The Monotheistic Religions. Judaism Christianity Islam

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2 The Monotheistic Religions Judaism Christianity Islam

3 Draw a chart like this one in your notebook. Take notes on each religion as you watch Faith and Belief:. Judaism Christianity Islam Hinduism Buddhism

4 Judaism: Begins about 3,000 years ago in the land of Canaan (present day Israel) Abraham makes a covenant with God- the Hebrews will worship only God and God will lead them to the promised land Jews trace their heritage through Abraham, Sarah and their son Isaac) Book- Torah Worship- at synagogue Holy day- Sabbath- Friday evening to Saturday Language- Hebrew Why is Jerusalem important to them? Site of the first and second temple- present remains- Wailing Wall- western wall

5 Christianity Begins about 2000 years ago in present day Israel Christians trace their heritage through Abraham, his wife Sarah, and their son Isaac Jesus is seen as the son of God- the messiah sent to save the world from sin and damnation God is seen as having three components- Father, son and Holy Spirit Book- Bible- includes the Old Testament (including the Torah) and the New Testament, where we find the story of Jesus life Worship- in churches (saying prayers, reciting creeds, singing hymns, readings from the Bible) Holy Day- Sunday Why is Jerusalem important? Also the western wall- Christians find their roots in Judaism- Jesus was Jewish

6 Islam Started around 630 with the revelations of Muhammad Trace their roots from Abraham, his slave Haggar and their son Ishmael Believe that God has sent many prophets (including Abraham, Moses, Jesus and more) but Muhammad is the final prophet, sent to clear things up Worship- 5 times a day Place of worship- mosque Language- Arabic Book- Quran Allah is the word for God in Arabic Why is Jerusalem important? It is the site of the Dome of the Rockthe place from which Muhammad ascends to Heaven

7 Similarities in the Monotheistic Religions: 1. All 3 have books (Torah, Bible, Quran) 2. All 3 follow laws (Ten Commandments and 5 pillars) 3. All 3 have places of worship (Synagogue, church, mosque) 4. All 3 trace their roots to Abraham 5. All 3 have sects: Judaism (Orthodox, conservative, reformed Jews), Islam (Sunni, Shi a), Christianity (Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Protestant) 6. All 3 place importance on the city of Jerusalem

8 God Monotheism- the God of Abraham- Adonai in Hebrew Holy Book TeNaKh- Torah God gave Torah to Moses Key Beliefs Covenant, Lead a good life, keep Judaism in the family, 10 commandments Practices and Rituals Shabbat/Sabbath, begins with a meal, Talmud and oral law, fasting (Yom Kippur), Kosher (dietary laws) Worship Services Friday evening to late Saturday night, synagogue on Friday evening or Saturday morning, rabbis lead services Sects Orthodox, Conservative, Reformed

9 God Monotheism- 1 God- God of Abraham, Trinity- Father, Son, Holy Spirit Holy Book Old and New Testament of the Bible- Psalms, Gospels, no one language Key Beliefs Covenant, Jesus Christ=son of God, salvation and damnation, Jesus rose from the dead Practices and Rituals Sacraments like baptism and communion Worship Services Church on Sunday, sacraments, creed, pray, read Bible Sects Roman Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant

10 God Monotheism- God of Abraham, Allah in Arabic Holy Book Quran- written in Arabic Key Beliefs Arabs descend from Abraham's son Ishmael, Life of Muhammad, salvation in paradise v. damnation, 5 pillars Practices and Rituals 5 Pillars: Faith, prayer, alms giving, fasting, hajj Do not eat pork Worship Services Mosque- Friday noon an imam gives a sermon Sects Sunni, Shi i

11 Timeline of Middle East History 2500 BC- Ancient River Civilization of Mesopotamia established (Hammurabi) 600s- Muhammad lives and establishes Islam 622- Muhammad s Hijrah 630- Muhammad returns to Mecca 632- beginning of the rightly guided caliphs- Abu-Bakr, Umar, Uthman and Ali 600s-700s- Muslim conquering- treat conquered people with toleration 700s-1000s- Muslim Golden Age- science, math, art, optics, used Greek texts, astronomy 1300s- Ottoman Empire- Suleyman the Lawgiver, tolerant, janissaries World War I- Ottoman Empire falls apart

12 Balfour Declaration had encouraged the idea of creating a Jewish homeland in Palestine begins tensions between Jews and Arab Muslims grows May 14, Israel is created from Palestinian land by the United Nations The next day, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Syria invade- the First Arab- Israeli War- Israel wins Palestinians begin relocating the second Arab-Israeli war- Egypt seizes the Suez Canal- Egyptian leader Nasser sent troops to the canal and Britain, France and Israel try to retake the canal- in the end Egypt was in charge of the canal Six Day War (3 rd Arab-Israeli War) Israel gains control of Jerusalem, the Sinai Peninsula, Golan Heights, and the West Bank Fourth Arab-Israeli War Yom Kippur war- holy day for Jews- Arab nations attack- Prime Minister of Israel Golda Meir counterattacks- regains territory Palestinians form a nationalist organization called the Palestinian Liberation Organization led by Yasir Arafat and begin using guerrilla war tactics against Israel Camp David Accords ended hostility between Egypt (led by Anwar Sadat) and Israel (led by Menachem Begin) By Palestinians are more frustrated as Israel began to forcefully bomb suspected rebel bases in Palestinian towns- Palestinians begin the intifada- campaigns of civil disobedience the Oslo Peace Accords are signed with Israel (leader Rabin) and the PLO (Arafat) as he allows self-rule for Palestinians in the Gaza Strip and West Bank Rabin is called in 1995 by a Jewish extremist By 2000 things are tense again- more Palestinian uprisings

13 Directions: Label the following Turkey Saudi Arabia Iran Iraq Israel Sinai Peninsula Lebanon Syria Bahrain Qatar United Arab Emirates (UAE) Oman Yemen Egypt Afghanistan Kuwait Mediterranean Sea Black Sea Red Sea Persian Gulf Caspian Sea Arabian Sea Gulf of Oman

14 Directions: Label the following Turkey Saudi Arabia Iran Iraq Israel Sinai Peninsula Lebanon Syria Bahrain Qatar United Arab Emirates (UAE) Oman Yemen Egypt Afghanistan Kuwait Mediterranean Sea Black Sea Red Sea Persian Gulf Caspian Sea Arabian Sea Gulf of Oman

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16 Conflicts in the Middle East Palestine today is Israel, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip

17 Past History: Jews lived in Palestine about 3,000 years ago Jews were driven out in the 2 nd century- since then, they did not have a homeland- Diaspora- scattering of the Jews Movement of Zionism- a desire for a Jewish homeland in Palestine grew as anti-semitism spread through time in Europe Balfour Declaration Britain states their support of creating a homeland for Jews- tension builds between the Arabs living in Palestine and the Jews that are migrating to the area After WWII and the Holocaust, the UN decides to partition Palestine (which was a British Mandate) into a Palestinian state for Arabs and a Jewish state for Jews with neither side owning Jerusalem All Islamic countries voted against this

18 1. Describe the land of Israel/Palestine. Israel: Roots of the Conflict 2. Which religions were born there? 3. Why do both Jews and Palestinians claim the land? 4. Why did Jews begin to co me to Palestine? 5. What resulted from the wars? 6. What was the Palestinian plan to fight Israel? 7. What tactics did they use in 1970s? 8. What tactic does Arafat decide he needs to use? 9. What does Israel agree to do? 10. What happens to Sadat?

19 11. What role did the US play in all of this? 12. How were Palestinian refugees treated? 13. Describe the intifada. 14. What surprise does Arafat have for the world? 15. What is Hammas view? 16. What role did the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait play? 17. How did the negotiations in 1991 end? 18. What was the outcome of the Oslo Accords? 19. How do Rabin and Arafat try to coexist? 20. How do the peace talks with Clinton go? 21. How do things go under Sharon s leadership?

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21 The Hostility Begins! The DAY AFTER Israel is created, all Islamic neighbors invade (First Arab-Israeli War- 1948)- Israel wins The Arab land of Palestine ceases to exist as Palestinians flee land under Israeli control Second Arab-Israeli War Egypt s president Nasser seizes the Suez Canal, which Britain controlled- Israel, France and Britain fight back- Egypt remains in control of the canal Third Arab Israeli War- Six Day War Israel attacks Egypt, Iran, Jordan and Syria before they can attack Israel- Israel gains Jerusalem, the Sinai Peninsula, Golan Heights, the West Bank Fourth Arab Israeli War a.k.a. the Yom Kippur War- Arabs led by Egypt s Anwar Sadat invade Israel- Israel counterattacks under the leadership of Golda Meir and wins most land back

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24 1 st Arab- Israeli War

25 2 nd Arab- Israeli War (SUEZ)

26 3 rd Arab-Israeli War: 6 Day War

27 4 th Arab- Israeli War (Yum Kippur)

28 The Palestinians Arab=palestinians-muslim Wind up as refugees along what was once their homeland of Palestine Without a homeland, it is difficult for them to organize They form the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) to help fight for a Palestinian homeland- Yasir Arafat becomes the head of the PLO in 1969 The PLO has historically used armed struggle to carry out their goals 1970s and 1980s the PLO became more intense and Israel responded with bombing Palestinian towns- this led to the intifada (uprising) by Palestinians in it included attacks, boycotts, demonstrations, etc.

29 Palestinians = Peace Attempts

30 PEACE? Egypt s Anwar Sadat offers peace to Israel- 1 st Arab country to even recognize Israel US s Jimmy Carter hosts Menachem Begin (Israel) and Anwar Sadat (Egypt) at Camp David to discuss peace- Camp David Accords are signed- the first peace agreement between an Arab country and Israel- in Sadat is assassinated by Muslim extremists Oslo, Norway hosts talks and the Oslo Peace Accords are signed- Israeli Prime Minister Rabin grants self-rule to Palestinians in the Gaza Strip and West Bank- this is signed by Rabin and Arafat- Rabin is assassinated in 1995 by a Jewish extremist

31 2000- Bill Clinton hosts Ehud Barak (Israel) and Yasir Arafat at Camp David- after 15 days, no agreements were made Ariel Sharon (Israel) outrages Muslims by visiting the Jewish Temple Mount, also the location of the Muslim Dome of the Rock and sparks the 2 nd intifada 2 nd intifada brings terrorist tactics by the Palestinians including suicide bombings Israel responds by destroying and bulldozing entire Palestinians towns where they suspect terrorists live PLO elected a Prime Minister- Mahmoud Abbas George W. Bush tries to work with Sharon (Israel) and Abbas (Palestine) on a road map for peace

32 From the left, Egyptian President Anwar Sadat, President Jimmy Carter, and Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin shake hands during a White House announcement, September 18, 1978, of the accord reached at the Camp David summit. (AP Photo/stf)

33 Rabin, Clinton, Arafat (Oslo Peace Accords)

34 Homework and After WWI, the Ottoman Empire falls apart- Turkey becomes an independent nation led by a nationalist named Mustafa Kemal- aka Ataturk-aka Father of the Turks Kemal was interested in making Turkey modern by separating the laws of Islam from the laws of the nation, abolished religious courts, made laws based on European laws, granted women the right to vote, industrializing Persia becomes Iran under the leader Reza Shah Pahlavi who also wanted to modernize by opening public schools, building roads and railroads, promoting industry and extending women s rights Saudi Arabia is formed under Abd al-aziz Ibn Saud who carries on Arab and Islamic traditionshe does bring some modern technology to Saudi Arabia such as telephones and radios People around the word begin to realize the importance of oil in this region of the world Shah Pahlavi in Iran embraced western oil companies and Iranians resented foreign alliancesthere is a revolution led by Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini against Pahlavi- Pahlavi fled Iran in 1979 and Khomeini takes over and transforms Iran into a militant nation of Islam Khomeini encourages Muslim radicals War breaks out between Iraq, a secular nation and Iran the war lasts from

35 Turkey Post World War I- the Ottoman Empire breaks apart 1923-Mustafa Kemal emerges as a leader of Turkish nationalists and overthrows the last sultan Kemal or Ataurk (Father of the Turks) begins to reform Turkey Goal: create a modern nation: Secularize the government (Laws not tied to Islam) Bring in European style law Increase rights for women-including suffrage Industrialized & modernized Turkey through various programs-spurred economic growth How does Ataturk compare to Peter the Great?

36 Pakistan Saudi Arabia Jordan Iran

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38 Islamic Society Shah Pahlavi comes to power in 1941 Pahlavi builds strong ties with the west Industrializes Iran without consulting parliament Iran Society Prior to 1979 Islamists Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini gains power Many Muslims disagree with the Shah s policies Pahlavi outlaws wearing the chador and encourages western music, movies, culture The family lives a lavish lifestyle Pahlavi favors western investors Pahlavi grants women the right to vote and better educational opportunities

39 Theocracy- ruled by religious authority Laws- combination of Islamic law and constitutional law Persecuted pro-shah activists, nationalists, intellectuals, etc. Banned American movies, music, western clothing- women are required to war chador Iranian Society After the 1979 Revolution Foreign policy was to resist western dominance The Iraq-Iran war devastated and killed hundreds of thousands Tired to make Iran less reliant on oil, nationalized the industry Economic problemsinflation, poverty, inadequate housing, food shortages, unemployment

40 Iranian Society Prior to Who was the head of the central government in Iran at the turn of the twentieth century? 2. Which other groups help a lot of power in Iran? 3. Why did the West have interest in Iran? 4. Which group began to lead popular movements against the government? 5. What are three reasons the group was successful? 6. What occurred in 1925? 7. Who came to power in 1941? 8. What were the goals of this family? 9. What reforms did the family bring to Iran? 10. Who benefited from the new policies? 11. Describe the Pahlavi family (at least 5 details) 12. Why did tension grow in Iran? 13. How did western powers react when Mosaddeq gained control of Iranian oil? 14. Describe 5 aspects of Iranian society during the 1960s and 1970s. 15. How did Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini gain a following while in exile? 16. What did people want to change in Iran?

41 Iranian Society After the 1979 Revolution 1. What kind of government was created by the Ayatollah and ulama? 2. What was law based on? 3. Who could be persecuted? 4. What was Khomeini s foreign policy? 5. What was the outcome of the Iraq-Iran war for Iran? 6. How did the government try to improve the economy? 7. What economic problems remained? 8. What ideas were banned? 9. What social practices were encouraged? 10. How did Iranians react to the new government?

42 Homework 3: Iraq 1970s- OPEC- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countriesdeclared an oil embargo and priced of oil soar Iraq invades Kuwait and seizes oil fields UN does not persuade Iraq to withdraw coalition of 39 nations declared war on Iraq and Iraq leaves Kuwait (The Persian Gulf War) Fears about Iraq having weapons of mass destruction formed in the late 1990s- UN inspectors were sent in but Iraq orders them to leave in Saddam Hussein is suspected of developing more weapons- by 2003 a coalition led by the US and Britain invades and Saddam Hussein s government falls

43 Title: Iraq Warmup: 1. What ancient river valley civilization used to lie where present-day Iraq is? 2. What two rivers flow through Iraq? 3. What empire controlled Iraq until WWI?

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45 Early History Located in what was once known as Mesopotamia City of Baghdad built in the 8 th century and became the capital of the Abbasid Caliphate and center of Muslim world for many years Controlled by the Ottoman Empire from Occupied by the British after WWI Republic of Iraq established in 1958; Saddam Hussein comes to power in 1979

46 The Persian Gulf War (The First Gulf War) Causes Iraq owed money to the small neighboring country, Kuwait Kuwait controls large oil fields Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein claimed Kuwait was actually part of Iraq Iraq was in debt from its war with Iran Iraq invaded Kuwait on August 1, 1990 Kuwait is a small country that was unprepared to defend itself Iraqi troops wound up at the border of Saudi Arabia The US (under leadership of George H.W. Bush (President #41)) had close ties to Saudi Arabia and sent troops to aid Saudi Arabia and defend Kuwait

47 The Gulf War Timeline 1990: August 2- Iraq invades Kuwait August 5- President Bush says the US will not stand by while Kuwait is invaded August 6- UN demands Iraq withdraws and organizes boycotts August 8- US begins Operation Desert Shield Multiple F-15E parked during Operation Desert Shield

48 August 10- Egypt, Syria, Morocco vote to send in troops October 17: Western troops in the Gulf number 200,000 US troops, 15,000 UK troops and 11,000 French troops. November- UN Security Council declares that Iraq must withdraw from Kuwait by January 1991 or more force will be used- Iraq rejects the ultimatum

49 Timeline (Continued): 1991: January 17- US Launches Operation Desert Stormbombings of Baghdad January 29- The US and Russia offer a cease-fire if Iraq withdraws from Kuwait February 26- Saddam announces withdraw from Kuwait February 28- Cease-fire is announced- Bush declares the liberation of Kuwait

50 Effects: 100,000 Iraqis died, 300,000 wounded Kuwait liberated Saddam Hussein stays in power Trade restrictions on Iraq remained in place Continued tension between the US and Iraq Gulf War Syndrome from toxins provided to soldiers to protect them against poison gas.

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58 The Gulf War Video Directions: Copy this chart into your notebook and leave plenty of space to take notes on the video. Introduction to the Conflict (1:03) Role of Saddam Hussein (3:20) International Response (4:33) Operation Desert Shield (2:27) Desert Storm, Role of the Media (6:40) The Aftermath (5:18)

59 The Gulf War Video Directions: Fill in any missing information from the chart below. Introduction to the Conflict Hitler revisited (1:03) Role of Saddam Hussein (3:20) International Response (4:33) Operation Desert Shield (2:27) President of Iraq 5,000 tanks to Kuwait Desert Dictator Oil=Power UN Resolution 660 Within 24 hours US mobilizes forces US & USSR same side Billion s in loans from US Changed US role Added 100 billion in Kuwaiti Oil Didn t think Hussein would attack another Arab nation Half million Iraqi army Hussein turns to Arab nations for support 82 nd Airborne/US air force-defensive positions in Saudi Arabia F-18 s controlled Gulf Region Egypt, Morocco, & Syria support US-send troops in Must address history-hitler into Poland Desert Storm, Role of the Media (6:40) January 18, 1990-Desert Storm Plays out like a computer game Aircraft carriers huge role (F-15s) Tomahawk missiles Hussein sends missiles into Israel Lights oil fields on fire Hyper war=blitzkrieg-accuracy is key The Aftermath (5:18) 38 days 90 tons of ammunition 100 hours for allies to reclaim Kuwait Hussein stays in power Aggression is defeated, the war is over Increase in US patriotism/support Bush (41) handled the war extremely well

60 The Iraq War ( ) Also called Second Gulf War, Operation Iraqi Freedom Causes US belief that Iraq possessed weapons of mass destruction Past aggression by Iraq makes the west nervous in the post 9/11 world Tyrannical dictatorship of Saddam Hussein Iraq was breaking UN Security regulations Economic sanctions were ineffective

61 My cousin Michael in the bunker Saddam Hussein was captured in.

62 Effects: Saddam Hussein is captured by US troops December 2003 Hussein is turned over to Iraqi courts and executed in December 2006 for crimes against humanity US occupies Iraq attempting to set up a functional democracy 2011: President Obama orders the withdrawal of US troops Likely over 100,000 Iraqi civilians died About 4,400 dead US soldiers

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65 Title: Afghanistan

66 Economic, Ethnic, & Religious Some of the poorest nations in the world are in central Asia Heavy economic reliance on the former Soviet Union has halted economic achievement Much of the world s oil and natural gas reserves are located in Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, and Turkmenistan. Governmental stability has been challenged by ethnic and religious tensions Small regional wars have occurred post Soviet rule Issues

67 Afghanistan Small nation centered between Iran and Pakistan Rugged terrain One of the least-developed nations in the world Most of the nation s people are farmers and herders Afghanistan has been involved in two major warsone against the Soviets-one against the United States

68 Afghanistan History During the 1800s both Russia and Britain attempted to gain the territory Britain wanted the land in order to protect its Indian Empire-three wars resulted-britain withdrew in 1919 Russia wanted an outlet to the Indian Ocean 1919-Independence declared democratic constitution sought but due to lack of interest democratic reforms failed During the Cold War Afghanistan chose to remain neutral

69 Afghanistan vs. Soviet Union 1973-government overthrown by military 1978-Soviet backed rebel group seized control Many Afghanis believed that Communism conflicted with Islam Opposition-Mujahideen (Holy Warriors) fought the Soviet backed rebels 1979-Soviet troops mobilized and rolled into Afghanistan Mujahideen used guerrilla tactics and terrain to their advantage US provided military and financial support to the Mujahideen After 10 years of fighting the Soviet Union retreated

70 Taliban After Soviet retreat a power struggle ensued A conservative Islamic group took control-taliban Many former Mujahideen members joined with Taliban forces By 1988 the Taliban controlled 90% of the country Taliban initially thought as a positive force Taliban s strict enforcement of Islamic law led to a decrease in rights for women and multiple atrocities Taliban established a role in worldwide terrorism-western leaders accused Taliban of allowing terrorist groups to train in Afghanistan

71 Afghanistan and 9/11 The Taliban also allowed terrorist leaders such as Osama bin Laden refuge within its borders The Taliban allowed al-qaeda members to train and establish a base within the nation 19 Arab terrorists who were trained in Afghani training camps-high jacked four airlines from Boston s Logan International Airport After the September 11 th, 2001 terrorist attacks the United States demanded that the Afghani government turn over bin Laden for his planning and carrying out the attacks Afghanistan refused and the United States went into Afghanistan with force and removed the Taliban from power by December 2001 The United States installed Hamid Karzai as leader of Afghanistan.

72 Afghanistan Today October 9, 2004-First democratic elections in Afghanistan Hamid Karzai elected 22 presidential candidates Men and Women able to voted but in separate polling stations US and its NATO allies oversaw process (26,000 peacekeeping forces) Voters will had thumb marked with ink (lasted 5 days) Violent attacks increased as election day neared Karzai more cautious with reform movements than thought by the US Sees Iran as a close friend Pledges his and his countries gratefulness to the US for bringing democracy and trying to rid terrorism Has urged the US to be careful of where attacks against terrorist opponents are conducted as not to kill civilians Formerly has allied himself with the Taliban and is in negotiations with them to supposedly bring peace to Afghanistan Reelected Afghan President in November 2009 He faces many challenges included uniting a country who's people are extremely ethnically, linguistically, and culturally diverse

73 2004 Afghani Presidential Election Ballot

74 Election poster that serves to encourage women to vote (41.3% of all voters)

75 An information poster explaining the political process in Afghanistan

76 This poster shows people the procedures when they go to vote at their polling (voting) station. There is a high rate of illiteracy in Afghanistan.

77 What do you think this poster shows?

78 What do you think this poster shows?

79 War in Afghanistan The War in Afghanistan is ongoing coalition conflict which began on October 7, 2001 The United Nations did not authorize the U.S.-led invasion of Afghanistan By the end of 2008, the Taliban had severed any remaining ties with al-qaeda According to senior U.S. military intelligence officials, there are perhaps fewer than 100 members of Al-Qaeda remaining in Afghanistan On December 1, 2009, Obama announced that he would escalate U.S. military involvement by deploying an additional 30,000 soldiers over a period of six months is now making plans to withdraw troops beginning in July 2011 The American commander in Afghanistan is Gen. McChrystal Karzai set the framework for dialogue with Taliban leaders when he called on the group's leadership to take part in a "loya jirga" or large assembly of elders to initiate peace talks.

80 As you watch Osama, take notes on the following: What life was like living under the Taliban How people dealt with life under the Taliban

81 Date: Page: 10 Title: The Road to 9/11

82 The Road to 9/11 As you watch the video, fill in the road what led to the events of September 11, 2001?

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84 US forces in Afghanistan. US forces in Afghanistan after a plain strike on a terrorist training camp. Al-Qaaeda members in Taliban controlled Afghanistan at the time of the US invasion.

85 Car bombing in Iraq. A tactic used by insurgents in Iraq.

86 Homework 4 In Afghanistan- Soviet influence grew during the cold war- by the 1970s a Muslim revolt threatened to overthrow Afghanistan s Communist government and the Soviet invade in 1979 This war became the Soviet version of Vietnam- they get stuck fighting in unfamiliar territory The US supports rebels called the mujahidin- holy Islamic warriors- By Gorbachev pulls the troops out of Afghanistan

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89 Images of September 11

90 A sequential look at United Flight 175 crashing into the south tower of the World Trade Center A taxicab was hit by a lightpole as American Airlines Flight 77 passed over Washington Boulevard and crashed into the Pentagon.

91 An aerial view of the destroyed 6 World Trade Center taken on September 23, 2001.

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101 World Trade Center Aftermath

102 Operation Iraqi Freedom Began March 20, 2003 by then President George H.W. Bush Reasoning-Iraq s dictator Saddam Hussein was in possession of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD s) which posed an imminent threat to the world s peace and security United Nations weapons inspectors were unable to locate the weapons that the US and some of its allies insisted were in Iraq Dictator Hussein was captured and hanged. He was responsible for the murder of upwards of 20 million of his own people (Kurds-an ethnic group in the northern province of Iraq)

103 Currently in Iraq the US and its allies that remain are preparing the Iraqis for self-government Religious differences between the Sunni and Shiite Muslims and the presence of al-qaeda members are hindering a successful US operation It is said that the US is currently in the middle of an Iraqi civil war (Sunni v. Shiite Muslims who are struggling for power of the nation) Polarizing issue and lack of support of American s as well as the international community means that in all likelihood, Operation Iraqi Freedom will end sometime in 2011 Only time will tell the political, social, and economic impacts of the war

104 Terrorism Terrorism-the use of violence against people or property to force changes in societies or governments, strikes fear in the hearts of people everywhere. Since the 1960s over 14,000 terrorist attacks have occurred worldwide Targets are often chosen to inflict the most fear and damage Biological and chemical means- dirty bombs Cyberterrorism-politically motivated attacks against information systems

105 Terrorism is present in many regions around the world: the Middle East, Europe, Asia, Africa, North and South America Recent attacks: Munich Olympics (1972) WTC attack (1993) Kenyan, Tanzania, and Nairobi Embassy Bombings (1998) USS Cole (2000) London Transit Bombing (July 2005) Mumbai India (November 2008)

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107 The Suez Canal 1850s- building begins with financing from French and Egyptian governments 1870s- Egyptian government in debt- Britain helps finance the completion of the canal The canal allows Britain to control it s colonies more effectively- called the lifeline of the British Empire Post WWI- Britain occupies the canal Post WWII- Britain occupies the canal again 1950s- Egypt tries to take possession of the canal 1956: Read and write down 5 facts

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110 Egypt gains control in 1962 Canal is shut down from as a result of several wars 1975 it is reopened

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