Early Modern Middle East and Asia. Mr. Stikes

Transcription

1 Early Modern Middle East and Asia Mr. Stikes

2 SSWH12 The student will examine the origins and contributions of the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires. a. Describe the geographical extent of the Ottoman Empire during the rule of Suleyman the Magnificent, the Safavid Empire during the reign of Shah Abbas I, and the Mughal Empire during the reigns of Babur and Akbar. b. Explain the ways in which these Muslim empires influenced religion, law, and the arts in their parts of the world.

3 Ottoman Empire Remember back The Ottoman people ruled a small state in western Anatolia by A.D The Ottomans gradually expanded into Byzantine territory The Ottomans finally defeat the Byzantines and conquer Constantinople in 1453, renaming it Istanbul

4 Ottoman Empire Ruled by Sultan Absolute authority adala: justice, chief goal of the Sultan Elaborate system of spies that allowed the Sultan to control the empire Siyasa: set of punishments for corrupt officials

5 Ottoman Empire Accessibility to government Sultan s orders (Firman) posted in public places Anyone could petition the Imperial Council (Diwan) to hear their grievance (ard-i mahdar) Used Friday prayers to gauge public opinion

6 Sultan سلطان Ottoman Government Also assumes title of Caliph, the Defender of Islam Grand Vizier وزیر اعظم Serdar-ı Ekrem Imperial Council دیوان Diwan 1. Guarantee safe passage to Mecca 2. Root out heresy Chief advisor (prime minister) of the Sultan; only responsible to him Grand Vizier and other viziers or ministers Bureaucracy Controlled by a complex set of rules, including siyasa to limit corruption

7 Suleyman the Magnificent (r ) During his rule, he was considered the most important ruler in the entire world Viewed as the archetypal Muslim ruler Archetypal: means the best example of a given category Why? Military superiority Culture Architecture

8 Suleyman the Magnificent (r ) Called the lawgiver by Muslims Types of laws: Sharia: religious law from Qur an Kanun: laws based upon decisions from a ruler Revised 1501 set of laws, based on earlier laws of Mehmed II

9 In Europe: Suleyman the Magnificent (r ) Supported destabilization of Europe Supported Protestantism Afraid of European expansionism Suleyman considered Europe to be the biggest threat to the security of the Islamic states in the Middle East. Why? Great Caliph of Islam Supporter of all Islamic peoples?

10 Suleyman the Magnificent (r ) Note the mixture of Byzantine influences with Arabic culture As a builder Great supporter of architecture Patron of Mimar Sinan, greatest architect of classical Ottoman architecture

11 Selimiye Mosque, Sinan s favorite

12 Suleyman the Magnificent (r ) As a patron of the arts Poetry Art Music Philosophy Istanbul, under Suleyman, was the center of Islamic culture

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14 Safavid Empire ( ) Followers of Shi a Islam Originally followers of Sufi Islam, convert in 15 th century Militant Islam should be spread by military means Became first Shah or ruler of Iran First Major Leader: Isma'il took control of Safavids at age 7, expanded empire until he controlled all of Iran by 1512

15 Shah Isma'il Forced conversion of people to Shi a Islam Claimed to be descended from the ancient Persian king and from the 7 th Imam Conflict with the Ottomans Battle of Chaldiran (1514) Ottomans defeat Safavids

16 Shah Abbas I ( ) Reseized territory conquered by Ottomans in Iraq and Azerbaijan Moved Safavid capital to Isfahan Built Persia s first standing army

17 Shah Abbas I ( ) Made commercial treaties with Great Britain and the Netherlands Used his allies to destroy the Portuguese trade monopoly in India/Southeast Asia Known for being a patron of the arts Architecture Book illuminations Textiles

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20 Mughal Empire Founded by Babur Empire with a Hindu majority ruled by a Muslim minority Ruler called a padshah, or ruler of the empire

21 Babur (r ) Muslim Nicknamed the Tiger

22 Babur (r ) Conquered most of Afghanistan and northern India, founded the Mughal Empire Technological superiority Used muskets and artillery

23 Mughal Empire: 1605

24 Akbar (r ) Grandson of Babur Considered by many to be the greatest ruler in Indian history Conquered most of northern India

25 Akbar (r ) Developed one of the most efficient bureaucracies in the world Tax reform Everyone was taxed equally (about 1/3 of income) Includes nobles, non-muslims, etc.

26 Akbar (r ) Attempted to achieve harmony between Hindus and Muslims Empire built on sulahkul, or universal tolerance Decentralized government Almost federal Hindu majority given much leeway in terms of laws, courts Akbar as the Platonic philosopher-king?

27 Later Great Emperors Jahangir (r ) Age of Mughal Splendor : much money spent on the arts Shah Jahan (r ) Moved capital to Delhi Builder: Red Fort, Peacock Throne, Taj Mahal Aurangzeb (r ) Not supported by Hindus

28 The Red Fort, built by Shah Jahan

29 Taj Mahal, built by Shah Jahan

30 Others in Southeast Asia

31 Philippines Native peoples of Malay descent Converted to Islam by traders in the 14 th and 15 th centuries Colony founded by Spanish, capital the captured town Manila (1571) the at of DID YOU KNOW: Manila s great harbor made it important for Spain s trade with China

32 Map of the Philippines and the Pacific Ocean

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34 Thailand Ruled by kingdom of Ayutthaya Traded with Europeans, maintained independence

35 Southeast Asia French: Missionaries converted Vietnam, but it was still ruled by local leaders

36 Southeast Asia Portuguese: Trade routes through India to Indonesia (Malacca, 1511) Dutch: Dutch East Indies Becomes the country of Indonesia

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38 Malacca Major center of trade, roughly halfway between India and China Major Goods: Silk and porcelain from China. Textiles from Gujarat and Coromandel in India. Camphor from Bornea. Sandlewood from Timor Nutmeg, mace, & cloves from the Moluccas. Gold & pepper from Sumatra. Tin from Western Malaya.