What is Nationalism? (Write this down!)

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3 What is Nationalism? (Write this down!) Nationalism: a feeling of belonging and loyalty that causes people to think of themselves as a nation; belief that people s greatest loyalty shouldn t be to a king or to an empire, but to a nation of people who share a common culture & history

4 During the 19 th and 20 th centuries, nationalism was a powerful force that could: Create one nation from several separate countries (ex. Italy & Germany) Break up one nation into several countries (ex. Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire)

5 Nationalism can be a cause of war (ex. WWI & WWII) Nationalism can be a force for independence movements (ex. India, Africa)

6 Nation-state: when a nation (people with a shared background/culture) has it s own independent govt. In 1815, only Spain, France, & England counted as nation-states

7 The Ottoman Empire -- Late 19 c The Sicker Man of Europe

8 Egypt and the Napoleonic Example, : Napoleon invaded Egypt &defeated the Mamluk forces he encountered there. 15 months later Napoleon returned to France, seized power, & made himself emperor

9 Muhammad Ali emerged as the victor in the ensuing power struggle in Egypt Muhammad Ali used many French practices to build up the new Egyptian state: Schools to train military officers Factories to supply the army

10 In the 1830s, son Ibrahim invaded Syria & started a similar set of reforms there European military pressure forced Muhammad Ali to withdraw in 1841 to the present day borders of Egypt & Israel Muhammad Ali remained Egypt's ruler until 1849; his family held onto power until 1952

11 Ottoman Reform & the European Model, End of 18 th century Sultan Selim III introduced reforms to strengthen the military & the central govt. & to standardize taxation & land tenure. These reforms aroused the opposition of Janissaries, noblemen, & the ulama

12 Tension between the Sultanate & the Janissaries sparked a Janissary revolt in Serbia in Serbian peasants helped to defeat the Janissary uprising & went on to make Serbia independent of the Ottoman Empire

13 Selim suspended his reform program in 1806, too late to prevent a massive military uprising in Istanbul Selim was captured & executed before reform forces could retake the capital

14 The Greeks gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in Britain, France, & Russia assisted the Greeks in their struggle for independence and regarded the Greek victory as a triumph of European civilization

15 The Crimean War [ ] Russia [claimed protectorship over the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire] Ottoman Empire Great Britain France Piedmont-Sardinia (Italian State)

16 The Charge of the Light Brigade: The Battle of Balaklava [1854] Half a league, half a league, Half a league onward, All in the valley of Death Rode the six hundred. "Forward, the Light Brigade! "Charge for the guns!" he said: Into the valley of Death Rode the six hundred A romanticized poem of the battle by Alfred Lord Tennyson

17 Charge Questions What is being described? How does Tennyson describe it? In what ways is this event romanticized in the poem? How does the poem exhibit nationalism?

18 The Crimean War [ ]

19 Florence Nightingale [ ] The Lady with the Lamp

20 Treaty of Paris [1856] No Russian or Ottoman naval forces on the Black Sea. All the major powers agreed to respect the political integrity of the Ottoman Empire. Who benefitted? Who lost big? Why do you think the Western Powers wanted to keep the Ottoman Empire intact?

21 Who are the sultan s noble allies? What does the sultan promise in regards to non-muslims? What does the sultan say he will do in regards to the judicial system?

22 Russian Imperial Flag

23 Russia and Europe In 1700, only 3% of Russian population lived in cities Russia was slow to acquire a modern infrastructure & modern forms of transportation While Russia aspired to Western-style economic development, fear of political change prevented real progress

24 Russia had more in common with the other European nations than did the Ottoman Empire Slavophiles & Westernizers debated the proper course for Russian development The diplomatic inclusion of Russia among the great powers of Europe was counterbalanced by a powerful sense of Russophobia in the west

25 Russia and Asia By end of 18 th century, the Russian Empire had reached the Pacific Ocean & the borders of China. In the 19 th century, Russian expansion continued to the South, bringing Russia into conflict with China, Japan, Iran, & Ottoman Empire Britain took steps to halt Russian expansion before Russia gained control of all of Central Asia

26 Cultural Trends Russia had had cultural contact with Europe since the late 17 th century The reforms of Tsar Alexander I promised more on paper than they delivered in practice Opposition to reform came from wealthy families: feared reform would lead to imperial despotism, a fear that was realized during the reign of Tsar Nicholas I

27 The Decemberist Revolt Carried out by a group of reform-minded military officers upon the death of Alexander I. Their defeat amounted to the defeat of reform for the next 3 decades Heavy penalties were imposed on Russia in the treaty that ended the Crimean War. The new tsar, Alexander II, was called upon to institute major reforms

28 Under Alexander II, reforms & cultural trends begun under his grandfather were encouraged and expanded The 19 th century saw numerous Russian scholarly & scientific achievements, as well as the emergence of significant Russian writers and thinkers

29 Russian Expansion A heterogeneous empire

30 Nicholas I [r ] Autocracy! Orthodoxy! Nationalism!

31 Alexander II [r ] Defeat in the Crimean War. Emancipation of the Russian serfs [ ].

32 Alexander III [r ] Reactionary. Slavophile. Russification program. Jews forced migration to the Pale

33 The Pale Russian Expansion

34 Forced Migration of Russia s Jews

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36 Russian Expansion In what directions was Russia expanding? How do you think this impacted the Ottomans/Asians/Western Europeans? In your opinion, is expansion a form of nationalism? Explain.

37 The Qing Empire

38 Extraterritoriality The right of foreign residents in a country to live under the laws of their native country and disregard the laws of the host country. Common among European and American nationals living in certain areas of Chinese and Ottoman cities.

39 Economic and Social Disorder, When the Qing conquered China in the 1600s they restored peace & stability promoted the recovery & expansion of the agricultural economy Layed the foundation for the doubling of the Chinese population between By 1800, population pressure was causing environmental damage & contributing to an increasing number of itinerant farmhands, laborers, & merchants

40 There were a number of sources of discontent in Qing China. Various minority peoples had been driven off their land, & many people regarded the government as being weak, corrupt Discontent was manifest in a series of internal rebellions in the 19 th century, beginning with the White Lotus rebellion ( ).

41 Who are these people? What areas do they represent?

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50 Warm-Up Is the threat of war or violence something that should be used for a government/country to get what one wants? Why or why not? 3-5 reasons

51 Boxer Rebellion Activity OPTION 1 On a half sheet of white paper, create a 3-paneled cartoon that goes through the main points of the Boxer Rebellion Use INK AND COLOR Include dialogue or captions EFFORT = GRADE! DUE TODAY OPTION 2 Using a piece of paper, write an account of the Boxer Rebellion from the perspective of A member of the Boxers taking part in the rebellion OR A European soldier who is tasked with crushing the rebellion Be sure to write from their point of view and include the themes of imperialism Your account should take up an entire page