Contents. Acknowledgments... xiii Preface... xv Note on Transliteration... xvii

Transcription

1 Contents Acknowledgments... xiii Preface... xv Note on Transliteration... xvii Introduction... 1 The Oxus and Mā Warāʾ al-nahr in History... 7 Notes on the Sources The Secondary Literature Islamic Societies in History: State of Knowledge Power, Authority and Social Order The Concept of Social Order: Guiding Premises and Cornerstones Institutions Worldview(s) Social Order and Inertia Questions of Power and Authority The Omnipresence of Power in Human Relations Power in Networks Institutionalization Processes Symbolic Power Authority and Social Order Patronage, Gift Exchange and Mediation Patron-Client Relations Generosity, Reciprocity and Gift Giving Mediation and Brokerage Conclusion Historical Overview: Social Order in Mā Warāʾ al-nahr The Geographical Setting of Mā Warāʾ al-nahr The Uzbeks and their Turko-Mongol Legacy Uzbek Origins and Waves of Migration Social Order in the Turko-Mongol World Social Order in Uzbek-dominated Transoxania Shifts of Power and Social Change

2 vi Andreas Wilde Mā Warāʾ al-nahr in the Early Eighteenth Century The Rise of Amirid Principalities Miyānkāl: The Intermediate Land The Khiṭāʾī-Qipchāq The Yetī Ūrūgh The Qaṭaghān Nūr and the Northern Mountains of Miyānkāl The Burqūt and the Turkomān Yūzī Ḥiṣār-i Shādmān Ūrā Tippa and Other Towns in the Sir Daryā Region The Yūz and Ming Tribes Qarshī (Nasaf/Nakhshab) The Manghit Khuzār The Sarāy Shahr-i Sabz: The Green City The Ūng wa Sūl Alliance and the Kīnakās Shīrābād, Bāysūn and the Iron Gate The Qungrāt Tirmidh The Naymān Samarqand: The Paradisiacal City Chahār Jūy The Qalmāq (Junghār/Uirāt) Ūrgūt and Kūhistān The City of Bukhara Deserts and Mountains The Inhabitants of the Peripheries Conclusion The Figurations of Power in Eighteenth-Century Transoxania The Circumstances under the Last Tuqay-Timurids The Major Power Shifts under Abū l-faiż Khān Muḥammad Raḥīm Bī Yūz of Ḥiṣār Niʿmatullah Bī Naymān of Tirmidh Ibrāhīm Bī Kīnakās of Shahr-i Sabz Farhād Bī Ūtārchī of Samarqand Khudāyār Bī and the Rise of the Manghit The Yetī Ūrūgh, the Qaṭaghān and the Struggle for Karmīna

3 Content vii The Ahl-i Maḥramīya: Eunuchs, Slave Soldiers and Astrologers The Jūybārī Khwājas Foreign Glimpses of Bukhara s Social Order: Florio Benevini s Account Summary Nādir Shāh s Conquest of Mā Warāʾ al-nahr The First Iranian Campaign (Autumn 1737) Nādir Shāh s Measures after the Conquest of Bukhara The Immediate Effects of the Iranian Presence Summary The Creation of Muḥammad Raḥīm Khān s Herrschaftsverband The Amirid Elite Patterns of Mobility Tribespeople, Kinship and Formative Aspects of Patronage The Population The Yētī Ūrūgh Amīrs of Miyānkāl The Kīnakās Amīrs of Shahr-i Sabz Mūsā Bī of Ūrgūt Fāżil Bī Yūz of Ūrā Tippa Muḥammad Amīn Bī Yūz of Ḥiṣār The Qungrāt Amīrs of Bāysūn and Shīrābād Conclusion The Institutionalization of Manghit Authority The Wilāyāt-i Maḥrūsa as a Herrschaftsverband The Order of Things in Eighteenth-Century Chronicles Preconditions for the Forging of Personal Ties The Image of the Protectors from the Perspective of the Protégés Rituals of Power: The Bayʿa and Kūrnish Notions of Loyalty and Obedience Ikhlāṣ, Hawā-khwāhī and Other Terms for Loyalty Iṭāʿat, Inqiyād and Īlī: Obedience and Subordination Farmān-bardārī and Khidhmatgārī: Subjection and Service Provision of Resources by Subordinated Actors Jān-Sipārī: Sacrifice and Devotion Acts of Favor, Grace and Compassion Marḥamat, Shafaqat and ʿInāyat: Terms for Favor, Benevolence and Affection Particular Acts of Favor: Patterns and Situations

4 viii Andreas Wilde Tarbiyat and Iṣṭināʿ: Nurture, Promotion and Marks of Favor Patterns of Gubernatorial Appointments Qurbat: Intimacy and Affinity Bunuwwat and Farzandī: Filiation and Sonship Riʿāyat and Ḥimāyat (Ḥirāsat, Ḥifāẓat): Attention, Solicitude and Protection Provision of Resources by Social Superiors Back to the Beginning: Notions of Fear and Anxiety Conclusion Generosity and Gift Giving The Terminology of the Gift in the Chronicles Gifts from Below and Instances of Gift Exchange Of Jewels, Horses and Rare Fabrics: Objects of Gift Exchange Namak-khwurī: Notions of Gratitude and Right Behavior The Motif of Generosity in the Example of Jāwush Bāy The Tūy and Other Festivities Qutluq Bāy Donates a Garden Conclusion Mediation and Brokerage Tashafuʿ and Tawassul: Intercession and Forging Connections Village Elders: Fragments from the Sources Religious Nobles as Intermediaries The Manghit Chiefs as Power Brokers Insights into a Kingāsh What Makes an Ideal Intermediary? Conclusion The Portrayal of Order in Bukharan Chronicles Justice-dispensing and Ordering Ruler Hierarchies and Spatial Manifestations of Social Order Mullā Sharīf Esteems Kinship and Genealogical Order Causes of Disorder Conclusion The Superhuman Protector and the Role of Destiny The Chronicles as Snapshots of Social Order Conclusion Social Order(s) in Nineteenth-Century Transoxania The Manghit Period: Rulers and Milestones Muḥammad Dānyāl Bī b. Khudāyār Bī

5 Content ix Shāh Murād Bī Amīr Ḥaidar The Succession Struggle Amīr Naṣrullah Khān The Last Three Manghit Amīrs Social Order at the Bukharan Court Shāh Murād s Image in Nineteenth-Century Historiography Rituals of Power at Amīr Ḥaidar s Court Naṣrullah Khān: The Lord of the Auspicious Conjunction Summary Russia s Protectorate Reconsidered The Russian Expansion: A Chronological Overview Russian Protagonists and Local Power Brokers The Effects of the Russian Presence Summary Foreign Images of Transoxania s Social Order Foreign Experiences of Bukharan Hospitality Trapped in the Regional Gift Cycle Diverging Worldviews, Divergent Tastes The Bukharan Horse Trade Summary Social Order(s) in the Bukharan Countryside Sharecropping, Land Tenure and Patronage in Bukhara Institutionalized Indebtedness Āqsaqāls According to Foreign and Secondary Sources Āqsaqāls in Bukharan Sources On the Selection and Performance of Āqsaqāls Summary Making Sense of the Petition System Summary Conclusion Transoxania before and after The Formation of the Nascent Bukharan State Concluding Remarks Why Apply the Social Order Concept? The Added Scientific Value of the Social Order Concept The End of Chronicle Writing

6 x Andreas Wilde Glossary Appendices Appendix A: Genealogical Tables Appendix B: Weights and Currencies Appendix C: List of Revenues from the Tūmānāt of Transoxania (in 1833) Appendix D: Table of Tribes and Districts Supplying Troops for Naṣrullah Khān s Army Appendix E: Maps Bibliography Indices