JAMES ROBERT BALLANTYNE NARRATIVE HISTORY AMOUNTS TO FABULATION, THE REAL STUFF BEING MERE CHRONOLOGY

Transcription

1 NARRATIVE HISTORY AMOUNTS TO FABULATION, THE REAL STUFF BEING MERE CHRONOLOGY James Robert Ballantyne Stack of the Artist of Kouroo Project

2 300 BCE During the 3d Century BCE, in India, rishi Krishna Dvaipayana (known by that name on account of his dark complexion and his origin on an island in the Yamuna River) decided upon a division of scholarly labor. He divided the primordial single Veda into four sub-vedas and assigned each of these four portions to a particular other rishi scholar. The four portions into which he divided the primordial single Veda were the Rigveda, a collection of 1,028 Vedic Sanskrit hymns and 10,600 verses organized into ten books, the Yajurveda, containing the formulas to be recited by an officiating priest, the Samaveda, containing in 1,549 stanzas the formulas to be sung, and the Atharvaveda, a collection of spells and incantations, apotropaic charms, and 760 speculative hymns. The Rigveda he assigned to rishi Paila, the Yajurveda he assigned to rishi Vaisampayana, the Samaveda he assigned to rishi Jaimini, and the Atharvaveda he assigned to rishi Sumantu. Because of this decision he would come to be known as the Veda Vyasa, or Splitter of the Vedas. At about this point a Korean people ancestral to the Japanese were introducing southern Chinese wet-rice agriculture into the Japanese home islands. Meanwhile the Iranians were introducing wet-rice agriculture into Egypt and Syria. People living near Lake Turkana in northwestern Kenya placed basalt pillars so that they were aligned with the constellations. The Carthaginian navy s quinquireme warships, with five banks of oars, relied upon galley slaves owned by the government. There were privately owned plantations in Libya that held agricultural work forces of up to 20,000 enslaved laborers. At this point pipes were being made out of lead sheeting in lengths of 10 feet or more. This was done by bending the sheet around a wood mandrel and then joining the edges of the resultant tube by soldering with an alloy of lead and tin. Such pipes could be used to distribute water, and we note that the pipe sizes took their names, not from the internal diameter of the resulting channel, but from the width of that flat sheet of lead before it was shaped (we can rest assured that, although our histories inform us that it was the classical Greeks who were doing this, this was too much like work and actually it was the slaves of the classical Greeks who were doing this for them). During the 3rd Century BCE, the Hebrew scriptures would be being rendered into Greek by 72 clean room

3 translators working simultaneously but independently in Alexandria, Egypt, creating what became known as the LXX (SEPTUAGINT). The ancient Hebrew tappauch used in the GENESIS story of Eden for the fruit of the Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil was an indiscriminate term for the various familiar fruits such as orange, peach, quince, and apricot. When tappauch was rendered as malus, that Latin term was also a generic category, designating merely that the raw edible in question was a fruit which grew on a tree. It wouldn t be until after the first English translations of the BIBLE that the term would begin to get more specific, let alone to specify a Northern fruit then unknown in the Levant, and in the time of King James I when Eve was made to take a bite out of an apple, the term apple still included among other things pears. During Thoreau s florut, apples and pears were still being lumped together, in the genus Pyrus, the apple being Pyrus malus, although, because the stems of the pistils of the pear are free and separate at the base, the apple is now assigned its own genus, Malus. In effect, although the distinction between a species and a genus is hardly more precisely defined now than it was then, since Thoreau botanists have raised the term Malus from species rank to genus rank. This splitting tendency is recent, against a lumping tendency of very long standing. This trajectory of the Old-World apples spreading through the Levant had little to do with the trajectory of New-World apples. Each of the seven native American species of apple is a smallish tree with smallish fruit, green and sour and commonly termed a crabapple, and, since only one of our seven species is a West Coast species, it seems plausible that these little green dudes were survivors of an earlier configuration in which

4 some northern landmass was adjacent to what is now the eastern seaboard of the North American continent. If you have driven through western Pennsylvania in late May, you have seen the beautiful masses of pink flowers of Malus coronaria dotting the hills, or farther west, from Minnesota down the Mississippi Valley, those of M. ioensis. These are our natives, which must have come many centuries ago from Siberia to Alaska and down, or perhaps even more remotely down from some more eastern north land mass, when the Greenland area was semitropical. There are several species in the eastern United States, only one in the West, and this might indicate the more eastern origin. They are beautiful small trees, more or less round headed in shape, like hawthorns, and their flowers are large, but they are all pink. There is none of the color range of the European-Asiatic crabapples. The fruit is green, rather large for a crabapple, and not attractive on the tree. The early settlers used it for jelly. The American crabapples all blossom about two weeks later than their Oriental relatives... so far as I can find out they have never hybridized with any of the Oriental species. Lape, Fred. APPLES & MAN. WILD APPLES NY: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1979, pages

5 1813 December 13, Monday: James Robert Ballantyne was born at Kelso, Scotland, a nephew of the Ballantyne brothers whose publishing debts would in 1826 so embarrassed Sir Walter Scott. Friend Stephen Wanton Gould wrote in his journal: 2nd day 13 of 12 M / Rode to Portsmouth with Thos Hornsby to attend the Town Council we were appointed Appraisors to the Estate of Saml Elam & render d in the Inventory which we had perviously taken - Wm Rotch Junn was there. Our Ride tho very cold was not was unpleasant as might have been expected NOBODY COULD GUESS WHAT WOULD HAPPEN NEXT James Robert Ballantyne Stack of the Artist of Kouroo Project

6 1838 In this year the British government disassociated the East India Company from obligations into which it had entered, to maintain the temples of India. Forget your promises, that s an order! The Reverend William Adam abandoned India and joined his family in the United States. He would further journey from Boston to London, to attend the initial meeting of an antislavery group, the British India Society. James Robert Ballantyne s A GRAMMAR OF THE HINDUSTANI LANGUAGE (Edinburgh). Monier Williams matriculated at King s College School, Balliol College of Oxford University. At the end of the journal entries for this year, Waldo Emerson listed his readings in Oriental materials during the period: Hermes Trismegistus; Synesius; Proclus; Thomas Taylor; Institutes of Menu; Sir William Jones, Translations of Asiatic Poetry; Buddha. Zoroaster; Confucius. Again Emerson copied extracts from the Confucian canon into his journals, extracts such as Action, such as Confucius describes the speech of God. EMERSON AND CHINA LIFE IS LIVED FORWARD BUT UNDERSTOOD BACKWARD? NO, THAT S GIVING TOO MUCH TO THE HISTORIAN S STORIES. LIFE ISN T TO BE UNDERSTOOD EITHER FORWARD OR BACKWARD. James Robert Ballantyne Stack of the Artist of Kouroo Project

7 1839 Maharaja Ranjit Singh of Baroda died. This maharaja had been a fan of combative sports, supportive of a court wrestler named Sadika Gilgoo or Man Mountain. James Robert Ballantyne s A GRAMMAR OF THE MAHRATTA LANGUAGE (Edinburgh), PRINCIPLES OF PERSIAN CALIGRAPHY, ILLUSTRATED BY LITHOGRAPHIC PLATES OF THE NASKH-TA'LIK CHARACTER (London and Edinburgh), and ELEMENTS OF HINDĪ AND BRAJ BHĀKHĀ GRAMMAR: COMPILED FOR THE USE OF THE EAST- INDIA COLLEGE AT HAILEYBURY (London and Edinburgh: Sold by J. Madden and Co., 8, Leadenhall Street, London; C. Smith, 87, Princes Street, Edinburgh; and at the Military Academy, Lothian Road). In the previous year the British government had disassociated the East India Company from obligations into which it had entered, to maintain the temples of India. Forget your promises, that s an order! In this year the Reverend Robert Spence Hardy s pamphlet THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT AND IDOLATRY IN CEYLON would cry out again for an end to the unnatural, sinful, and pernicious connexion between the British Government of Ceylon and idolatry. Just as the sole purpose for the existence of the Roman Empire way back then obviously had been to facilitate the initial flourishing of Christianity in the known world, he argued, the sole purpose of the British Empire in the present era obviously must be to consolidate and hegemonize this entire globe under the sway of Christianity. The issue was that when the British had taken possession of Ceylon in 1815 their emissaries had done so with the explicit pledge, made to the Buddhist sangha and the Kandyan chiefs, that they would be responsible for maintenance of the Tooth Relic in Kandy the ceremonies attendant upon this annual act of idolatry were at the present time costing the crown the unholy sum of ½ per year! (Although such an expense might seem to be small potatoes in the eyes of some, it amounts to a jab in the eye of God God will not be mocked!) It was the bounden duty of the government of the country, from its possession of Truth, to discountenence the system [of Buddhism] by every legitimate means. Buddhism must be confronted in a struggle that can end only in the discomfiture of those who have risen against the Lord and his Christ.

8 Opium was India s largest export. The first war between the British and the Chinese over the opium trade began. A very popular medical book that had first appeared in 1830, Dr. John C. Gunn s DOMESTIC MEDICINE OR POOR MAN S FRIEND, IN THE HOUSE OF AFFLICTION, PAIN AND SICKNESS, reached its 9th edition despite being all of a thousand pages. A feature of this medical treatise was a sizeable section titled Of the Passions which attempted to deliver advice on mental health, religion, and love. The passions analyzed were those of: fear anger love jealousy joy grief intemperance Thankfully, the remedies which the popular Dr. Gunn commended to his self-medicants for their passions were not drugs such as opiates but amounted instead to: religion education self-discipline THE FUTURE IS MOST READILY PREDICTED IN RETROSPECT James Robert Ballantyne Stack of the Artist of Kouroo Project

9 1840 James Robert Ballantyne s HINDUSTANI SELECTIONS IN THE NASKHI AND DEVANAGURI CHARACTER (Edinburgh), and HINDUSTANI LETTERS, LITHOGRAPHED IN THE NUSKH-TU'LEEK AND SHIKUSTU-AMEZ CHARACTER, WITH TRANSLATIONS (London and Edinburgh). THE LAWS OF MENU, OR THE VISHNU PURÁNA was published in London in a translation into English 1 by Horace Hayman Wilson. Henry Thoreau would check this out of the Harvard Library during January/ February 1850, and would learn much of value from it: WALDEN: There too, as every where, I sometimes expected the Visitor who never comes. The Vishnu Purana says, The householder is to remain at eventide in his court-yard as long as it takes to milk a cow, or longer if he pleases, to await the arrival of a guest. I often performed this duty of hospitality, waited long enough to milk a whole herd of cows, but did not see the man approaching from the town. 1. Consult the new edition of this, published with new introductions by Michael Franklin by the University of Wales at Aberystwyth in November 2001:

10 (Additional references in WALDEN; OR, LIFE IN THE WOODS are on following screens.) WALDEN: The whole ground of human life seems to some to have been gone over by their predecessors, both the heights and the valleys, and all things to have been cared for. According to Evelyn, the wise Solomon prescribed ordinances for the very distances of trees; and the Roman praetors have decided how often you may go into your neighbor s land to gather the acorns which fall on it without trespass, and what share belongs to that neighbor. Hippocrates has even left directions how we should cut our nails; that is, even with the ends of the fingers, neither shorter nor longer. Undoubtedly the very tedium and ennui which presume to have exhausted the variety and the joys of life are as old as Adam. But man s capacities have never been measured; nor are we to judge of what he can do by any precedents, so little has been tried. Whatever have been thy failures hitherto, be not afflicted, my child, for who shall assign to thee what thou hast left undone? PEOPLE OF WALDEN HORACE HAYMAN WILSON SOLON OF ATHENS HIPPOCRATES JOHN EVELYN

11 WALDEN: The other day I picked up the lower jaw of a hog, with white and sound teeth and tusks, which suggested that there was an animal health and vigor distinct from the spiritual. This creature succeeded by other means than temperance and purity. That in which men differ from brute beasts, says Mencius, is a thing very inconsiderable; the common herd lose it very soon; superior men preserve it carefully. Who knows what sort of life would result if we had attained to purity? If I knew so wise a man as could teach me purity I would go to seek him forthwith. A command over our passions, and over the external senses of the body, and good acts, are declared by the Ved to be indispensable in the mind s approximation to God. Yet the spirit can for the time pervade and control every member and function of the body, and transmute what in form is the grossest sensuality into purity and devotion. The generative energy, which, when we are loose, dissipates and makes us unclean, when we are continent invigorates and inspires us. Chastity is the flowering of man; and what are called Genius, Heroism, Holiness, and the like, are but various fruits which succeed it. Man flows at once to God when the channel of purity is open. By turns our purity inspires and our impurity casts us down. He is blessed who is assured that the animal is dying out in him day by day, and the divine being established. Perhaps there is none but has cause for shame on account of the inferior and brutish nature to which he is allied. I fear that we are such gods or demigods only as fauns and satyrs, the divine allied to beasts, the creatures of appetite, and that, to some extent, our very life is our disgrace. How happy s he who hath due place assigned To his beasts and disaforested his mind! * * * Can use his horse, goat, wolf, and ev ry beast, And is not ass himself to all the rest! Else man not only is the herd of swine, But he s those devils too which did incline Them to a headlong rage, and made them worse. All sensuality is one, though it takes many forms; all purity is one. It is the same whether a man eat, or drink, or cohabit, or sleep sensually. They are but one appetite, and we only need to see a person do any one of these things to know how great a sensualist he is. The impure can neither stand nor sit with purity. When the reptile is attacked at one mouth of his burrow, he shows himself at another. If you would be chaste, you must be temperate. What is chastity? How shall a man know if he is chaste? He shall not know it. We have heard of this virtue, but we know not what it is. We speak conformably to the rumor which we have heard. From exertion come wisdom and purity; from sloth ignorance and sensuality. In the student sensuality is a sluggish habit of mind. An unclean person is universally a slothful one, one who sits by a stove, whom the sun shines on prostrate, who reposes without being fatigued. If you would avoid uncleanness, and all the sins, work earnestly, thought it be at cleaning a stable. Nature is hard to be overcome, but she must be overcome. What avails it that you are Christian, if you are not purer than the heathen, if you deny yourself no more, if you are not more religious? I know of many systems of religion esteemed heathenish whose precepts fill

12 I hesitate to say these things, but it is not because of the subject, I care not how obscene my words are, but because I cannot speak of them without betraying my impurity. We discourse freely without shame of one form of sensuality, and are silent about another. We are so degraded that we cannot speak simply of the necessary functions of human nature. In earlier ages, in some countries, every function was reverently spoken of and regulated by law. Nothing was too trivial for the Hindoo lawgiver, however offensive it may be to modern taste. He teaches how to eat, drink, cohabit, void excrement and urine, and the like, elevating what is mean, and does not falsely excuse himself by calling these things trifles. THE FUTURE CAN BE EASILY PREDICTED IN RETROSPECT James Robert Ballantyne Stack of the Artist of Kouroo Project

13 HDT WHAT? INDEX 1841 James Robert Ballantyne s POCKET GUIDE TO HINDUSTANI CONVERSATION, 4th edition. A Scottish physician working in India, Dr. W.B. O Shaughnessy, introduced cannabis to Western medicine.

14 At the Bicetre in Tours, Dr. Jacques-Joseph Moreau used hashish in treatment of mental patients. Monier Williams transited from the East India Company College to University College, Oxford. DO I HAVE YOUR ATTENTION? GOOD. James Robert Ballantyne Stack of the Artist of Kouroo Project

15 1842 Toward the end of his 2d year at Trinity College of Cambridge University, Francis Galton was under a lot of pressure because his academic work was not going well, and he began to experience psychosomatic symptoms. Richard Francis Burton was expelled from Trinity College for some minor infraction and went off to India as a subaltern infantry officer against the Sind. 2 During his years on the Indian subcontinent he would become fluent in Arabic, Hindi, Marathi, Sindhi, Punjabi, Telugu, Pashto, and Miltani. 3 James Robert Ballantyne s PERSIAN CALLIGRAPHY, 2d edition. WHAT I M WRITING IS TRUE BUT NEVER MIND YOU CAN ALWAYS LIE TO YOURSELF 2. At that time the East India Company had its own army. 3. Refer to Christopher Ondaatje s SINDH REVISITED.

16 1843 Professor Sir William Jackson Hooker s NOTES ON THE BOTANY OF THE ANTARCTIC VOYAGE OF THE EREBUS AND TERROR. Publication of the final volume of Professor John Torrey s A FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA (NY: Wiley & Putnam, ), with Professor Asa Gray as a full collaborator. FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA John Lyons s A PRACTICAL TREATISE ON THE CULTIVATION OF ORCHIDACEOUS PLANTS (a 2nd edition would arrive in 1845), the 1st book on orchid culture. Jerome Increase Case, a 24-year-old farmer from upstate New York, introduced a threshing machine. The J.I. Case Company would become the largest thresher producer in the world. James Robert Ballantyne s THE PRACTICAL ORIENTAL INTERPRETER, OR HINTS ON THE ART OF TRANSLATING READILY FROM ENGLISH INTO HINDUSTANI AND PERSIAN and CATECHISM OF PERSIAN GRAMMAR (London and Edinburgh). Robert Fortune made the first of four journeys to China (until 1860), initially for the Royal Horticultural Society, then for the East India Company (he would send 23,892 young tea plants and 17,000 germinated seedlings to northern India), and then for the US government. The tea plants Fortune would send to Washington DC would not succeed, in part due to our preoccupation with civil war. He used the newly devised Wardian Case, and the result would be that never before had so many Chinese plants survived all the way to England. He would forward the balloon flower, bleeding heart, golden larch, Chinese fringe tree, cryptomeria, hardy orange, abelia, weigela, winter honeysuckle, and other plants. PLANTS BOTANIZING CHANGE IS ETERNITY, STASIS A FIGMENT James Robert Ballantyne Stack of the Artist of Kouroo Project

17 1845 The successor of King Frederick VI of Denmark ceded the Danish settlement at Serampore on the river Hoogly above Calcutta in India to the British government. An article in the treaty, however, confirmed the Danish charter of the Serampore Baptist College and protected the missionaries there from being expelled from the subcontinent by the British East India Company. 2d edition of James Robert Ballantyne s HINDUSTANI SELECTIONS IN THE NASKHI AND DEVANAGURI CHARACTER (Edinburgh). His POCKET GUIDE TO HINDOOSTANI CONVERSATION and a 2d edition of his CATECHISM OF SANSKRIT GRAMMAR (London and Edinburgh). At the recommendation of Professor Horace Hayman Wilson, he was dispatched to India to superintend the reorganization of the government Sanskrit college at Benares (now known as Varanasi).

18 1849 James Robert Ballantyne s THE LAGHU KAUMUDI, A SANSKRIT GRAMMAR, BY VARADARÁJA. Upon the capture of Lahore by the English, the Punjab was annexed to British India, and the East India Company acquired the Mountain of Light Kohinoor diamond from the minor successor to Ranjit Singh as

19 partial payment for the Sikh wars. WALDEN: White Pond and Walden are great crystals on the surface of the earth, Lakes of Light. If they were permanently congealed, and small enough to be clutched, they would, perchance, be carried off by slaves, like precious stones, to adorn the heads of emperors; but being liquid, and ample, and secured to us and our successors forever, we disregard them, and run after the diamond of Kohinoor. They are too pure to have a market value; they contain no muck. How much more beautiful than our lives, how much more transparent than our characters, are they! We never learned meanness of them. How much fairer than the pool before the farmer s door, in which his ducks swim! Hither the clean wild ducks come. Nature has no human inhabitant who appreciates her. The birds with their plumage and their notes are in harmony with the flowers, but what youth or maiden conspires with the wild luxuriant beauty of Nature? She flourishes most alone, far from the towns where they reside. Talk of heaven! ye disgrace earth. LAKES OF LIGHT

20 1850 The Reverend Robert Spence Hardy s EASTERN MONACHISM: AN ACCOUNT OF THE ORIGIN, LAWS, DISCIPLINE, SACRED WRITINGS, MYSTERIOUS RITES, RELIGIOUS CEREMONIES, AND PRESENT CIRCUMSTANCES, OF THE ORDER OF MENDICANTS FOUNDED BY GÓTAMA BUDHA, (COMPILED FROM SINGHALESE MSS. AND OTHER ORIGINAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION), WITH COMPARATIVE NOTICES OF THE USAGES AND INSTITUTIONS OF THE WESTERN ASCETICS, AND A REVIEW OF THE MONASTIC SYSTEM. BY R. SPENCE HARDY, MEMBER OF THE CEYLON BRANCH OF THE ROYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY (London: Partridge and Oakey, Paternoster Row; and 70, Edgware Road; Hanbury and Co., Agents). EASTERN MONACHISM James Robert Ballantyne s FIRST LESSONS IN SANSKRIT GRAMMAR, TOGETHER WITH AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HITOPADÉSA; 2d edition, Aware that his congregation in Needham, Massachusetts was displeased by his efforts (they found him too authoritarian, and disapproved of his concern for social reform), the Reverend Charles Henry Appleton Dall once again took refuge in his bed in an episode of ill health. Then he accepted appointment as the new minister of a church in Toronto, Canada, following the ministry of the Reverend William Adam.

21 1851 THE APHORISMS OF THE MÍMÁNSÁ PHILOSOPHY BY JAIMINI. WITH EXTRACTS FROM THE COMMENTARIES. IN SANSKRIT AND ENGLISH (Printed for the use of the Benares College, by order of Govt., N.W.P. (Allahabad: Printed at the Presbyterian Mission Press. Rev. Jos. Warren, Supt.). 4 APHORISMS OF MÍMÁNSÁ This volume would be in the personal library of Henry Thoreau. 4. Translated by James Robert Ballantyne.

22 1852 James Robert Ballantyne edited an explanatory version, in Sanskrit and English, of Sir Francis Bacon s 1620 NOVUM ORGANUM SCIENTIARUM.

23 1855 James Robert Ballantyne s A DISCOURSE ON TRANSLATION, WITH REFERENCE TO THE EDUCATIONAL DESPATCH OF THE HON. COURT OF DIRECTORS, 19 JULY 1854 (Mirzapore). The Reverend Professor Henry Hart Milman s HISTORY OF LATIN CHRISTIANITY. Joseph-Héliodore-Sagesse-Vertu Garcin de Tassy s LES AUTEURS HINDOUSTANIS ET LEURS OUVRAGES. John Cockburn Thomson produced, while in Paris, France, as an undergraduate student of Sanskrit at the age of 21 under Horace Hayman Wilson (MA, FRS, Boden Professor of Sanskrit in the University of Oxford), THE BHAGAVAD-GÍTÁ; OR, A DISCOURSE BETWEEN KṚIṢHṆA AND ARJUNA ON DIVINE MATTERS. A SANSKṚIT PHILOSOPHICAL POEM: TRANSLATED, WITH COPIOUS NOTES, AN INTRODUCTION ON SANSKṚIT PHILOSOPHY, AND OTHER MATTER: BY J. COCKBURN THOMSON, MEMBER OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF FRANCE; AND OF THE ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY OF NORMANDY. HERTFORD: Printed and Published by Stephen Austin, Fore Street, Bookseller to the East India College. MDCCCLV (Thomson would then collaborate on other unrelated projects having to do with the honors and standing of the British nobility, under the pen name Philip Wharton ). J. COCKBURN THOMSON Henry Thoreau would have a copy of this volume in his personal library, but when he would comment passim on the MAHĀBHĀRATA in his journal after June 20, 1846, and on June 26, 1852, it would be on the basis of the earlier translation into English by the Reverend Professor Henry Hart Milman that was also in his library, NALA AND DAMAYANTI and the earlier translation into English by Charles Wilkins that was in the Harvard Library, and on the BHAGVAT-GEETA earlier translation into French by Simon-Alexandre Langlois ( ) that was in the Harvard Library. Various remarks about his readings of the MAHĀBHĀRATA are to be found in his A WEEK ON THE CONCORD AND MERRIMACK RIVERS. November 30, Friday: By this point Henry Thoreau had installed wheels on his boat, as his and his brother s boat Musketaquid had likewise had wheels. Therefore he would not have to borrow a wheelbarrow in order to get his boat up out of the river ice that winter. Thoreau received Thomas Cholmondeley s 5 gift of treatises on India. This shipment included works in Sanskrit which Thoreau could not read but also included the following works in accessible English, French, German, and Latin: John Cockburn Thomson s very recently published new translation of THE BHAGAVAD-GÍTÁ; OR, A DISCOURSE BETWEEN KṚIṢHṆA AND ARJUNA ON DIVINE MATTERS. A SANSKṚIT PHILOSOPHICAL POEM: TRANSLATED, WITH COPIOUS NOTES, AN INTRODUCTION ON SANSKṚIT PHILOSOPHY, AND 5.Did he spell the name Chomondeley in his journal?

24 OTHER MATTER: BY J. COCKBURN THOMSON, MEMBER OF THE ASIATIC SOCIETY OF FRANCE; AND OF THE ANTIQUARIAN SOCIETY OF NORMANDY. HERTFORD: PRINTED AND PUBLISHED BY STEPHEN AUSTIN, FORE STREET, BOOKSELLER TO THE EAST INDIA COLLEGE. MDCCCLV (this is one of the volumes that Thoreau would bequeath to Bronson Alcott that he would bequeath to Franklin Benjamin Sanborn) J. COCKBURN THOMSON Horace Hayman Wilson s translation of the RIG-VEDA SAMHITA Horace Hayman Wilson s SELECT SPECIMENS OF THE THEATRE OF THE HINDOOS Īśvara Kṛṣṇa s THE SĀṀKHYA KĀRIKĀ, OR, MEMORIAL VERSES ON THE SANKHYA PHILOSOPHY, BY ISWARA KRISHNA in a commented translation by Horace Hayman Wilson s published by Henry Thomas Colebrooke (or would Thoreau have accessed the H.T. Colebrook translation of 1837?) THE SANKHYA KARIKA Henry Thomas Colebrook s edition of Horace Hayman Wilson s translation of the THE LAWS OF MENU, OR THE VISHNU PURÁNA: A SYSTEM OF HINDU MYTHOLOGY AND TRADITION. (He had quoted the All intelligences awake with the morning of this edition of the VISHNU PURÁNA in WALDEN as The Vedas say, and from this he had obtained his own Morning is when I am awake and there is dawn in me.) Houghton s INSTITUTES OF MENU Henry Thomas Colebrooke s TREATISE ON THE HINDU LAW OF INHERITANCE a translation of the MANDUKYA UPANISHAD James Robert Ballantyne s translation of THE APHORISMS OF THE MÍMÁNSÁ PHILOSOPHY BY JAIMINI. WITH EXTRACTS FROM THE COMMENTARIES. IN SANSKRIT AND ENGLISH. PRINTED FOR THE USE OF THE BENARES COLLEGE, BY ORDER OF GOVT., N.W.P. (Allahabad: Printed at the Presbyterian Mission Press. Rev. Jos. Warren, Supt. 1851) APHORISMS OF MÍMÁNSÁ Gautama, called Aksapáda. THE APHORISMS OF THE NYÁNA PHILOSOPHY, BY GAUTAMA, WITH ILLUSTRATIVE EXTRACTS FROM THE COMMENTARY BY VIŚWANÁTHA. IN SANSCRIT AND ENGLISH. PRINTED, FOR THE USE OF THE BENARES COLLEGE, BY ORDER OF GOVT. N.W.P. (ALLAHABAD: Printed at the Presbyterian Mission Press. Rev. Jos. Warren, Superintendent. 1850) APHORISMS IN SANSCRIT

25 the Reverend Professor Henry Hart Milman s translation of NALA AND DAMYANTI NALA AND DAMAYANTI John Stuart Mill s HISTORY OF BRITISH INDIA Monier Williams s retranslation of Kalidasa s SAKUNTALA, OR THE FATAL RING a number of volumes of history and criticism of Indian literature

26 1856 The Unitarian Reverend Charles Henry Appleton Dall, never a Transcendentalist, preached his Christology to his Calcutta audience as a series of lectures entitled Some Gospel Principles. In the lecture Christian Liberty he stressed the significance to religious history of dissents by such reformers as the Reverends Henry Ware, Joseph Tuckerman, William Ellery Channing, and Noah Worcester. Invoking a name well known to his audience, that of the Hindu founder of the Brahmo Samaj, Rammohan Roy, he made the tactical mistake of comparing Roy with Jesus this would be found offensive not only to the orthodox Christians back home who would hear of it, but also to Debendranath Tagore, whose instant response was that he would not hear the name of Jesus spoken in the Samaj. James Robert Ballantyne s translation of the initial part of THE MAHÁBHÁSHYA (PATANJALI S GREAT COMMENTARY ON PÁNINI S FAMOUS GRAMMAR), WITH COMMENTARIES and A SYNOPSIS OF SCIENCE IN SANSKRIT AND ENGLISH, RECONCILED WITH THE TRUTHS TO BE FOUND IN THE NYÂYA PHILOSOPHY (Mirzapore). Edward Byles Cowell graduated from Oxford University. Before departing for his new post in India he came across in the Bodleian Library the Ouseley manuscript of the RUBAIYAT of Omar Khayyám and dispatched a copy to Edward J. Fitzgerald.

27 1859 James Robert Ballantyne s award-winning CHRISTIANITY CONTRASTED WITH HINDŪ PHILOSOPHY: AN ESSAY, IN FIVE BOOKS, IN SANSKRIT AND ENGLISH: WITH PRACTICAL SUGGESTIONS TENDERED TO THE MISSIONARY AMONG THE HINDŪS (London: James Madden, Leadenhall Street). The Reverend John Clark Marshman s THE LIFE AND TIMES OF CAREY, MARSHMAN, AND WARD EMBRACING THE HISTORY OF THE SERAMPORE MISSION (2 vols. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans & Roberts). The son John Clark Marshman honored the many accomplishments in India due to the devotion of the missionary Reverends William Carey, Joshua Marshman, and William Ward, who had come to be known as the Serampore trio. CAREY, MARSHMAN, WARD CAREY, MARSHMAN, WARD

28 1860 James Robert Ballantyne assisted in the preparation of a translation of the first three chapters of GENESIS into Sanskrit, with a commentary, under the title THE BIBLE FOR THE PANDITS. When the Reverend Charles Henry Appleton Dall founded in Calcutta a School of Useful Arts, in its initial year it had only 7 students (a year later there would be nearly 300, and the Reverend would come also to manage the Rover s School for Poor Boys, the American Unitarian Association s Hindu Girl s School, and the Hayward School for Girls). During this decade he would be affiliating himself closely with a new leader of the Brahmo Samaj in Calcutta, Keshub Chandra Sen, a person influenced by the writings of the Reverends William Ellery Channing and Theodore Parker. At about this point Professor Horace Hayman Wilson s Boden Chair of Sanskrit at Oxford University was inherited by Monier Williams. INDIA

29 1861 James Robert Ballantyne returned to England and was elected librarian of the India Office. By this point the Reverend William Adam, who had acquired a deserved reputation for messing stuff up and then fleeing, had renounced not only India, and the antislavery crusade, and his Unitarianism, but his ministry itself. What he was doing, instead, was publishing anonymously a lengthy book critiquing the philosophy of history of Auguste Comte, AN INQUIRY INTO THE THEORIES OF HISTORY WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE PRINCIPLES OF POSITIVE PHILOSOPHY, that would be published in the following year in London by W.H. Allen and Company of 13, Waterloo Place. COMTE ON HISTORY

30 1862 The Reverend Robert Spence Hardy sailed for Ceylon a 3d time, as a Wesleyan missionary. The Reverend Charles Henry Appleton Dall returned from Calcutta to America and visited his wife Caroline Wells Healey Dall, 17-year-old son William Healey Dall, and 13-year-old daughter Sarah Keene Healey Dall (during his 31-year ministry in India he would be visiting them but 5 times, which is to say, approximately every 5th or 6th year). James Robert Ballantyne s FIRST LESSONS IN SANSKRIT GRAMMAR, TOGETHER WITH AN INTRODUCTION TO THE HITOPADÉSA, 2d edition. At the end of the journal entries for this year, Waldo Emerson listed his recent readings in Oriental materials: Iamblichus; Sakoontala, or The Lost Ring, (by Kalidasa); Hafiz. Nala and Damayanti; Books bequeathed to me by H.D. Thoreau ; Abd el Kader. Here is a more elaborate record of the books out of Thoreau s personal library that Emerson mentions (above) as having been bequeathed to him: THE LAWS OF MENU, OR THE VISHNU PURÁNA: A SYSTEM OF HINDU MYTHOLOGY AND TRADITION, translated by Horace Hayman Wilson SELECT SPECIMENS OF THE THEATRE OF THE HINDOOS, translated by Horace Hayman Wilson RIG-VEDA SANHITA; First ASHTAKA; Second ASHTAKA; translated by Horace Hayman Wilson Īśvara Kṛṣṇa s THE SĀṀKHYA KĀRIKĀ; OR, MEMORIAL VERSES ON THE SÁNKHYA PHILOSOPHY, translated by Henry Thomas Colebrooke THE SANKHYA KARIKA and the BHÁSHYA OR COMMENTARY OF GAURAPÁDA, translated by Horace Hayman Wilson COMMENTARY OF GAURAPADA LE LOTUS DE LA BONNE LOI, TRADUIT DU SANSCRIT, ACCOMPAGNÉ D UN COMMENTAIRE ET DE VINGT ET UN MÉMOIRES RELATIFS AU BUDDHISME, PAR M. E. BURNOUF (Paris: Imprimerie nationale, 1852) LE LOTUS DE LA BONNE LOI LA BHÁGAVATA PURÁNA, OU HISTOIRE POÉTIQUE DE KRICHNA, translated by Eugène Burnouf and published in three volumes at Paris between 1840 and 1844 LA BHÁGAVATA PURÁNA, I LA BHÁGAVATA PURÁNA, II LA BHÁGAVATA PURÁNA, III INSTITUTES OF MENU, translated by Sir William Jones

31 TWO TREATISES ON THE HINDU LAW OF INHERITANCE [Comprising the Translation of the Dáyabhága of Jīmūtavāhana and that of the section of the Mitáksharáj by Vijñāneśvara on Inheritance]. TRANSLATED BY H.T. COLEBROOKE, ESQUIRE HINDU INHERITANCE Volume XV of the BIBLIOTHECA INDICA, translated by E. Roer; Upanishad Henry Thomas Colebrooke. MISCELLANEOUS ESSAYS (two volumes). London, 1837 COLEBROOK S ESSAYS, I COLEBROOK S ESSAYS, I NALA AND DAMAYANTI, translated by the Reverend Professor Henry Hart Milman NALA AND DAMAYANTI James Robert Ballantyne s translation of THE APHORISMS OF THE MÍMÁNSÁ PHILOSOPHY BY JAIMINI. WITH EXTRACTS FROM THE COMMENTARIES. IN SANSKRIT AND ENGLISH. PRINTED FOR THE USE OF THE BENARES COLLEGE, BY ORDER OF GOVT., N.W.P. (Allahabad: Printed at the Presbyterian Mission Press. Rev. Jos. Warren, Supt. 1851) APHORISMS OF MÍMÁNSÁ Gautama, called Aksapáda. THE APHORISMS OF THE NYÁNA PHILOSOPHY, BY GAUTAMA, WITH ILLUSTRATIVE EXTRACTS FROM THE COMMENTARY BY VIŚWANÁTHA. IN SANSCRIT AND ENGLISH. PRINTED, FOR THE USE OF THE BENARES COLLEGE, BY ORDER OF GOVT. N.W.P. (ALLAHABAD: Printed at the Presbyterian Mission Press. Rev. Jos. Warren, Superintendent. 1850) APHORISMS IN SANSCRIT James Robert Ballantyne s A LECTURE ON THE VEDANTA, EMBRACING THE TEXT OF THE VEDANTA- SARA (Allahabad: Presbyterian Mission Press, 1851, an 84-page pamphlet) James Robert Ballantyne s translation of Viśwanátha Panchánana Bhatta s THE BHÁSHÁ- PARICHCHHEDA

32 February 16, Tuesday: James Robert Ballantyne died That night Captain Edward H. Faucon captured the Pet as it attempted to slip out of Wilmington harbor loaded with cotton. A prize. Retirement money. All things fair in love and war.

33 1867 2d edition, posthumous, of James Robert Ballantyne s THE LAGHU KAUMUDI, A SANSKRIT GRAMMAR, BY VARADARÁJA. 2,000 Chinese railroad workers staged a week-long strike protesting inhumane and racist conditions. 6 On the dedication page to his NOJOQUE, A QUESTION FOR A CONTINENT, Hinton Rowan Helper supposed that the American nation could be rendered all-white by 1876, our centennial year: No Slave nor Would-be Slave, No Negro nor Mulatto, No Chinaman nor unnative Indian, No Black nor Bi-colored Individual of whatever Name or Nationality [should ever again be allowed to] find Domicile anywhere within the Boundaries of the United States. HINTON ROWAN HELPER CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE Reading between the lines of this, we may infer that Helper s phrase unnative Indian was intended to allow that since native Americans had not been brought from anywhere else, it made precious little sense to ask them to go back where they came from. SLAVERY 6. Please understand that the nonviolent civil disobedience in this incident was entirely on the side of the Chinese. There was no nonviolence on the part of white Americans. They burned a number of the Chinese laborers alive, and scalped, mutilated, branded, decapitated, dismembered, and hanged others from gutterspouts. One Chinese man s penis and testicles were severed and toasts were drunk to them at a nearby saloon, as a trophy of the hunt. The event would come to be known as the Rock Springs Massacre. (It goes to show you, that civil disobedience is not the sort of tactic that will function well, when the opposing group is incapable of shame.)

34 1868 2d edition, posthumous, of James Robert Ballantyne s grammar of Hindi. There was a report from India of a strange mammal that had been shot by Alexander Gibson in the Punch Mehali, described as a flying cat and termed a pauca billee. The dried skin of this trophy, exhibited at a meeting of the Bombay Asiatic Society, was noted to be 18 inches on a side and rather more squarish than oblong. CATS WITH WINGS MAGISTERIAL HISTORY IS FANTASIZING: HISTORY IS CHRONOLOGY James Robert Ballantyne Stack of the Artist of Kouroo Project

35 COPYRIGHT NOTICE: In addition to the property of others, such as extensive quotations and reproductions of images, this read-only computer file contains a great deal of special work product of Austin Meredith, copyright Access to these interim materials will eventually be offered for a fee in order to recoup some of the costs of preparation. My hypercontext button invention which, instead of creating a hypertext leap through hyperspace resulting in navigation problems allows for an utter alteration of the context within which one is experiencing a specific content already being viewed, is claimed as proprietary to Austin Meredith and therefore freely available for use by all. Limited permission to copy such files, or any material from such files, must be obtained in advance in writing from the Stack of the Artist of Kouroo Project, 833 Berkeley St., Durham NC Please contact the project at <Kouroo@kouroo.info>. It s all now you see. Yesterday won t be over until tomorrow and tomorrow began ten thousand years ago. Remark by character Garin Stevens in William Faulkner s INTRUDER IN THE DUST Prepared: December 24, 2014

36 ARRGH AUTOMATED RESEARCH REPORT GENERATION HOTLINE This stuff presumably looks to you as if it were generated by a human. Such is not the case. Instead, someone has requested that we pull it out of the hat of a pirate who has grown out of the shoulder of our pet parrot Laura (as above). What these chronological lists are: they are research reports compiled by ARRGH algorithms out of a database of modules which we term the Kouroo Contexture (this is data mining). To respond to such a request for information we merely push a button.

37 Commonly, the first output of the algorithm has obvious deficiencies and we need to go back into the modules stored in the contexture and do a minor amount of tweaking, and then we need to punch that button again and recompile the chronology but there is nothing here that remotely resembles the ordinary writerly process you know and love. As the contents of this originating contexture improve, and as the programming improves, and as funding becomes available (to date no funding whatever has been needed in the creation of this facility, the entire operation being run out of pocket change) we expect a diminished need to do such tweaking and recompiling, and we fully expect to achieve a simulation of a generous and untiring robotic research librarian. Onward and upward in this brave new world. First come first serve. There is no charge. Place requests with <Kouroo@kouroo.info>. Arrgh.