NORTH AFRICA & SOUTHWEST ASIA

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1 NORTH AFRICA & SOUTHWEST ASIA

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4 Setting the Boundaries North of Sub-Saharan Africa From Atlantic Ocean to Afghanistan/Pakistan Region defined by Climate Culture Petroleum

5 SW Asia = The Middle East Crossroads Europe Asia Africa Known for Religion Oil

6 Environment Eurasian Plate Arabian Plate African Plate

7 Environment Seas

8 Environment Climate

9 Environment Desert Sahara Desert North Africa Record Temp = 136 F Arabian Desert Peninsula

10 Sahara Environment Sand Dunes 15% Rocky Desert 85% Xerophytic Vegetation Dry-adapting Spaced far apart

11 Environment Water Most deficient in N Africa & SW Asia

12 Areas with Water Mediterranean Climate Rainy Winter Mediterranean coast above 32 N

13 Water Mountains Atlas Mtns Yemen Highlands Taurus Mtns Zagros Mtns

14 Mountains Atlas Mountains 13,000 Morocco

15 Water Exotic Rivers Nile Tigris Euphrates

16 Water Irrigation Rivers Nile Tigris & Euphrates Oases Groundwater

17 Oasis Morocco

18 Water vs. Population

19 Population 1. Egypt 80 mln 2. Iran 75 mln 3. Turkey 75 mln

20 Big Cities 15+ Million Cairo, Egypt 10+ Million Tehran, Iran Istanbul, Turkey 5+ Million Baghdad, Iraq Algiers, Algeria Alexandria, Egypt

21 Rural Settlement Pastoral Nomadism Camels & Tents Irrigated Agriculture Exotic Rivers Nile River Valley Mesopotamia Tigris & Euphrates Oases Damascus, Syria

22 Culture Hearths (Origins) Agriculture Domestication of Wheat & Barley 10,000 years ago Fertile Crescent Mesopotamia Israel Fig. 8-3: The Fertile Crescent was the site of early city-states and a succession of ancient empires.

23 Culture Hearths (Origins) Cities Trade Centers Mesopotamia 3500 BCE Egypt Nile 3000 BCE

24 Origin for 3 Religions Judaism Abraham Christianity Jesus Christ Islam Muhammad Born ~ 600 CE Makkah (Mecca)

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26 Diffusion of Islam Islam Religion spread by Military Conquests Caravan Traders Most of SW Asia & N Africa by 750 CE Turkey by 1100 CE

27 Religions Islam 90+%... Sunni Muslims Most Countries Shiite Muslims Iran, Iraq

28 Languages Arabic South of Taurus & Zagros Mtns

29 ARABIC HEBREW Israel

30 Languages Mountainous North Turkish Farsi (Persian)

31 Turkish

32 Colonialism & Borders Basis for Countries Today

33 Colonialism France The Magreb Morocco Algeria Tunisia The Levant Eastern Mediterranean Syria Lebanon (coast)

34 Colonialism France Algiers, Algeria Capital Independent 1962

35 Colonialism Britain North Africa Egypt & Sudan Ottoman Empire Palestine Trans-Jordan Mesopotamia Kuwait Arabian Peninsula Aden & Oman

36 Palestine (Britain) British Mandate Zionism Law of Return Jews immigrated after 1922 Both Jews & Muslims believe Palestine is theirs Promised Land for Jews Arabs lived there s CE Conflict over ownership

37 Partition of Palestine 1947 UN plan Divide Palestine Jewish state ( Israel ) Arab state ( Palestine ) Not accepted by Arabs

38 Birth of Israel Israel attacked by surrounding Arab countries Arabs lost Territory expanded Territory later returned Gaza Egypt West Bank Jordan 1956 War

39 Israel 1967 War Israel won & occupied Golan Heights Syria Water Source Gaza Strip Egypt West Bank Jordan Biblical Sites Old Jerusalem

40 Old Jerusalem Jewish Capital Solomon s Temple Destroyed twice West Wall remains Dome of the Rock Holy for Muslims Muhammad rose

41

42 West Bank Self Rule? Local Control Palestinians Increased violence Jewish Settlements Security Wall

43 West Bank Settlements Jewish areas Nice new houses Palestinian areas Old homes Poor Services

44 Iraq & Ethnicity Iraq Population Shiite Arab 60% Southeast Sunni Arab 20% West Sunni Kurd 17% North

45 Samarra Shiite Shrine Located in Sunni Iraq Bombed 2008 Being rebuilt by both Sunni & Shiites

46 Population Total Pop. ~ 60% Urban

47 Population Social Fertility Rate (Family Size) = 3.0

48 Population Fertility Fertility (Average # Children for each Women) Replacement = 2.1 World = 2.5 USA = 2.0 N Africa & SW Asia = 3.0 Highest 5.5 Yemen Lowest in 1.8 Iran

49 Economic Development Income (GNI) per person World range $47,000 USA $ 2,000 Sub-Saharan Africa Highest $100,000 Qatar(estimate) $ 27,000 Israel $ 23,000 Saudi Arabia

50 Economic Development Income (GNI) per person World range $47,000 USA $ 2,000 Sub-Saharan Africa Middle $14,000 Turkey $11,000 Iran Poor $ 5,000 Egypt $ 2,000 Yemen

51 Economic Development Oil 2/3 of World s Reserves 21% Saudi Arabia

52 Economic Development Natural Gas Reserves 40+% Persian Gulf 15+% Iran & Qatar

53 Oil City-States Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates

54 Oil City-States Dubai, United Arab Emirates

55 Dubai, UAE Burj Khalifa Tallest Building in World Finished ,717

56

57 Burj Khalifa Formerly Burj Dubai 1,000 taller than next 2 x Empire State Building

58 Hub of Middle East Dubai, UAE A Global City Finance Travel Shopping Leisure More Tolerant

59 Dubai, UAE A Global City Mall of the Emirates Indoor Skiing

60 Economic Development Diversified Developed Economies Israel High-Tech Industries Entrepreneurial

61 Egypt Largest Population ARAB Country Early Ancient Civilization 3000 BCE Giza

62 Egypt Water & People Nile River Water Supply Floods Fertile Silts deposited 95% of Population... River & Delta

63 Aswan High Dam Lake Nasser Benefits: Hydropower Water Control Year-round Irrigation More Crops Negatives: Silt trapped Artificial fertilizer Mediterranean sea fishing

64 Egypt Economy 40% are in Poverty Live on < $2 per day Agriculture Small Farms Cotton Rice Corn Wheat

65 Egypt Economy Industry Textiles Services Tourism Shipping

66 Egypt Trade Crossing Suez Canal Built 1860s British/French 1956 Tolls

67 Egypt Cities Cairo Capital Largest City 15+ mlnpop.

68 Egypt Cities Alexandria Originally Greek #2 Pop. City Seaport

69 Iran Origins Named after Aryans (Nomadic Herders) Persian Empire 1 st large Empire

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71 Iran Ancient Religion Zoroastrian Religion ~ 1000 BCE Monotheistic Fighting Evil with Good Thoughts, Words, Deeds Influenced Christianity & Islam Final Judgment, Heaven & Hell Virgin Birth of Savior, Resurrection Tolerant & Just Rulers

72 Iran Persia Cyrus the Great Tolerance & Equality Banned Slavery Ended 334 BCE Alexander the Great Invaded from Macedonia

73 Iran Persia Reunited 700 years later Persian civilization advanced Science Architecture Music Art Literature

74 Iran Invasions Annexed by Arabs 7 th century Persians became Muslim Persians advised Arab Kings Persia did not Arabize Kept own culture Farsi language Adopted Arabic script Qom Shiite

75 Iran Invasions On Silk Road Trade Route Between China & Mediterranean Genghis Khan invaded 13 th century Persia destroyed 90% of population died

76 Iran Modern History Shah Pavlavi Monarchy Modernization = Westernization Secularization Islam suppressed Gap grew between Rich & Poor

77 Iran Modern History Revolution University student demonstrations Populist Nationalist ShiaIslamic Islamic Republic Theocracy Mullahs Supreme Leader

78 Iran Today 2/3 of Pop. born since 1979 Revolution More now educated, including women Not all Persian 51% Persian 24% Azeri Mousavi 7% Kurd 3% Arab 15% others

79 Iran Environment Mountains Zagros Mtns Southwest Elburz Mtns North Iran Plateau Eurasian Plate Dry (No Pop.) Arabian Plate

80 Iran Tehran So. slope of Elburz Mtns 4,000 Capital 10+ mln

81 Turkey Strategic Location Black Sea & Mediterranean Sea Dardanelles Bosporus Istanbul

82 Turkey Spans 2 Continents

83 Turkey Istanbul Previously named Byzantium (Greek) Constantinople (Roman) Center for Christianity until 1400s

84 Turkey Ottoman Empire 1400s-1920s Islamic

85 Modern Turkey Muslim Population Secular Government since 1920s Ataturk Military Now Islamic Party

86 Turkey Ankara Capital since 1920s Central Location On Anatolian Plateau Steppe Good Soil Agriculture +++

87 Turkey Economy Diversified Economy Agriculture Cotton& Tobacco Wheat & Fruits Textiles & Chemicals Tourism Financial Center Istanbul

88 Turkey Integration? Wants to join European Union Europe or Asia? Muslim

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