Contents. List of Illustrations. Preface to the Second Edition. Introduction. Chapter 1. The Late Medieval Background 1

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1 List of Illustrations xiii Preface to the Second Edition xv Introduction xvii Chapter 1. The Late Medieval Background 1 Introduction 1 Spirituality 4 1. Thomas à Kempis, The Imitation of Christ 4 The Papacy Boniface VIII, Unam Sanctam Leo X, Pastor Aeternus 14 The Status of Women Christine de Pizan, The Book of the City of Ladies Heinrich Kraemer, O.P., and Jacob Sprenger, O.P., Malleus Maleficarum Henricus Cornelius Agrippa, Declamation on the Nobility and Preeminence of the Female Sex Desiderius Erasmus, The Abbot and the Learned Lady 28 Exegesis Jacobus Faber Stapulensis, Introduction to the Commentary on the Psalms 32 Moral Instruction The Fasciculus Morum 35 Theology Thomas Bradwardine, The Cause of God against the Pelagians Gabriel Biel, The Circumcision of the Lord 51 Indulgences Clement VI, Unigenitus Sixtus IV, Salvator noster Albert of Mainz, Instructio summaria 57 Eating, Sleeping, and Dying Dietrich Kolde, Mirror for Christians 59 Criticism Desiderius Erasmus, In Praise of Folly 63 Recommended for Further Reading 74 vii

2 viii Contents Chapter 2. Martin Luther 75 Introduction 75 The Person Autobiographical Fragment: Preface to the Complete Edition of Luther s Latin Writings Letter to His Father: Dedication of On Monastic Vows Luther on His Monastic Life From Luther s Table Talk Letter to Katie 87 Theological Writings Ninety-five Theses or Disputation on the Power and Efficacy of Indulgences A Meditation on Christ s Passion To the Christian Nobility of the German Nation Concerning the Reform of the Christian Estate The Freedom of a Christian Preface to the New Testament Preface to the Old Testament The Small Catechism The Smalcald Articles 130 Lutheranism Argula von Grumbach, Letter to the University of Ingolstadt The Augsburg Confession Philip Melanchthon, Apology of the Augsburg Confession Formula of Concord 158 Recommended for Further Reading 162 Chapter 3. Thomas Müntzer and the Peasants War 163 Introduction 163 Thomas Müntzer Vindication and Refutation A Sermon before the Princes Open Letter to the People of Allstedt 167 The War The Twelve Articles of the Peasants Luther, Admonition to Peace Johann Herholt, The Massacre of Weinsberg Report Concerning a Female Participant Report of Women Planning to Storm a Convent Count Philipp von Solm s Report 174

3 ix The Aftermath Michel Gross s Report on Treatment of the Defeated Peasants Luther, Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes of Peasants Valerius Anshelm of Bern on the Aftermath of the Uprising Hermann Mühlpfort on Luther s Role and Responsibility 179 Recommended for Further Reading 182 Chapter 4. Zwingli and the Anabaptists 183 Introduction 183 Ulrich Zwingli Letter to Utinger Of Freedom of Choice in the Selection of Food Petition to the Bishop of Constance Of the Clarity and Certainty of the Word of God Sixty-seven Theses On True and False Religion Letter to Vadian The Marburg Colloquy: Another Report Zwingli s Death: Two Accounts 198 Anabaptist Origins The Beginnings of the Anabaptists Balthasar Hubmaier, Concerning Heretics and Those Who Burn Them Balthasar Hubmaier, A Christian Catechism The Schleitheim Confession The Trial and Martyrdom of Michael Sattler Hans Denck, Concerning True Love 214 Münster Extremism Bernard Rothmann, A Restitution of Christian Teaching The End of Jan van Leiden 223 Theology and Testimony Menno Simons, A Meditation on the Twenty-fifth Psalm The Trial and Martyrdom of Elizabeth Dirks Janneken Munstdorp, Letter to Her Daughter Peter Walpot, True Yieldedness and the Christian Community of Goods 236 Recommended for Further Reading 243 Chapter 5. John Calvin 245 Introduction 245 Calvin on Himself Preface to the Commentary on the Psalms 247

4 x Contents 69. Letter to Melanchthon 254 Practical Matters Geneva Ordinances Records of the Geneva Consistory Letter Concerning a Pious Woman Letter on Usury 262 The Servetus Affair Letter from David Joris to Servetus s Judges Letters from Servetus to the Geneva Council Verdict and Sentence for Michael Servetus 268 Theology: Institutes of the Christian Religion Knowledge of God Scripture Original Sin Christ The Holy Spirit The Christian Life Predestination The Church The Lord s Supper Civil Government 323 A Female Advocate Marie Dentiere, Letter to the Queen of Navarre 325 Recommended for Further Reading 328 Chapter 6. The Reformation in England 329 Introduction 329 Origins Henry VIII s Act of Supremacy Henry VIII s Act of Six Articles 332 English Theology Thomas Cranmer, Preface to the Great Bible Thomas Cranmer, A Sermon of the Salvation of Mankind 350 Marian Reversal Queen Mary: The Marian Injunctions The Examination of Lady Jane Grey 360 Elizabethan Settlement Elizabeth I s Act of Supremacy Elizabeth I s Act of Uniformity The Elizabethan Injunctions 365

5 xi 97. The Thirty-nine Articles 368 Recommended for Further Reading 376 Chapter 7. The Counter/Catholic Reformation 377 Introduction 377 Early Reactions Leo X, Exsurge Domine Leo X, Decet Romanum Adrian VI to the Diet of Nuremberg Cajetan, On Faith and Works Contarini and Carafa, Consilium de emendanda ecclesiae Paul III, Licet ab initio Jeanne de Jussie, The Leaven of Calvinism 402 The Council of Trent Decree and Canons on Justification Canons on the Sacraments in General Canons on the Eucharist Canons on Penance Reform Decree on Establishing Seminaries Reform Decree on Preaching Rules on Prohibited Books 422 The Jesuits Ignatius Loyola, Autobiography An Early Jesuit Report on Rome Ignatius Loyola, Prima summa Ignatius Loyola, The Spiritual Exercises Letter of Juan de Polanco to Antonio de Araoz Letter of Ignatius Loyola to Peter Canisius 432 The New World Paul III, Sublimis Deus Francisco de Vitoria, De Indis Bartolome de las Casas, A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies 435 Rome and England Pius V, Regnans in excelsis 436 A Mystical Voice Teresa of Avila, The Book of Her Life 436 Recommended for Further Reading 442 Sources and Acknowledgments 443 Index 447