Runner from American public. His novel becomes best-seller in 2005 according to Nielsen BookScan 3. Another responds come from a famous writer who participates in front of The Kite Runner s cover, Isabel Allende Liona 4 : A wonderful work this is one of those unforgettable stories that stay with you for years. All the great themes of literature and of life are the fabric of this extradionary novel: love, guilt, redemption..it is so powerful that for a long time after, everything I read seemed bland. Liona shows her admiration toward Hosseini that according to her can present enchantment story in the past for the readers through its themes such as love, guilt and redemption in a story. p. 2 2 Khaled Hosseini,Wikipedia. January 12, Ibid., p Isabel Allende Liona, (born 2 August 1942), is a Chilean novelist. Allende, who writes in the "magic realism" tradition, is considered one of the first successful women novelists in Latin America. Her works are The House of the Spirits (1982), La gorda de porcelana (1984), Of Love and Shadows (1985), Eva Luna (1987), The Stories of Eva Luna (1989), The Infinite Plan (1991), Paula (1995), Aphrodite (1998), Daughter of Fortune (1999), Portrait in Sepia (2000), City of the Beasts (2002), My Invented Country (2003), Kingdom of the Golden Dragon (2004) Forest of the Pygmies (2005), Zorro (2005),Ines of My Soul (2006). Wikipedia. January, p. 1-2.

13 13 Hosseini s The Kite Runner which was published in 2003 presents new idea and color, namely complexity of conflict toward friendship (characters) and other conflicts that happen in Afghanistan during colonization and post colonization era. It is very different with other writers that most of them tell about alienation, cultural shock, and depression. Hosseini can open the eyes of the readers to know Afghanistan life truly which for a long time is closed from outside. Hosseini wrote about Afghanistan before the Soviet war because that is largely a forgotten period in modern Afghan history. For many people in the west, Afghanistan is synonymous with the Soviet war and the Taliban. Hosseini wanted to remind people that Afghans had managed to live in peaceful anonymity 5. Afġânistân, officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is a landlocked country that is located in south Asia. Afghanistan is a culturally mixed nation, a crossroads between the East and the West, and has been an ancient focal point of trade and migration. It has an important geostrategical location, connecting South Asia, Central Asia and Southwest Asia. In the 19th century, Afghanistan became a buffer state in "The Great Game" played between the British Indian Empire and Russian Empire. On August 19, 1919, following the third Anglo-Afghan war, the country regained full independence from the United Kingdom over its foreign affairs. 6 5 Khaled Hosseini, author of The Kite Runner, Razeshta Sethnah s interview, January 14, Afghanistan, Wikipedia. January 6, p. 3

14 14 Since the late 1970s, Afghanistan has suffered continuous and brutal civil war, which included foreign interventions in the form of the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan and the 2001 US invasion of Afghanistan, in which the ruling Taliban 7 government was toppled. Besides, many conflicts reveal namely internal conflict as pressure of repression, ethnic conflict and inter-religion conflict that become dominant conflict in Afghanistan society. The economy has suffered greatly from the recent political and military unrest since the 1979 Soviet invasion and subsequent conflicts, while severe drought added to the nation's difficulties in This history influences Hosseini to lead the writing of his first novel The Kite Runner. Because his memories of peaceful pre-soviet era, Afghanistan is as well as his personal experiences with Afghanistan s Hazara people. 9 The Kite Runner reflects condition of Afghanistan society that becomes major issues such as discrimination, racialism and identity 10 that undergoned by the main 7 The Taliban ("Students of Islamic Knowledge Movement") ruled Afghanistan from 1996 until They came to power during Afghanistan's long civil war. Although they managed to hold 90% of the country's territory, their policies including their treatment of women and support of terrorists ostracized them from the world community. Accessed on January 6, Economy of Afghanistan.Wikipedia. January 6, p Khaled Hosseini (2008), op.cit. p Identity are the interface between a private sense of self that includes conscious and unconscious feelings, rational and irrational motivations, personal beliefs and values and those factors that constitute the social context in which we experience those feelings and motivations (for example age, ethnicity and sex). (Judy Gales and Tim Middleton, Studying Culture, a practical introduction (Massachusset: Blackwell publisher, 1999). P. 32)

15 15 characters, Amir and Hassan in this story. The other conflicts that appears internal conflict in Amir are ethnic conflict and inter-religion conflict in both of them. As we know, the civil war in Afghanistan caused by ethnic conflict. Afghanistan is ethnically a very diverse country, namely Pashtun, Tajik, Hazara, Uzbek, Aimaq, Turkmen, Baluch, and other small group. 11 In this story, the main characters who undergone those conflicts come from a Pashtun and a Hazara ethnic. The Pashtun is described as an ethnic group that has positive attribute and exclusive, namely high social status, honourable, high class, good appearance and success men. Besides, the Hazara has negative attribute, namely low social status, poor, low class, physical defect and low job such as waiter, servant and beggar. In this case, the different backgrounds in both of them appears the issues of cultural identity 12 which Amir also keep his cultural identity until he lives in America. Based on the statement that Amir has internal conflict based on the cultural identity, the writer is interested to analyze the issue of cultural identity in The Kite Runner. This novel presents the different identities based on two separate ethnical positions, Hazara and Pashtun. These identities are given meaning through the language and symbolic through which they are represented. The writer will focus on on May 24, Background Note: Afghanistan, p. 3. Accessed 12 The issue of cultural identity is central to cultural studies, in so far as cultural studies examines the contexts within which and through which both individuals and group construct, negotiate and defend their identity or self-understanding. (Andrew Edgar and Peter Sedgwick, Cultural Theory The Key Concepts (New York: Routledge, 2002), p.183)

16 16 the main characters, Amir and Hassan. In this research, the writer wants to analyze the issue of cultural identity using the concept of Stuart Hall s Cultural Identity. B. Scope of the Research Based on the Background of the Study above, the writer would like to limit the research in analyzing, namely the characters and the issue of cultural identity in Khaled Hosseini s The Kite Runner. C. Statement of the Problem Based on the Scope of the Research above, the writer would like to formulate the statement of the problem that is: 1. What characteristics do Amir and Hassan have? 2. How does cultural identity influence the life of Amir and Hassan in Khaled Hosseini s The Kite Runner? D. Objective of the Research Based on the Statement of Problems above, the objective of this research is to explain the main characteristics of Amir and Hassan, and their cultural identity in Khaled Hosseini s The Kite Runner.

17 17 E. Significance of the Research The significance of the research is to broaden up the researcher s knowledge regarding to the cultural identity of Afghanistan. F. Methodology of the Research 1. Method The writer conducts the research by using qualitative descriptive method. This method collects variety of source based on the study of cultural identity and character. This method also describes and analyzes characters cultural identity. 2. Analysis of Data In this research, the data are qualitatively analyzed by the relevant theory of Cultural Identity. 3. Instrument of the Research The research employs the writer herself as the instrument by reading a novel The Kite Runner and variety of source based on the study of character and cultural identity, identifying and classifying the information related to the story. 4. Unit of Analysis Unit of analysis is the novel of The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, 2003 published by Bloomsbury.

18 18 5. Time and Place of the Research The research was done in the English Letters Department, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University Jakarta on April 2008 and would be ended on July 2008.

19 19 CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK Chapter II consists of the theory character and the concept of cultural identity by Stuart Hall. The theory character is used to analyze the main characters, Amir and Hassan and the concept of cultural identity by Stuart Hall is important to analyze the issue of cultural identity in the main characters that influences their daily life. A. Character The term character is applied to a literary form, 13 for purposes of analysis, character is someone in literary work who has some sort of identity (it need not be a strong one), an identity which is made up by appearance, conversation, action, name, and (possibly) thoughts going on in the head. 14 It means that characters do some action according to their part and role in the story. We also can say that character are presented in dramatic or narrative work who convey their personal qualities such as names, physical appearances, family, social 13 C. Hugh Holman and William Harmon, A Hard Book to Literature (New York: Macmillan Publishing Company, 1986), 5 th ed., p. 81. p Christopher Russell Reaske, How to Analyze Drama (New York: Monarch Press, 1996),

20 20 status, education through dialogue and action by which the readers understand their thought, feeling, intentions and motives. The character in the narrative work, such as novel it self can be major or minor characters, protagonist or antagonist characters, flat or round characters and static or dynamic characters. 1. Major and Minor Characters. Major or main character is a character that holds an important role, very dominant and always appears in each conflict. On the contrary, the character which appears only few times and takes the short portion is called minor character. 2. Protagonist and Antagonist Character. The protagonist is the main character of the novel, the one who deals with truth and being conflicted by other characters. The opponent of protagonist is known as the antagonist or in the event that opposing force is not person, we speak of the antagonist force. 15 He / she forces the protagonist character and often gives any trouble or even conflict to the protagonist character. Besides, the antagonist character need not be a person, it can be animal, a superstition, a misconception, fate or any abstraction or force placed in dramatic conflict with protagonist. 15 Ibid., p. 35

21 21 3. Flat and Round Characters According to Aspects of the Novel (1927), E. M. Forster defines two basic types of characters, their qualities, functions, and importance for the development of a novel; they are flat character and round character. 16 Flat character is constructed round a single idea or quality. 17 It means that he / she undergoes no change or development and tends to stay the same throughout a story. He / she is not psychological complex characters and therefore readily accessible to readers. While round character is character encompass many idea and qualities. He / she undergoes change and development, as well as entertaining different ideas and characteristic. It presents us with more facets. 4. Static and Dynamic Character Static character is usually a flat character. It means that character who remain stable in his attitude throughout a work. While dynamic character is like to be a round character, because a character undergoes personal development and change as he story progresses. In most fiction-even, the greatest-minor character tends to be flat instead of round E. M. Forster, Flat and Round Characters, Essentials of the Theory of fiction, ed. Michael Hoffman and Patrick Murphy (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1988), p Ibid. 18 X. J. Kennedy, Literature: An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry, and Drama (New York: Harper Collins Publishers, 1991), 5 th ed., p. 48.

22 22 B. The Concept of Cultural Identity Identity are the interface between a private sense of self that includes conscious and unconscious feelings, rational and irrational motivations, personal beliefs and values and those factors that constitute the social context in which we experience those feelings and motivations (for example age, ethnicity and sex) 19. Everybody lives in different countries in the world, with different cultures, religions, personalities even ethnicities. These differences become his or her identity in society when they are interacting with one another. And identity is used to know the social status, such as races, ethnicity, sexual orientation, marital status, etc. Besides, Cultural Identity belongs to a particular ethnic group and how that influence one s feeling, perception, and behavior (Dusek 1996, 162). Other definitions come from Phenny (Dacey and Kenny 1997, 191) said that Cultural Identity is that part of a person s self concept that comes from the knowledge and feelings about belonging to a particular cultural group. From those definitions, it can be concluded that Cultural Identity is one s feeling belongs to particular ethnic group. This matter also explains that sense of belonging is an important factor in forming identity. According to the book Cultural Identity and Diaspora by Stuart Hall, defines cultural identity in terms of one, shared culture, a sort of collective one true self, hiding inside the many other, more superficial or artificial imposed selves, which 19 Judy Gales and Tim Middleton, Studying Culture, a practical introduction (Massachusset: Blackwell publisher, P. 32.

23 23 people with a shared history and ancestry hold in common. 20 It is called as identity as being (which offers a sense of unity and commonality). 21 This definition explains that cultural identities reflect the common historical experiences and shared cultural that show us a one people. For example is the language, the Afghans which lived in Kabul speak with Dari (Afghan Farsi) as their language to communicate to others. Language being use as one of the sign to describe that they as one people (Afghanistan). Since the language is the one kind of culture, it means that they all shared their culture through language. Besides, the strength of our cultural identities involves the degree to which we see our culture as important in the way we define ourselves. We tend to see our cultures as important in how we define ourselves. We are in another culture than when we are in our own cultures. We are more aware of our cultural identities when we found ourselves in another culture than when we are in our own culture. In addition, based on the problem that is Amir tries to apply his original culture (Pashtun) in his host country (America) in his family like his father (Baba) wants his culture still exists although they are in America. Because of that the suitable theory will be Diaspora. 20 Stuart Hall, Cultural Identity and Diaspora, Identity and Difference, ed. Kathryn Woodward (London: Sage Publication, 1997), p Stuart Hall, Cultural Identity and Diaspora, Accessed on April 7, p. 1.

24 24 According to Stuart Hall, Diaspora does not refer us to those scattered tribes whose identity can only be secured in relation to some sacred homeland to which they must at all costs return. 22 And also he said that Diaspora defined, not by essence or purity, but by the recognition of necessary heterogeneity and diversity; by a conception of identity which lives with and through, not despite, difference; by the hybridist. 23 That now says the cultures are hybrid, difference and diversity, because of that it is so hard to find the pure one. Diaspora identities are those which are constantly producing and reproducing themselves a new, through transformation and difference. It means that when they are at the other country they still stick with their culture and try to develop through transformation constantly. To find what can material culture tells about Diaspora, it is important to learn much about the relationship between people and their possessions through this study. The sentimental and emotional attachment to objects is very strong in people s motivation and desires to obtain and maintain certain objects in their possession. These motivation are combined with several outside factors, including economics and pressures from those within and outside of one s family or ethnic, religious, or socioeconomic group to produce of pattern of consumer choice that is riddled with indicators of social status and group identity Stuart Hall (1997), op. cit., p Ibid., p Accessed on September 7, 2008.

25 25 C. The Culture in Afghanistan Afghanistan is the land of many ethnic groups, which is why the country has so many different cultures yet they are all call themselves proudly an Afghan. 25 The culture of Afghanistan reflects its ancient roots and position as a crossroads for invading ethnic groups and traditions. The population of Afghanistan includes many different ethnic groups. Afghanistan has been disrupted over the past 25 years by civil wars, invasions, rule of the Taliban, and terrorist activities which have destroyed much of the country's culture, family and tribal connections, thus creating hundred's of thousands of refugees. As a result, it becomes difficult to discuss Afghanistan's culture as many of the traditions and ways of life have been ignored and overturned. However, family and tribal life is resuming, refugees are slowly returning and being resettled, and some of the traditional patterns of life are being re-established. Afghanistan's ethnically and linguistically mixed population reflects its location astride historic trade and invasion routes leading from Central Asia into South and Southwest Asia. While population data is somewhat unreliable for 25 Accessed on September 7, 2008.

26 26 Afghanistan, Pashtuns make up the largest ethnic group at 38-44% of the population, followed by Tajiks (25%), Hazaras (10%), Uzbek (6-8%), Aimaq, Turkmen, Baluch, and other small groups. Dari (Afghan Farsi) and Pashto are official languages. Dari is spoken by more than one-third of the population as a first language and serves as a lingua franca for most Afghans, though Pashto is spoken throughout the Pashtun areas of eastern and southern Afghanistan. Tajik and Turkic languages are spoken widely in the north. Smaller groups throughout the country also speak more than 70 other languages and numerous dialects. Afghanistan is an Islamic country. An estimated 80% of the population is Sunni, following the Hanafi school of jurisprudence; the remainder of the population- -and primarily the Hazara ethnic group-- predominantly Shi'a. Despite attempts during the years of communist rule to secularize Afghan society, Islamic practices pervade all aspects of life. In fact, Islam served as a principal basis for expressing opposition to communism and the Soviet invasion. Islamic religious tradition and codes, together with traditional tribal and ethnic practices, have an important role in personal conduct and dispute settlement. Afghan society is largely based on kinship groups, which follow traditional customs and religious practices, though somewhat less so in urban areas. Afghans display pride in their religion, country, ancestry, and above all, their independence. Like other highlanders, Afghans are regarded with mingled apprehension and condescension, for their high regard for personal honor, for their

27 27 clan loyalty and for their readiness to carry and use arms to settle disputes. As clan warfare and internecine feuding has been one of their chief occupations since time immemorial, this individualistic trait has made it difficult for foreign invaders to hold the region. Afghanistan has a complex history that has survived either in its current cultures or in the form of various languages and monuments. However, many of the country's historic monuments have been damaged in recent wars. The two famous statues of Buddha in the Bamyan Province were destroyed by the Taliban, who regarded them as idolatrous. Other famous sites include the cities of Kandahar, Herat, Ghazni and Balkh. The Minaret of Jam, in the Hari River valley, is a UNESCO World Heritage site. The cloak worn by Muhammad is stored inside the famous Khalka Sharifa in Kandahar City. Buzkashi is a national sport in Afghanistan. It is similar to polo and played by horsemen in two teams, each trying to grab and hold of a goat carcass. Afghan hounds (a type of running dog) also originated in Afghanistan. Although literacy levels are very low, classic Persian poetry plays a very important role in the Afghan culture. Poetry has always been one of the major educational pillars in Iran and Afghanistan, to the level that it has integrated itself into culture. Persian culture has, and continues to, exert a great influence over Afghan culture. Private poetry competition events known as musha era are quite common

28 28 even among ordinary people. Almost every home owns one or more poetry collections of some sort, even if they are not read often. The eastern dialects of the Persian language are popularly known as "Dari". The name itself derives from "Pârsî-e Darbârî", meaning Persian of the royal courts. The ancient term Darî one of the original names of the Persian language was revived in the Afghan constitution of 1964, and was intended to signify that Afghans consider their country the cradle of the language. Hence, the name Fârsî, the language of Fârs, is strictly avoided. With this point in mind, we can consider the development of Dari or Persian literature in the political entity known as Afghanistan." Many of the famous Persian poets of the tenth to fifteenth centuries stem from Khorasan where is now known as Afghanistan. They were mostly also scholars in many disciplines like languages, natural sciences, medicine, religion and astronomy.

29 29 CHAPTER III RESEARCH FINDING A. Data Description In chapter III, having read the novel, the writer finds some statements as the corpus of the research. They are classified into two groups: characters and cultural identities. They are presented in the following tables. 1. The List of Characters in Khaled Hosseini s The Kite Runner. No Characters Corpus Remark 1. Amir He asked me to fetch Hassan too, but I lied and told him Hassan had the runs. I wanted Baba all to myself. I envied her. Her secret was out... He asked me to fetch Hassan too, but I lied and told him Hassan had the runs. I wanted Baba all to myself. we all had our reason for not adopting. Soraya had hers, the general his, and I had this how I d betrayed Hassan... Courage was just one of them. Liar Stable Envious Stable Obedient Stable Betrayer Stable Coward Unstable

30 30 No Characters Corpus Remark 2 Hassan Hassan steps in and fends them off Brave Stable Hassan protested. But my neighbor said the Talibs..Hassan didn t struggle. Didn t whimper Defenseless Stable Hassan s reply was a single word, delivered in a thin, raspy voice: yes Then I understood: This was Hassan s final sacrifices for me. Baba would have believed him because we all knew Hassan never lied. Loyal Stable Honest Stable 2. The List of Cultural Identities in Khaled Hosseini s The Kite Runner. No Corpus Cultural Identities 1. a word for which a good Farsi equivalent does not exist But his favorite story, and mine, was Rostam and Sohrab, the tale of the great warrior Buzkashi was, and still is, Afghanistan s national passion. EVERY WINTER, districts in Kabul held a kite-fighting tournament, and if you were a by living in Kabul Tomorrow is the Tenth day of Dhul-Hijjah, the last month of the Muslim calendar, Language Literature Traditional Games: Buzkashi The kite tournament Traditions: Dhul-Hijjah

31 31 On Eid, the three days of celebration after the holy month of Ramadhan yelda is the first night of the month of Jadi, the first night of winter we snapped a tree branch and used it as a credit card. Hassan and I would take the wooden stick to the bread maker. The people dress in dark suit, the woman clad in black dresses and their head covered with traditional white hijabs. -for lafz, the ceremony of giving word ACCORDING TO TRADITION, Soraya s family would have trown party, the Shirinikhori-or Eating of the Sweets ceremony. for the nika-the swearing ceremony We did Ayena Masshaf, where they gave us a mirror Blood is a powerful thing, bachem, and when you adopt, you don t know whose blood you re bringing into your house Eid-Mubarak Yelda Wooden stick as credit card. Funeral clothes Wedding Ceremony: lafz Shirini-khori nika Ayena Masshaf Adoption It still may not permit this adoption. In fact, even the more moderate Muslim nations are hesistant with adoption because in many of those countries, Islamic law, Shari a, doesn t recognize adoption.

32 32 B. Character Analysis In Writing Themes about Literature (1977) by Edgar. V. Robert, it is mentioned that analyzing character is one of the analyses that are very popular and interesting in discussing novel. It is almost certain that a novel speaks about the characters, how the characters react towards event. Thereby the characters presence is vitally something that in novel. In The Kite Runner, the issue of cultural identity is done by the main characters, Amir and Hassan. These two main characters have very important role in development of the story because these two characters are presented with conflicts and actions that build the novel. All explanations above are principal reasons why the characters analysis is important in this paper. 1. Amir Amir is a main character of the story; he has an important role in developing the story. In the beginning of the story, Khaled Hosseini introduces his first character as a man named Amir who records his own life story from the winter 1975 in Kabul come. He remembers about his past with Hassan when he does not help Hassan, his servant get a sexual harassment that has changed his life. Mine was Baba His was Amir. My name. Looking back it now, I think the foundation for what happened in the winter of 1975-and all that followed-was already laid in those first words. (Hosseini 2003, 10)

33 33 Amir is an Afghan man that lives in Wazir Akbar Khan in Kabul. He comes from a rich family. His father is Baba (Persian for father) who becomes one of the richest merchant in Kabul. His mother Sofia Akrami, died after giving birth to him. She is a highly educated woman and an English Literature teacher. Everyone agreed that my father, my Baba, had built the most beautiful house in the Wazir Akbar Khan district, a new and affluent neighborhood in the northern part of Kabul. Some thought it was the prettiest house in Kabul. (Hosseini 2003, 4) After his mother died, Amir lives with his father, Baba. Amir likes to be a man that loved by Baba (farther for Persian), but Amir also hates Baba inclined wish to be his father without seeing Amir s potential. Amir is raised by Baba with the forming of Afghanistan character such as asking Amir to play soccer and hunting. In this case, Amir hates Baba who forces him to be a real man like the Afghan boys who likes playing soccer and kite, hunting and fighting. Amir likes his mother s hobbies such as reading poetry and story that makes Baba does not appreciate with his first story. Baba shrugged and stood up. He looked relieved, as if he too had been rescued by Rahim Khan. Yes, give it to Kaka Rahim Khan. I m going upstairs to get ready, And with that, he left the room. Most days I worshipped Baba with an intensity approaching the religious. But right then, I wished I could open my veins and drain his cursed blood from my body. (Hosseini 2003, 27) Because his father does not appreciate Amir s story, Amir always compares himself with Hassan. In this case, Amir feels jealous when he sees Baba that gives his servant, Hassan present in Hassan s birthday and asks Hassan to go out with them. It

34 34 makes their relationship inharmonious. In one side, he loves Hassan, as his loyal friend and his servant that are very kind and obedient. However, he hates Hassan, because Hassan steals Baba s attention and affection to him. In this case, Hassan is not his friend but just his Hazara servant that gets Baba s attention more than Amir, his son. It is caused by the similarity of their character and hobbies. I remember the day before the orphanage opened, Baba took me to Gargha Lake, a few miles north of Kabul. He asked me to fetch Hassan too, but I lied and told him Hassan had the runs. I wanted Baba all to myself. And besides, one time at Gargha Lake, Hassan and I were skimming stones and Hassan made his stone skip eight times. The most I managed was five. Baba was there, watching, and he patted Hassan on the back. Even put his arm around his shoulder. (Hosseini 2003, 12) The climax of conflict in Amir happens after watching the sexual of harassment that is undergone by Hassan in the kite tournament in the winter, Amir just watches this incident from long distance without giving help. Although, Hassan run the last kite to be given to Amir, to his victory. Inshaallah, we ll celebrate later. Right now, I m going to run that blue kite for you, he [Hassan] said. He dropped the spool and took off running, the hem of his green chapan dragging in the snow behind him. (Hosseini 2003, 58-59) Amir does not help Hassan because he an agreement with his friend who hates Hazaras and an agent of sexual harassment that nothing is free in the world. So that, there is someone to be sacrificed to fulfill Amir s willingness. Hassan is sacrificed by Amir. However, Amir feels this contrary with his heart and his ambition. Hassan s attention, loyalty and affection toward Amir makes he feels guilty because he lets

35 35 Hassan became a victim of sexual harassment. The accumulation of his guilt make Amir decides to wipe Hassan off his life by accusing Hassan of stealing his watch and money in his birthday. Amir wants Hassan to go far away from him. He takes its solution comes from Baba s principle that a thief is the one unforgivable sin, the common denominator of all sins. (Hosseini 2003, 92). By this way, Amir can wipe Hassan off his life. Then I took a couple of the envelopes of cash from the pile of gifts and my watch, and tiptoed out. I paused before Baba s study and listened in. He d been in there all morning, making phone calls. He was walking to someone now, about a shipment of rugs due to arrive next week. I went downstairs, crossed the yard, and entered Ali and Hassan s living quarters by the loquat tree. I lifted Hasan s mattress and planted my new watch and a handful of Afghani bills under it. (Hosseini 2003, 90) When the Russian invade Afghanistan in 1980s, Amir and Baba flee to America. In America, Amir still remembers about his memories and his guilt toward Hassan in the past. The feeling over of Amir s guilt makes him always fastens upon anything with his mistakes that he has ever done in the past. For example, when Soraya (Amir s wife) does not get pregnant although they endure various fertility program. Amir has opinion that it is God punishment to him. (Hosseini 2003, 164). They have chosen to adopt a baby to be their breed later, but adoption process is not an easy matter for Amir and his wife that come from Afghanistan. For Afghan society, if they want to adopt a baby with unknowing breed clearly, it will evoke a problem in the future. Because in society tradition of Afghan race, background and somebody s offspring is very important to detect from which they come and from

36 36 which ethnic breed they are given. In addition, in Islam law, Shari a, does not permit adoption even the more moderate Muslim nations. This quotation shows his guilt that influences his thinking for not adopting a baby as his breed: We all had our reasons for not adopting. Soraya had hers, the general his, and I had this: that perhaps something, someone, somewhere, had decided to deny my fatherfood for the things I had done. May be this was my punishment, and perhaps justly so, I wasn t meant to be, Khala Jamila (Soraya s mother) had said. Or, maybe, it was meant to be. (Hosseini 2003, 164) Amir s conflict and guilt cannot be over because he is not able to tell about the past 26 honestly with the other people, even his wife, Soraya. Amir can accept and understand about Soraya s mistake in the past, she ran away with the Afghan boy when she was eighteen at the time. (Hosseini 2003, 143). However, he cannot do what she was done toward him. Amir compares himself with his wife who can tell the past bravely before their married. I envied her. Her secret was out. Spoken. Dealt with. I opened my mouth and almost told her how I d betrayed Hassan, lied, driven him out, and destroyed a forty-year relationship between Baba and Ali. But I didn t. I suspected there were many ways in which Soraya Taheri was a better person than me. Courage was just one of them. (Hosseini 2003,144) Finally, Amir can solve his problem by departing for Afghanistan. He departs for Afghanistan with the situation is dangerous, because of many foreign countries and militants enter to Afghanistan. (Hosseini 2003, 213). He wants to bring a son of Hassan in the orphanage in Afghanistan. His return to Afghanistan which the 26 As explained before in page 24-25, that Amir does not help and just watches Hassan to be a victim of sexual harassment, accuses Hassan of stealing his watch and his money and puts Hassan away from Amir s house.

37 37 dangerous condition shows that Amir has internal conflict deeply, so that, he wants to sacrifice himself to escape from his problems. For Amir, Afghanistan is like two sides of a coin, namely hating and missing. Those matters melt to become one, namely his willingness to atone his sin and wipe off his guilt. His trip to Afghanistan is to take a part from himself remained and to wipe off all bad memories with a kindness, with rescue a half-nephew, Sohrab. I looked at the round face in the Polaroid again, the way the sun fell on it. My brother s face. Hassan had loved me once, loved me in a way that no one ever had or ever would again. He was gone now, but a little part of him lived on. It was in Kabul. Waiting. (Hossein 2003, 199) That s quotation imply his effort to penetrate all memories and betrayal ever Amir did towards his playfellow and all at once his half-brother, Hassan. He hopes by meeting Sohrab, Hassan can forgive himself and Amir can be human better. From the description above, the writer concludes that Amir is protagonist character. He gets the conflict from his father and other character, Assef who hates Hassan and makes him to be evil with Hassan. Amir is presented with the internal conflict: when Baba wants him to follow his willing like playing soccer but he prefers to read novel, when Baba gives attention and affection toward Hassan, the servant boy more than Amir, he envies toward Hassan, and when Hassan becomes a victim of discrimination and sexual harassment, he cannot help so that Amir felt guilty and sin. This character also can be categorized as round and dynamic character, because Amir undergoes changes in his attitude; his envious toward Hassan makes Amir let Hassan

38 38 to be a sexual harassment and want to put Hassan away from his house. However, his guilt and his sin toward Hassan makes Amir wants to sacrifice himself to come back to Afghanistan with the dangerous situation to bring Sohrab, son of Hassan, to live with Amir in America and to atone his sin and his guilt. Besides, Amir does not want to do second mistake. 2. Hassan In the story, Amir has a servant and also a loyal friend, his name is Hassan. Hassan is one of the important characters in the novel. Hassan s presence also presented a Hazara character in the novel. A Hazara is a minority ethnic group in Afghanistan. Amir has conflict with Hassan in the novel that has important role in developing story. For the first time, Amir describes Hassan s character in physical appearance. When they were children, Amir sees Hassan s physical appearance hidden. We took turns with the mirror as we ate mulberries, pelted each other with them, giggling, laughing. I can still see Hassan up on that tree, sunlight flickering through the leaves on his almost perfectly round face, a face like a Chinese doll chiseled from hardwood: his flat, broad nose and slanting, narrow eyes like bamboo leaves, eyes that looked, depending on the light, gold, green, even sapphire. I can still see his tiny low-set ears and that pointed stub of a chin, a meaty appendage that looked like it was added as amere afterthought. (Hosseini 2003, 3) As Amir describes, Hassan has round face, broad nose and slanting. His eyes are narrow and looks like gold, green, sapphire, besides, his ears is tiny and his chin

39 39 is pointed stub. Amir mentions Hassan s character because Hassan is very different with other people in Afghanistan. Usually, people call Hassan flat-nosed because Hassan has characteristic as Hazara Mongoloid features. (Hosseini 2003, 8). The Hazaras are Mogul descendant and look a little like Chinese people. Amir also mentions that Hassan was born in the cold winter day, 1964 by his mother, Sanaubar who run off with a clan of traveling singers and dancers. One year after Amir s mother died. It was in the small shack that Hassan s mother, Sanaubar, gave birth to him one cold winter day in while my mother hemorrhaged to death during childbirth, Hassan lost his less than a week after he was born..(hosseini 2003, 6) Hassan never knows his mother, because his mother left him after giving birth. So, Hassan never talked about his mother as if she d never existed. Besides, he never knows what she looks like, and where she was. Hassan lives with his father, Ali, a man who had memorized the Koran. According to Amir, Ali is his father s playmates when they are kids until polio crippled Ali s leg, who has adopted by my grandfather into his own household. (Hosseini 2003, 21). After that, Baba never refers Ali as his friend in Baba s stories. Hassan grows up illiterate like his father, Ali. Despite his illiteracy, Hassan can understand the mystery of words if Amir reads poems and stories to him. Because of that Amir can write his first story in thirty minutes. Sitting cross-legged, sunlight and shadows of pomegranate leaves dancing on his face, Hassan absently plucked blades of grass from the ground as I read him stories he couldn t read for himself. That Hassan would grow up illiterate

40 40 like Ali and most Hazaras had been decided the minute he had born, perhaps even the moment he had been conceived in Sanaubar s unwelcoming wombafter all (Hosseini 2003, 24) Amir and Hassan always play together when they were kids such in the grass with reading story and Hassan hears the story from Amir because he can t write and read. One day, Amir pretended reading story from the book with a scramble of codes, indecipherable and mysterious. Although, that is Amir s words, but, Hassan understands what Amir said. Hassan also likes his story because that is the best story Amir has read to him in a long time. It makes Amir happy and makes this as his first story. (Hosseini 2003, 26). For Amir, Hassan is the perfect audience in many ways, totally immersed in the tale, his face shifting with the changing tones in the story and Hassan says that Amir will be a great writer and famous. Besides, Amir mentions that his father Baba Like Hassan, because Hassan has the same characteristics and hobbies with Baba such as playing a kite, soccer, hunting and fighting. Hassan is a man. He always protects and helps Amir. Self-defense has nothing to do with meanness. You know what always happens when the neighborhood boys tease him? Hassan steps in and fends them off. I ve seen it with my own eyes... (Hosseini 2003, 20) Hassan has self defense in him, he againsts the people who disturb him and Amir. For example, Hassan also can fight against Assef (antagonist character), a sociopath bully known for his brass knuckles and his rancor towards Hazaras when Hassan and Amir are walking through Afghanistan. However, in the kite tournament,

41 , Hassan can t defense himself toward the other boy who wants to revenge him, when Hassan goes to fetch the last cut kite, a great trophy. Hassan tries to protect Amir's kite, but Assef beats Hassan and sodomizes him. Assef knelt behind Hassan, put his hands on Hassan s hips and lifted his bare buttocks. He kept one hand on Hassan s back and undid his own belt buckle with his free hand. He unzipped his jeans. Dropped his underwear. He positioned himself behind Hassan. Hassan didn t struggle. Didn t even whimper. He moved his head slightly and I caught a glimpse of his face. (Hosseini 2003, 66) However, Hassan cannot against the other boy who sodomized him because Hassan wants to keep the kite for Amir. He does not want the kite will be taken by the other boy. Hassan wants Amir to be happy with Baba, so that Hassan sacrifices himself for his friend, Amir. He also admits that he steals Amir s watch and money (as being told in this paper in Amir s part p. 22). In this quotation shows how Hassan recognizes that he is a thief and sacrifices him self just for her boss, a Pashtun. Baba came right out and asked. Did you steal that money? Did you steal Amir s watch, Hassan? Hassan s reply was a single word, delivered in a thin, raspy voice: yes. I flinched, like I d been slapped. My heart sank and I almost blurted out the truth. Then I understood: This was Hassan s final sacrifices for me. If he d said no, Baba would have believed him because we all knew Hassan never lied. And if Baba believed him, then I d the accused; I would have to explain and I would be revealed for what I really was. Baba would never, ever forgive me. (Hossein 2003, 91) However, Hassan and Ali are not permitted to go out from his house, because they are part of Baba s family. They lived together with Baba when they were kids. After that, Hassan and Ali live in the only house in the village that had a walled