Section 1 North Africa pages Chapter 18 MIDDLE KINGDOM BC OLD KINGDOM

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1 Section 1 North Africa pages Chapter 18 Cultural Geography of North Africa, Southwest Asia, and Central Asia Berbers native ethnic groups in NA; farmers today, used to be nomads Arabs united by language Came to NA from Arabian Pen. Bedouins (Arabs who migrated to NA from SWA) Most people live near water 1 2 NA has experienced a lot of migration and invasion b/c of location EGYPT 3100 King Menes united Upper and Lower Egypt; 1 st Dynasty hieroglyphics Crown of Upper and Lower Egypt, United crown Egyptian God Horus OLD KINGDOM BC splendor and prosperity pharos had absolute power Pyramids city for the dead Rooms stocked w/food and treasures Believed the ka separated from the body; mummification 3 4 King Khufu (@2540 BC) built largest 13 acres 756 feet at each base, 481 feet high (football field is less than an acre!) Sphinx - lion body, human head 240 feet long; 66 feet high (length would be Mrs. Ganser s room to ½ way through the gym) MIDDLE KINGDOM BC Began expanding Pharaoh now shepherd of his people Built public works, provided welfare Ended with Hyksos invasion 5 6

2 NEW KINGDOM BC Created empire, focused on military Hatshepsut female pharaoh Akhenaton tried to become monotheistic w/god Aton Tutankhamen restored polytheism Religious issues started end of empire 7 Why did civilization endure? Geographically protected Leadership Good resources 8 Europeans colonized in 1800 s w/tragic consequences Geometric boundaries straight boundaries created conflict with tribes Nationalism caused issues in late 1800s; led to fight for freedom (Don t t need to write ) 1922 Egypt 1951 Libya 1956 Tunisia, Morocco Algeria (Don t need to write this slide) Education and Health Care # of Ed. Years/lit rate Life Expt. GDP/person Egypt - 8/ $4200 Morocco - 9/ $4200 Algeria - 9/70 73 $6600 Tunisia - 11/ $7100 Libya - 9/ $6700 -severe doctor shortages in most countries 9 10 The Eastern Mediterranean Pages Birthplace of 3 main religions 80% of Israelis are Jewish Wars, persecution, etc., forced them from historic homeland 1948 Israel became a Jewish state Caused tension between Arabs in area, especially the Palestinians 11 12

3 Conflicts Many empires rose and fell physical geo. contributed to lack of resources like minerals, wood, & coal making industry almost impossible Ind. for many countries came at end of WWII Lebanon 1943 (from France) Jordan 1946 from GB Syria, from France, Arab-Israeli Conflict 1800 s Zionist mvmnt (Jews wanting a homeland in Palestine) Hostilities btwn Jews, Arabs, & British forces in Palestine post WWII led to 1947 division of Palestine into 2 states (one Arab/one Jewish) 14 Peace seemed close in 90 s Palestinians close to self rule & acknowledged Israel Israel close to troop withdrawal & return of West Bank and Gaza Strip 2002 talks stopped 2004 Yasir Arafat, chairman of PLO, dies 2006 Islamic group Hamas (opposes Israel and supports attack) won elections in W. Bank & Gaza Strip 15 Many are Muslim, but different cultures TURKS lived in Anatolia; came from C. Asia 1000 AD Ottoman Turks had great empire for 600 years; Turkey est speak Turkish, are Muslim Whirling dervish from Turkey Map of Ottoman Empire 16 IRANIANS, once called Persians Iran means land of Aryans (people originally from BC) speak Farsi, 90% Shia Muslim KURDS lived in mt.. border near Turkey, Iraq, Iran Sunni Muslim, speak Kurdish (related to Farsi) no actual country of their own Ahmadinejad, leader of Iran Map of the Persian Empire 17 18

4 Mesopotamia is a culture hearth and part of the Fertile Crescent Sumerians year round crops, canals for irrigation, law code, cuneiform (wedge-shaped writing) Phoenicians traveled; developed new alphabet based on sounds Persians underground canals (qanats)) to prevent evaporation Sumerian sculpture Oil discovered around WWI not immediate money 1950 Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, SA, Venezuela formed OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) Phoenician alphabet The Arabian Peninsula Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Oman, Yemen, United Arab Emirates, Qatar 21 POPULATION PATTERNS Most people are Arab & Muslim many migrated from other areas to Arabian peninsula when oil was discovered Only 15% of UAE are citizens Cities are most densely populated Dubai at night 22 HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT Countries are young; cultures are old Harsh climate made settlement anywhere but coast difficult; some Greek settlers on island areas; struggle against Ottoman invasion 1932 United Kingdom of Saudi Arabia established Independence was slow for most countries Several monarchies Saudi Arabia is a shari ah ah, govt based on Islamic law A few constitutional emirates (run by princes) Standards of living vary Slum area in Saudi Arabia King Abdullah, left, of Saudi Arabia 23 Masarati in Saudi Arabia 24

5 Culture Main Language Arabic Main religion Islam Arts architecture, calligraphy are best examples Central Asia Afghanistan, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan History and Government Some cultures are 2500 years old 100 BC Central Asia was part of the Silk Road Accessibility also opened CA up to conquest POPULATION PATTERNS Crossroads many, varied ethnic groups (over 50) Afghanistan is most densely populated; mountainous area keeps population thin Conflict has shaped area 1200 AD Mongols, led by Genghis Khan, invaded & controlled area (also (also invaded by Al. the Great, Arabs) Russian Empire swallowed much of Central Asia in s; Soviet Union continued in Soviet Union invaded Afghanistan Armenia resisted invasion Bordered by Muslim nations of Turkey & Azerbaijan, but 90% are Christian, creating an enclave, enclave, a territory that is culturally or ethnically different from surrounding larger cultures Azerbaijan is an exclave, exclave, distinct group of people who are isolated from the main or larger part of the country, because it is surrounded by the Christian Caucasus Freedom fighters, mujahideen, mujahideen, resisted businessman named Osama bin Laden joined and worked with US intelligence to gain funds for mujahideen; mujahideen; he later founded Al Qaeda Taliban took over after USSR left Wealthy Taliban, al Qada flag 29 Mass independence when USSR ended in

6 Culture Most areas speak Turkic languages; Georgia has a completely individual language & alphabet Islam is main religion; some Christian, Apostolic, Georgian Orthodox Education is mandatory, but lacking; health care has been hard since USSR ended His Holiness and Beatitude Ilia II, Archbishop of Mtskheta- Tbilisi and Catholicos- Patriarch of 31 All Georgia.