Contents. Chapter 1: Late Medieval Contexts 1

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1 V Acknowledgments Preface xi xiii Chapter 1: Late Medieval Contexts 1 A. Doctrinal Controversies 3 1. Pope Boniface VIII, Unam Sanctam (1302) 3 2. Propositions of Wycliffe Condemned (1382 and 1415) and The Twelve Conclusions of the Lollards (1395) 4 3. Council of Constance ( ) 7 B. Piety 8 4. Julian of Norwich, Showings (ca. 1393) 8 5. Lord, Who Am I? (early fifteenth century) Thomas à Kempis, Imitation of Christ (1418) 14 C. Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam 26 Biographical Note: Desiderius Erasmus Desiderius Erasmus, a Communicant s Prayer Desiderius Erasmus, To the Reader (1515) Desiderius Erasmus, Handbook of a Christian Soldier (1518) Desiderius Erasmus, Julius Excluded from Heaven (1518) Desiderius Erasmus, On the Freedom of the Will (1524) 37 Chapter 2: Outbreak of Reform 47 A. Martin Luther 49 Biographical Note: Martin Luther Martin Luther, on Prayer Martin Luther, Disputation against Scholastic Theology (1517) Martin Luther, Ninety-Five Theses (1517) Martin Luther, Preface to the Complete Edition of Luther s Latin Writings (1545) Martin Luther, Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation (1520) Martin Luther, The Babylonian Captivity of the Church (1520) Martin Luther, Admonition to Peace concerning the Twelve Articles of the Peasants (1525) Martin Luther, Preface to the Epistles of St. James and St. Jude (1522; rev. 1546) 73 v

2 vi Contents 20. Martin Luther, The German Mass and Order of Service (1526) Martin Luther, Table Talk (first published 1566) 77 B. Ulrich Zwingli 80 Biographical Note: Ulrich Zwingli Ulrich Zwingli, On Baptism (1525) Ulrich Zwingli, Exposition of the Faith (1531) Marburg Colloquy (1529) 89 C. Family Matters Katharina Schütz Zell, Apologia for Master Matthew Zell (1524) 95 D. John Calvin 99 Biographical Note: John Calvin John Calvin, a Prayer John Calvin, Preface to Commentary on Psalms (1557) John Calvin, A Treatise on Relics (1543) John Calvin, The Necessity of Reforming the Church (1543) John Calvin, Institutes of the Christian Religion (1559) 115 Chapter 3: Radical Reformation 127 A. Spiritualists Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt, Whether One Should Proceed Slowly (1524) Thomas Müntzer, Sermon to the Princes (1524) 134 B. Anabaptists Conrad Grebel, Letter to Thomas Müntzer (1524) Balthasar Hubmaier, Freedom of Will (1527) Schleitheim Confession (1527) Menno Simons, Christian Baptism (1539) The Trial and Martyrdom of Michael Sattler (1527) Janneken van Munstdorp, Testament (1573) 156 C. Evangelical Rationalists The Racovian Catechism (1605) 159 Chapter 4: Roman Catholic (Counter-)Reformation 165 A. Responses to Luther Johann Tetzel, Rebuttal to Luther s Sermon on Indulgences (1518) Pope Leo X, Exsurge Domine (1520) 169 B. Roman Catholic Spirituality 170 Biographical Note: Ignatius of Loyola Ignatius of Loyola, Autobiography (1555) Ignatius of Loyola, Spiritual Exercises (1548) Teresa of Ávila, The Book of Her Life (1562) 174

3 C. Roman Catholic Confessionalization Council of Trent ( ) The Injunctions of Queen Mary (1554) 184 Chapter 5: Protestant Codifiers and Confessionalization 187 A. Reformed Guido de Brès, Belgic Confession (1561; rev. 1619) Heidelberg Catechism (1563) Zacharias Ursinus, Commentary on the Heidelberg Catechism (1584) Heinrich Bullinger, Second Helvetic Confession (1566) 198 B. Anglican Thirty-Nine Articles (1563) John Jewel, An Apology for the Church of England (1562) Act against Recusants (1593) 210 C. Lutheran Formula of Concord (1577) 213 D. The Arminian Controversy Lambeth Articles (1595) 220 Biographical Note: Jacob Arminius Jacob Arminius, a Prayer from His Deathbed Jacob Arminius, Apology or Defense of Arminius against Thirty-One Articles (1608) Jacob Arminius, Declaration of Sentiments (1608) Articles of Remonstrance (1610) Canons of the Synod of Dordt (1619) 238 Chapter 6: Enlightenment and Skepticism 251 A. New Philosophy and Its Theological Implications 253 Biographical Note: René Descartes René Descartes, Discourse on Method (1637) René Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy (1641) John Locke, The Reasonableness of Christianity (1695) David Hume, Dialogues concerning Natural Religion (1776) William Paley, Natural Theology (1802) G. E. Lessing, On the Proof of the Spirit and of Power (1777) 278 B. Immanuel Kant 281 Biographical Note: Immanuel Kant Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785) Immanuel Kant, On a Supposed Right to Lie from Philanthropy (1797) 287 vii

4 viii Contents Chapter 7: Pietism and Revivalism 291 A. Continental Pietism Jean Taffin, The Marks of God s Children (1586) Blaise Pascal, Pensées (1669) Philipp Jakob Spener, Pia Desideria (1675) 299 B. Jonathan Edwards 302 Biographical Note: Jonathan Edwards Jonathan Edwards, Miscellanies (1728) Jonathan Edwards, Treatise on Religious Affections (1746) 304 C. John Wesley 308 Biographical Note: John Wesley John Wesley, Thoughts upon Slavery (1774) John Wesley, The Character of a Methodist (1742) John Wesley, Christian Perfection (Sermon 40) (1741) John Wesley, The Scripture Way of Salvation (Sermon 43) (1765) John Wesley, Catholic Spirit (Sermon 39) (1750) 319 D. English and American Results William Carey, An Enquiry into the Obligations of Christians, to Use Means (1792) Thomas Campbell, Declaration and Address (1809) Charles Finney, Lectures on Revivals of Religion (1835) Joseph Smith, The King Follett Sermon (1844) Phoebe Palmer, The Promise of the Father (1859) 341 Chapter 8: Liberal Protestantism and Responses 347 A. Reshaping Christianity William Ellery Channing, Unitarian Christianity (1819) Ralph Waldo Emerson, Divinity School Address (1838) 355 B. Friedrich D. E. Schleiermacher 358 Biographical Note: Friedrich D. E. Schleiermacher Friedrich D. E. Schleiermacher, On Religion: Speeches to Its Cultured Despisers (1799) Friedrich D. E. Schleiermacher, The Christian Faith ( ; 2nd ed., ) Friedrich D. E. Schleiermacher, Sermon at Nathanael s Grave (1829) 369 C. Søren Kierkegaard 371 Biographical Note: Søren Kierkegaard Søren Kierkegaard, Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments (1846) Søren Kierkegaard, Practice in Christianity (1850) 374 D. Social Implications Harriet Beecher Stowe, Uncle Tom s Cabin (1852) Walter Rauschenbusch, A Theology for the Social Gospel (1917) 385

5 E. Orthodoxies Restated John Henry Newman, An Essay on the Development of Christian Doctrine (1845; new ed., 1878) Pope Pius IX, Ineffabilis Deus (Decree on the Immaculate Conception) (1854) Pope Pius IX, Syllabus of Errors (1864) Council of Vatican I ( ) B. B. Warfield, The Deity of Christ (1910) 396 Chapter 9: Late Modern Fragmentation and Ecumenism 401 A. Neo-orthodoxy 403 Biographical Note: Karl Barth Karl Barth, Epistle to the Romans (1919; 2nd ed., 1922) Karl Barth, Church Dogmatics ( ) Reinhold Niebuhr, Moral Man and Immoral Society (1932) Dietrich Bonhoeffer, Ethics (1949) 416 B. Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, and Evangelical Approaches G. K. Chesterton, Orthodoxy (1908) Pope Pius XII, Munificentissimus Deus (1950) Council of Vatican II ( ) Georges Florovsky, The Function of Tradition in the Ancient Church (1964) Chicago Statement on Biblical Inerrancy (1978) 435 C. Liberation Theologies Gustavo Gutiérrez, A Theology of Liberation (1971; rev. ed., 1988) Elisabeth Schüssler-Fiorenza, In Memory of Her (1983) 440 D. Pluralism and Ecumenism Karl Rahner, Christianity and the Non-Christian Religions (1966) John Hick, Problems of Religious Pluralism (1985) Lesslie Newbigin, The Gospel in a Pluralist Society (1989) Baptism, Eucharist, and Ministry (1982) David Bentley Hart, Christ and Nothing (No Other God) (2003) 457 Sources and Acknowledgments 467 ix

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