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38 Afrasiabi, K.L., The Myth of an Israeli Strike on Iran, Asia Times, 7 April Alfoneh, A., Iran's Suicide Brigades: Terrorism Resurgent, Middle East Quarterly, Vol. 16, No. 1, (Winter Arend, A.C., The Role of the United Nations in the Iran-Iraq War in C.C. Joyner (ed. The Persian Gulf War Lessons for Strategy, Law and Diplomacy (Greenwood Press Bennett, D.S. and Stam, A.C., The Duration of Interstate Wars , American Political Science Review, Vol. 90, No. 2 (1996 pp Bennett, S. and Stam, A.C., Predicting the Length of the 2003 U.S.-Iraq War, Foreign Policy Analysis, Vol. 2, No. 2 (2003, pp Bill, J.A., Morale vs Technology: The Power of Iran in the Persian Gulf War, in F. Rajee (ed. The Iran-Iraq War: The Politics of Aggression (1993. Chan, S., Explaining War Termination: A Boolean Analysis of Causes, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 40, No. 1 (2003, pp Chubin, S., Iran and the War: From Stalemate to Ceasefire, in E. Karsh (ed. The Iran-Iraq War: Impact and Implications (London: Macmillan, 1989, pp Cordesman, A.H. and Wagner, A.R., Lessons of Modern War, Vol II: The Iran-Iraq War (Westview, Dekker, I.F., Criminal Responsibility and the Gulf War of : The Crime of Aggression, in I.F. Dekker and H.G. Post (eds The Gulf War of : The Iran-Iraq War in International Legal Perspectives (The Hague: Asser Institute, Dilip, H., The Longest War: The Iran-Iraq Military Conflict (Grafton, Evron, Y., An Israel-Iran Balance of Nuclear Deterrence: Seeds of Instability, in E. Kam (ed. Israel and Nuclear Iran: Implications for Arms Control, Deterrence and Defense, Memorandum No. 94 (Tel-Aviv: INSS, 2008, p

39 Fathi, N., General Says Iran Can Strike Back at Israel, The New- York Times, 20 September Gieling, S., Religion and War in Revolutionary Iran (London: Tauris & Co., Goemans, H.E., Fighting for Survival The Fate of Leaders and the Duration of War, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 44, No. 5 (2000a, pp Goemans, H.E., War and Punishment (Princeton University Press, 2000b. Grummon, S.R., The Iran-Iraq War: Islam Embattled (Prager, Gurr, T.R., Jaggers, K., and Moore, W., Polity II Codebook (Boulder: University of Colorado Hoffer, E., The True Believer (Thoughts on the Nature of Mass Movements (Harper and Row, Hasenclever, A. and Rittberger, V., Does Religion Make A Difference? in P. Hatzopoulus and F. Petito (eds Religion in International Relations: The Return from Exile (NY: Palgrave Macmillan, Hooglund, E., Strategic and Political Objectives in the Gulf War Iran's View, in C.C. Joyner (ed. The Persian Gulf War Lessons for Strategy, Law and Diplomacy (Greenwood Press, 1990 pp Hooglund, E., The Islamic Republic at War and Peace, Midddle East Report, Vol. 156 (1989, pp Ike, N., Japan's Decision for War: Records of the 1941 Poicy Conferences (Stanford University Press, Ikle, C., The Social Impact of Bomb Destruction (University of Oklahoma Press, Ikle, C., Every War Must End (New York: Columbia University, Kamran, M., The Economic Consequence of the Gulf War (London: Routledge, Karsh, E. (ed. The Iran-Iraq War: Impact and Implication (MacMillan, Katz, M.N., Putin, Ahmadinejad and the Nuclear Crisis, Middle 46

40 East Policy, Vol. 13, No. 4 (2006, pp Khadduri, M., War and Peace in the Law of Islam (John Hopkins Press, Khadduri, M., The Gulf War the Origins and Implications of the Iraq-Iran Conflict (Oxford, Khomeini, R., Islam and Revolution: Writings and Declarations of Imam Khomeini, edited and translated by H. Algar (Berkley: Mizan Press, Khumayni, R., An Unabridged Translation of Resaleh Towzih al masael, by Ayatollah Sayyed Rubo Slah Mausavi Khamenini, translated by J. Borujerdi, (Westview Press MacDonald, C.G., Iran, Iraq, and the Cease-Fire Negotiations: Contemporary Legal Issues, in C.C. Joyner (ed. The Persian Gulf War Lessons for Strategy, Law and Diplomacy, (Greenwood Press, 1990, pp Maghen Z., From Omnipotence to Impotence: A Shift in the Iranian Protrayal of the 'Zionist Regime', Mideast Security and Policy Studies, Vol. 78 (2008. Mattes, T. and Morgan, C., When do They Stop Modeling the Termination of War, Conflict Management and Peace Science, Vol. 21 No. 3 (2004, pp Menashri, D., Iran: Doctrine and Reality, in E. Karsh (ed. The Iran-Iraq War: Impact and Implications (London:, Macmillan 1989, pp Mitchell, C.R. and Nicholson, M., Rational Models and the Ending of Wars, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 27 (1983, pp Momtaz, D., The Implementation of UN Resolution 598, in F. Rajaee (ed. Iranian Perspectives on the Iran-Iraq War (University Press of Florida, 1997, pp Pelletiere, S.C. and Johnson, V.D. II, Lessons Learned: The Iran- Iraq War (Strategic Studies Institute, US Army War College, Rajaee, F.,Views from Within, in F. Rajaee (ed Iranian Perspectives on the Iran-Iraq War (University Press of Florida, Rajaee, F., The Iran-Iraq War: The Politics of Aggression 4*

41 (University Press of Florida, Ramazani, R.K., Who Started the Iran-Iraq War? Virginia Journal of International Law, Vol. 33, No. 1, (Fall 1992, pp Rubin, U., Missile Defense and Israel's Deterrence against a Nuclear Iran, in E. Kam (ed. Israel and Nuclear Iran: Implications for Arms Control, Deterrence and Defense (INSS Memorandum 94, 2008, pp Segal, D., The Iran-Iraq War: A Military Analysis, Foreign Affairs, Vol. 66 (1988, pp Shemirani, S.T., The War of the Cities, in F. Rajee (ed. The Iran-Iraq War: The Politics of Aggression (University Press of Florida, 1993, pp Shichor, Y., Competence and Incompetence: The Political Economy of China's Relation with the Middle East, Asian Perspectives, Vol. 30, No. 4, (2006, pp Slantchev, L., How Initiators End Their Wars: The Duration of Warfare and the Terms of Peace, American Journal of Political Science, Vol. 48, No. 4, (2004, pp Tabatabai, A.S.M.H., Shi'ite Islam, translated by Seyyed Hossein Nasr (London: Allen and Unwin, Tousi, R.R., Containment and Animosity: The United States and the War, in F. Rajaee (ed. Iranian Perspectives on the Iran- Iraq War, (University Press of Florida, 1997, pp Vuchinich, S. and Teachman, J., Influences on the Duration of Wars, Strikes, Riots and Family Arguments, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 37, No. 3, (1993, pp Werner, S., Negotiating the Terms of Settlement: War Aims and Bargaining Leverage, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 42, No. 3, (1998, pp Wilbur, R.M., The Iran-Iraq War: An Analysis of the Cease-fire, The Fletcher Forum of World Affairs, Vol. 14, (1990. Wittman, D., How a War Ends: A Rational Model Approach, Journal of Conflict Resolution, Vol. 23, (1979, pp Wright, C., Implications of the Iran-Iraq War, Foreign Affairs, (Winter , pp Wright, C., Religion and Strategy in the Iran-Iraq War, Third 47

42 World Quarterly, Vol. 7, (1985, pp Zartman, I.W., Ripening Conflict, Ripe Moment, Formula and Mediation, in D. BenDahmane and J. Mcdonald (eds, Perspectives on Negotiation (Government Printing Office, Zartman, W.I., The Timing of Peace Initiatives: Hurting Stalemates and Ripe Moments, The Global Review of Ethnopolitics, Vol. 1, No. 1, (2001, pp Zartman, W.I., Ripeness: The Hurting Stalemate and Beyond, in W.I. Zartman (ed. International Conflict Resolution after the Cold War, (2000. Zonis, M. and Brumberg, D., Shi'ism As Interpreted by Khomeini: An Ideology of Revolutionary Violence, in M. Krammer (ed. Shiism, Resistance and Revolution (London: Westview Press, *, * 8,,,0,+8,08907+,+89,+8* ,8-,*7099, 4+04*7099-, D 48

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44 Afarsiabi Maghen *,+80 Cordesman and Wagner 1990 p *96,+, Chan 2003, Goemans 2000a, Bennett and Stam Mitchell and Nicholson 2003, Zartman 2000, Wittman 1997, Vuchinich and Teachman 1993 Rubin ,9906,09,9+globalsecurity 11 Fathi (Cordesman and Wagner 1990 p. 5, 134Grummon *0997Daily Telegraph 4,949+TIME , Evron

45 , 0-4,,009,, - 0-4,, Jimma Times Alfoneh * -0 ; : B E 31 7,+++ 32,+8* Zonis and Brumberg ,44,+8* 30 -,

46 35 4*,+*4 Khomeini 1981 pp ,+8* 37 Khadduri 1955 pp , 40 Menashri 1989 p ,,-,9*, * * Maghen 2008, p Evron Maghen , ,6* ,,,,,9, * :; : ; Hasenclever and Rittberger 2003 pp Khadduri 1955 Ch. XII 55 4,9, Khadduri 1988pp , Bill 1993 p. 199 (Khadduri 1988,++, 6+8 * -0

47 00+89 Ramazani 1992 UN Doc. s/23273 ( Cordesman and Wagner 1990 p. 77 Hooglund 1990 p. 40,+80,+89,+8-,+80,+88,+87,+87 60, Arend 1990 p , ,0780 6, * 680,* ,, ,98* 62 Gieling UN Khadduri 1988 pp Doc. S/ * Dekker 1992 p ,,099* 65 Cordesman and Wagner 1990 p Khadduri 1988, Khadduri 1988, ,7 69 Pelletiere and Johnson * pp Segal 1988 p ,Salamcheh 72 Cordesman and Wagner 1990 p *9999*999,499 Iran Times Cordesman and Wagner 1990 p Hooglund 1990 p Washington Post Cordesman and-,+788 Wagner 1990 p C769C 76 Khadduri 1955, Ch XXII -4

48 77,++, 78 Shemirani 1993 p 37Cordesman and Wagner 1990 p *, ,, Shemirani Hooglund 1990p. 52 B Kamran 1990p. 31,+78,+8* 81 Cordesman and Wagner 1990 p Chubin 1989 p. 21 Cordesman and Wagner 1990 pp , * Momtaz 1997 p. 1250*+87 Tousi 1997 p Tousi 1997 p ,+88,-*F,+80 4-F,+8-,0F, Kamran 1990 p. 122,+8* Wilbur 1990 p Khadduri 1955 Ch XXII 90 Gieling 1999 pp *8+ 92, CIA Cordesman and Wagner 1990 p Hooglund 1989,,999,*9999 Hooglund 1989Cordesman and Wagner 1990 p. 3,099999*99999 B Hooglund 1989Cordesman and Wagner 1990 p. 3 4*9999,* B --

49 ,++,,*99UN Doc. s/23273 (1991 * Kamran 1990 p. 127Rajaee 1997 p. 2,++, *-- 79 Kamran 1990 p Hooglund ,+88 8 Cordesman and Wagner 1990 p Bill 1993 p Werner 1998 p Chan 2003 pp Mattes and Morgan 2004, Goemans 2000b, Werner Ikle Mitchell and Nicholson 1983Wittman 1979 Vuchinich and Teachman 1993 Goemans 2000b p ; : Tabatabai 1975 p Cordesman and Wagner 1990 pp Vuchinich and Teachman B 104 Bennett and Stam 1996 Zartman 1986, Zartman 2000, Zartman Chubin 1989 p. 16 Hoffer Zartman Chan

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51 130 Ikle (Katz 2006 (Shichor Maghen