The Butonese Traditional House Typology According to the Social Status in Buton

Transcription

1 P-0749 The Butonese Traditional House Typology According to the Social Status in Buton Dian Farisa* 1, Yulianto Purwono Prihatmaji 2 1 Student, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Islamic University of Indonesia, Indonesia 2 Professor, Department of Architecture, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Islamic University of Indonesia, Indonesia Abstract Wolio tribe has three forms of traditional house in Sultanate of Buton between 1542 to 1960 which was classified based on social status among society. The group consist of the Sultan, Sultan officials, and the populace. All of them had similar stilt house with the knockdown construction but has the distinction of spatial spaces and architectural forms which identified the social status of its users. In 1960, Sultanate of Buton dissolved the monarchy then joined the Republic of Indonesia, the three forms of the house increasingly difficult to find its authenticity. The purpose of this study is to analyze the typologies of Buton traditional house classification based on the social status of its users and analyze the design morphology based on the rate of change and its trend. To find information about original form of the house, we conducted the observation, measurement, and interview against the descendants of the Sultan and cultural experts subsequently examined graphically and descriptively. We found that every house has a sacred space, additions space, and transformation of function spaces according to contemporary needs. We conclude that transformation is a modification of spatial spaces that maintain the basic shape of the typical architecture of Buton. Keywords: Sultanate of Buton, Traditional House, Social Status, Typology, Classification 1. Introduction Banua Tada is the designation for Wolio tribal house. Banua Tada is a dwell for Wolio tribe on the Buton island, Southeast Sulawesi. The word Banua in local language means the house while the word Tada means elbow. So Banua Tada can be defined as homes that have elbow. Based on social status on its users, the building structure divided in three, there are Kamali, Banua Tada Tare Pata Pale, and Banua Tada Tare Talu Pale. The House Kamali, better known as Malige means mahligai or palace, the Sultan s residence and his family. Tada banua tare pata pale means elbow home with four pillars is a residential for Sultanate officials. Meanwhile, Banua Tada Tare Talu Pale which means elbow home with three pillars is a residential for populace. (Franciska & Wardani, 2014) Social status in Buton affect basic shape and space function in Buton traditional house. Therefore to recognize the identity of each home, it is necessary to analyze the typology of every part of the house. The scope of study consist of the Sultan (Malige), Sultanate officials (Banua Tada Tare Pata Pale), and the populace (Banua Tada Tare Talu Pale). The houses has a lot of typologies that indicates the identity of the owners which will be presented in detail. The purpose of the research is to classify Buton traditional house according to their social status in Buton. The method of the research is by survey directly to the houses and mapping the typology. Classification is distinguished by the basic form of a house and space addition scheme. Primary data analysis was conducted by redrawing the layout and shape of Buton house. 2. Literature Review Suleman thesis entitled Ketahanan Permukiman Tradisional Wolio di Kelurahan Melai, Kota Bau Bau (The Withstanding of Wolio Traditional Settlement in Melai Village, Bau-Bau) explains the traditional settlement area around the royal Buton palace. In one chapter, Suleman stated that there are three social status affect the shape of traditional houses in Buton as in the following diagram below.

2 Fig 1. Typology map belongs to Suleman Suleman concluded that process and cause of the withstanding of traditional settlements in the Village Melai Wolio, Bau-Bau caused by their traditions that are still upheld by Melai society until now, which is an elaboration of local norms. In an interview with Arif Tasila conducted on December 17, 2015, obtained information that the three social status in Buton have similarity in Suo. Suo is a mother home that has been elevated because it is a sacred place. Suo serves as a place for a girl who was secluded. Then from the existing social status, significant differences are in the cross section of the pillar. Populace home must use a round pillar, Sultanate officials and Sultan using a square crosssection pillar. Sultan had to use teak or Wola (ironwood) for first-class durability and strength. De King (1994) in Nessbit (1996) said typology as a business classification and taxonomy. Taxonomy is defined as the formulation of the rules of a number of objects with information about how to prepare a hierarchical order category. In the classification is done with a view of dimensional categorization contrasts that exist in each category. Category is a dimension to see the difference. Thus, in the typology of uniformity and diversity can be seen at once. Social status or social stratification is a concept that demonstrates the differentiation and / or grouping of a social group (community) in increments. (Singgih, 2013) Wolio tribe is one of the groups with the largest empire in Bau-bau Muna and spare parts besides other newcomers. Wolio tribe came from the kingdom of Buton which later evolved into the Sultanate of Buton. Some areas in the former Sultanate of Buton stood in some counties and cities, namely: Buton, Muna, Wakatobi, Bombana, North Buton and Bau-Bau. (Franciska & Wardani, 2014). Buton is a country that is shaped island with a strategic location in the shipping lane linking the spice islands in the eastern region, with traders coming from the western part of the archipelago. Buton Sultanate is a monarchy that illustrious and glorious past in the archipelago. Even various historical sources mention that the Sultanate of Buton never controlled or subjected to the kingdom or nation in the world. During this timeframe, Buton was ruled by six kings. While the Islamic period lasted from 1542 to 1960 AD During this time, has been ruled by 38 Sultan. Sultan Buton final ruling ends his post on ta Almost everyone Wolio are Muslim. However, there is a belief in spirits. In addition, at the central level is also known as a stream called Sufi. Some people still believe in reincarnation as a result of lingering Hindu teachings. (Adiyaksa & Mansyur, 2013). Hindu influence is manifested in a pattern and hierarchy embodied in human space itself is the front part chamber (bamba) likened to the human foot. Space the middle (tanga) likened to the human body. The back room (Suo) likened to the human head. Sasambiri space functioned as Rapu (kitchen). At the top there is storage room (attic). (Kadir, 2008).

3 Fig 2. Front elevation of Sultan, Sultan Official, and Populace House 2.1. Sultan House Sultan as the highest authority in the Sultanate of Buton and also as a symbol of welfare, in making his home would have to characterize greatness and honor. Dwelling house or Malige Sultan called Kamali. In the language of Buton, Malige means palace or Mahligai (in Malay language). Several features of the Sultan s house : Tiered roof shape with a gap distance. Number of house plots is five, seven or nine, the numbers must be odd. The existence of the pillars on either side of the house called kambero. The shape of the more backward the house floor higher. At the top of the house there is Pineapple and Dragon symbol, pineapple is a symbol of the well-being that grows in a person, while the dragon symbolizes power and tells government ancestry Buton from mainland China. Their front porch space as a place to receive guests who symbolize Sultan transparent for the people. Jar placed in front of the house as a place of water, which symbolizes the sanctity that anyone who enters her home has been sacred. (Suleman, 2010) 2.2. Sultanate Official House Sultanate officials are auxiliaries Sultan in carrying out government duties in the Law of the Sultanate of Buton. As his position in the government, in a residential development in the Sultanate officials, shapes and symbols contained in the same house construction ditidaklah between officials from one another depending on his position. In broad outline and characteristic forms and official home construction or Banua Kambero Sultanate namely : The shape of the roof of the duplex as a symbol of the sultan and the protector of people's maid. Number of house plots of 3-5 plots. Ornaments mostly the same as the home to the Sultan, but the symbols that are not allowed are ornamental dragon. The addition of a terrace in front of the house as a place to receive guests and as a place to lurk society movements, is specifically for Ogena Bonto officials. The shape of the house floor is elevated on the right home and the more backward the higher that are analogous to the position of a prayer. (Suleman, 2010) 2.3. Populace House Initial formation begins with the establishment of settlements Wolio houses on stilts, as immigrants form of houses built is still very simple then the house known as Banua Tada home form, which then made public at the time of the Kingdom and the Sultanate of Buton. The shape and characteristics of the community tada banua stilts with the following characteristics : Has two or three plots. No symbols on houses. Gable roof The jar placed in front of the house. (Suleman, 2010)

4 3. Methodology The research location is in the city of Baubau, Southeast Sulawesi with the object of research such as the following distribution : Fig 3. Map of research object The method used in this research is qualitative method. To obtain data on classification and specification home Buton do two (2) types of data collection, namely : 1. Primary data by interviewing the occupants of the house, do a visual analysis, and take home Buton documentation. 2. Secondary data by searching the literature of the media, journals, and books on architecture Buton home. The purpose of the morphology home Buton Buton home to classify buildings according to their social status hierarchy contained within the scope of the research that is the home of Sultan (Malige), house officers (Kambero) and houses (Banua Tada). Classification is distinguished through basic shapes and patterns Extra space home support at home. The primary data analysis was conducted by re-drawing of the layout and shape of the house Buton. 4. Results and Discussion Fig. 4 Floorplan typology and morphology Sultan has a 7 plots with extra space and kitchen terrace. The Official house has five plots with a kitchen space that resides in the house with significant elevation differences with the right-side of the

5 plot. In ordinary public house which consists of three plots, the kitchen is an addition that was not included in plot and not used for dining. At the third house, it appears that the only populace house and Sultan officials house. The general public in the rule of law in the Sultanate of Buton according to an interview with Arif Tasila (2015) are not allowed to use the terrace in the past because of the function of the terrace as a place to monitor the behavior of other officials and the public. But now the rules have been abolished. The use of the terrace on the general public is only allowed if the roof terrace is not fused main house roof structure (Tasila, 2015). According to an interview with Rachmat (2016), rear of the house is a private women area with which is bounded by walls and doors. Men area were in the room which is now the meeting room. However, this rule only applies when there are big event like a wedding. Its related to the placement of seclusion rooms (Suo) located at the rear of the house and has elevation because only the prospective bride can be placed in the room. In Addition Process System shows the transition process functions that occur over the development of the home. At the Sultan and officials house, the addition made to the side for the home page that is still widespread. While home residents can not take much space to the side and therefore the addition is done linearly by adding a little to the side. Kitchen move out along with economic development and the number of family members. But the official house, the kitchen has enough space for already lower elevation than other spaces. Lavatory is separate and apart from the kitchen. Accessible from the kitchen. The addition of the populace houses occurs after the sultanate era ended with the condition of its structure must be separated from the main building. Fig 5. Common Addition System at Sultan's house, officials and residents Combined Typology Based on Basic Form and Space Addition Roof shape, roof shape in each house is generally triangular, this is due to the tropical climate on the island of Buton and its location that is in the equator. The hierarchy seen in the three houses is a

6 modification of the triangular plane. Sultan's house has an overlapping roof because at the top of the arrangement there is a space that functioned as a loft that is useful for the storage of offerings and sacred objects The number of plots, each plot in the house functioned as a certain room, if needed more area, then just need to add plot. Sultan has the most plot is 5, 7, or 9 plots that total must be odd, as well as with Official House consisting of 3 or 5 plots. Populace house is only allowed 2 or 3 plots. If there is an addition to the plot, it is included as an addition building. Knee Bracing, only the Sultan's house is allowed to use a large number of knee bracing and exposed to the building. The knee bracing is called tada. Tada is also a hallmark of traditional houses of Buton. The house of the Sultan must be firm because of its role as the Palace / Malige, therefore the Sultan's house has many knee bracing. While at Officials and Populace houses only use as necessary as a buffer. The difference floor level, it indicate the importance of space and who will occupy the room. The floor level found in the Sultan's house was influenced by the highest social status in the Sultanate of Buton, so the different degrees were significantly divided into four floors of the house. The higher the room, the more private and sacred the area. Official houses have distinct home-level differences seen in the far right plot. This difference is to indicate the level of social status during deliberation, and shows the zoning of public and private spaces. So also with populace house that also have a floor elevation. The decoration on the roof ridge, the roof ridge can show the identity of the Buton traditional house. The symbol of pineapple and dragon became a symbol devoted to the Sultan and community buildings such as baruga (traditional public hall in Buton) or sultanate buildings. House officials are only allowed to use the symbol of pineapple, while the populace forbidden to use any symbol on the roof ridge. 5. Conclusion There are some conclusions based on the research results. First, about the expiration of the sultanate of Buton in 1960 impact both on people who inherited the house to maintain the characteristics and shape of the house. However, adjusting the number of members, the economy, and the need, several homes were insulation, room additions, and changes in the function. Second conclusion are about the building type. Of the whole house type Buton there is no space functions as a toilet. Toilet is usually separate from the house and is somewhat distanced from the kitchen outside the house. Seclusion room is part of a priority to be placed in the rear and has a higher elevation. The kitchen becomes a flexible part because it can be fused or separate to the main building. In addition the position of the kitchen should be placed in the back with a lower elevation. The living room is very influenced by the hierarchy of social status. Sultan has 6 terraced house living room also serves as a space for meetings with officials of the empire. Official home using a different level in the living room that consists of 3 plots to distinguish rank in office. Houses have a ballroom in the living room that can be opened / closed in accordance with the needs of volume in the living room. Acknowledgment : We would like to thank Ministry of Higher Education and Research Technology Republic of Indonesia with Grant Scheme of International Collaboration Research and Publication for contributing this research. References 1) Adiyaksa, L. O., & Mansyur, M. (2013, April 14). Accessed on February 22, 2016, from Scribd Web Site: 2) Atmanti, H. D. (2008, May 14). Accessed on April 5, 2016, from core.ac.uk: 3) Franciska, B., & Wardani, L. K. (2014). Accessed on February 22, 2016, from Student Journal Petra: 4) Kadir, I. (2008, August). Accessed on February 22, 2016, from 5) Moleong, D. L. (2002). Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif. Bandung, Jawa Barat: PT.Remaja Rosdakarya. Accessed on 3 10, ) Moneo, R. (1978). Oppositions Summer; On Typology. In H. R. Lihawa, TIPOLOGI ARSITEKTUR RUMAH TINGGAL Studi Kasus Masyarakat Jawa Tondano (Jaton) Di Desa Reksonegoro Kabupaten Gorontalo. Cambridge: The MIT Press. 7) Singgih, D. S. (2013, November 14). Accessed on April 5, 2016, from web.unair.ac.id/admin/file/f_19997_jr34.pdf 8) Suleman. (2010, November 1). Accessed on February 22, 2016, from Eprints Undip: 9) Sumintardja, D. (1981). Kompedium Sejarah Arsitektur (Vol. I). Bandung, Jawa Barat, Indonesia: Yayasan Lembaga Penyelidikan Masalah Bangunan. Accessed on February 24, ) Tasila, A. (2015, Desember 17). Various homes in Buton. (D. Farisa, Interviewer) Bau Bau, Sulawesi Tenggara.