LATIN 4B, AP VERGIL: ESSAY #1 COMPILATION

Transcription

1 LATIN 4B, AP VERGIL: ESSAY #1 COMPILATION THE QUESTION In De Bello Gallico , Caesar demonstrates typical qualities of his leadership: rapid, decisive, and effective action. Can you think of emergencies in the Aeneid requiring similarly quick responses by Aeneas? How is Aeneas leadership similar to or different from Caesar s? Use the Latin effectively and be as specific as possible. HOW TO EVALUATE YOUR CLASSMATES ESSAYS: FIRST: Read the essays and compose a short paragraph response to each one on your home devuce. Save the file. What should you include? Read on to find out. Only once you have prepared your short paragraph review, go here: and then copy/past your comments AND then fill out the evaluation for each essay besides your own. DO NOT FILL IN ANYTHING OR RANK ANYTHING FOR YOUR OWN ESSAY! Avoid comments regarding formatting since everyone will have dutifully followed the formatting rules or the Eye of Mordor has already commented and plans to deduct formatting points. Matters of editing are always fair game. Please observe a hierarchy of ranking. Everyone should not get the highest score. ONLY the BEST essays should receive top ranks. Provide at least ONE specific suggestion for improvement (ex. Give us more analysis after each Latin quote. ) Provide at least ONE specific positive remark ( I like how clearly you write, especially as you described Vergil s use of verb tense in this passage). You are also being graded on the quality of your feedback. If you write puny reviews (example: Great job! This was great! I had a great time! Neato! ), I will deduct points from your essay. NOTE: These reviews are anonymous always except to me and then only when I record the scores. Dismiss notions of taking reviews personally. Such thoughts will only serve to delay YOUR progress toward better essays. Be sure you sign in to the evaluation survey using your own real name so I can give you credit in my grade book. Fail to review your peers? Plan on a HUGE essay deduction! Complete this evaluation survey online by 7 pm FEBRUARY 20. Keep track of your essay # because that is how you will receive your grade for this assignment. Here s how you ll rate the essays. Uses Latin from throughout the text (beginning, middle end) Uses the Latin analytically and cites it properly Explains the author's use of the Latin convincingly Stays on task (omits irrelevant information, padding, fluff, filler) Essay is organized and analytical These people should review essays 1-7 These people should review essays 8-14 Alex, Colin, David, Joyce, Liam, Lily, Michelle Annika, Beatrice, Katya, Love, Mahima, Nathan, Peter Review all essays well and earn 3 bonus points (you must notify me AFTER you complete all). 1

2 THE ESSAYS #1 Comparing Caesar and Aeneas As shown in the provided passage, Caesar portrays himself as having an immediate, detached, and near perfect leadership style, while Aeneas is very involved with his men, is not infallible, and depends on suppressing his emotions to make the right decisions. Caesar begins his passage with Caesari esset, "when this had been communicated to Caesar" (Caesar line 1). The actual meaning of the phrase is emphasized by its placement at the very beginning of the passage, showing that Caesar is an attentive leader to whom information is quickly communicated. This is immediately followed by maturat, "he hastened" (line 2). By phrasing this in the active voice, he marks himself as a driving force who acts shortly after information is received. He does this with several other verbs as well: contendit, "he hurried" (line 3); pervenit, "he went through" (line 4); imperat, "he commanded" (line 5); and iubet, "he ordered" (line 6). These all demonstrate Caesar s position as primary actor in his situation, just like how a number of active verbs are associated with Aeneas like when he is rapidly organizing his men to leave Carthage. The primary difference between Caesar and Aeneas lies in their fallibility. Caesar is continually portrayed as an excellent leader. Whenever something goes wrong for instance, the cavalry not arriving on time to attack the stragglers of the fleeing enemy it is attributed to the mistakes of his men: equites cursum tenere non potuerant, "the cavalry had not been able to hold their course" ( ). On the other hand, the Aeneid centers around Aeneas internal struggle between pietas, "duty," and emotional furor, "madness." For instance, he falls prey to furor during the shipwreck of Book 1, and multiple passive verbs are used to describe his being acted upon by his terror and by the waves; only when his pietas reasserts itself does he once again take up the mantle of hero and active leader. Therefore, via his use of language and attributions, Caesar paints himself as a well-informed leader who is always ready to wisely and quickly act. In the way that he is a powerful and respected decisionmaker, he is very similar to the heroic Aeneas; however, in the way that he paints himself as never making errors, he is very dissimilar to Aeneas, who overcomes his furor in order to fulfill his role. #2 Contrasting Aeneas s and Caesar s Leadership In this passage, Caesar demonstrates his rapid, decisive, and effective action in response to emergencies through contrast, word placement, and word choice. In contrast to Caesar, Aeneas does not take as much action and is driven by emotion in response to emergencies. Caesar uses active verbs to emphasize how much he takes action during emergencies: for example, maturat, hastens, contendit, fights, and imperat, commands (Caesar ). This shows a quality of his leadership which is that he takes action. Furthermore, by using maturat, hastens, at the beginning of a clause, Caesar emphasizes how he takes action as fast as possible (Caesar 2). When describing how he responded to the emergency, Caesar uses polysyndeton: et...et, and...and (Caesar 2-3). By using et repeatedly, Caesar emphasizes how many things he was doing at once, which further draws attention to his rapid action in response to emergencies (Caesar 2-3). 2

3 At the end of the passage, Caesar writes, iubet rescindi, he orders to be destroyed (Caesar 6). By putting the verbs at the end of a long sentence, he shows how large the actions were that he took. He further emphasizes how he takes fast action by putting two verbs right next to each other. Caesar emphasizes his own decisiveness with the contrast between tenses in parts of the passage: he contrasts nuntiatum esset, it had been announced, with maturat, hastens (Caesar 1-2). By putting nuntiatum esset in the pluperfect tense and maturat in the present tense, Caesar demonstrates that the announcement is in the past, emphasizing how he thinks about this less, and how hastening to respond to the emergency is in the present, showing how he is focused on taking action (Caesar 1-2). He demonstrates his decisiveness further by having a large number of verbs throughout the passage. Each line except the first one has at least two verbs. For example, line 3 has two verbs, potest, he can, and contendit, fights (Caesar 3). By having so many verbs, he shows that he is able to do actions in quick succession, emphasizing his decisiveness. Caesar shows how effective his action is by contrasting it with the less effective action of the Helvetians trying to pass through his province: iter facere conari, they were attempting to make the journey (Caesar 2). By using conari, attempt, Caesar implies that the Helvetians were not successful in making the journey through Roman territory (Caesar 2). He further contrasts the effectiveness of his action with the Helvetians action by placing conari, attempt, and maturat, hasten, next to each other (Caesar 2). He makes his hastening seem more effective by contrasting it directly with the ineffectiveness of the Helvetians attempting. In one instance of an emergency in the Aeneid, when there is a storm and Aeneas thinks that he is going to die out at sea, solvuntur frigore membra, [Aeneas s] limbs are loosened by the cold (Vergil 1.92). In contrast to Caesar taking action, Aeneas s immediate response to the emergency is passive, which Vergil emphasizes by using the passive voice for solvuntur (Vergil 1.92). Later on, when Aeneas gets onto dry land, he gives an uplifting speech to his comrades, but he premit altum corde dolorem, presses grief deep in his heart (Vergil 1.209). By putting dolorem at the very end of the line, Vergil emphasizes that Aeneas feels a lot of emotion (Vergil 1.209). Again, he does not take much physical action. Aeneas also displays emotion during the emergency on the ship with ingemit, groans (Vergil 1.93). Vergil shows further how much emotion Aeneas feels by putting ingemit at the beginning of the line, drawing more attention to it (Vergil 1.93). In book two of the Aeneid, after Sinon tricks the Trojans into letting the Greeks in to destroy Troy and Aeneas wakes up from the dream with Hector, he says fury and rage driving me breakneck on when he is going to fight the Greeks (Fagles 2.398). Emotion is the driving factor for him fighting. In book ten, after Aeneas hears that Pallas was killed by Turnus, he is blazing with rage...hunting for you, Turnus (Fagles ). Aeneas is driven by the rage he feels towards Turnus so he tries to hunt him down. So again, he is driven by emotion. In conclusion, while Caesar does not seem to display much emotion in response to emergencies and will take immediate action, Aeneas is driven by emotion and will sometimes lament his fate instead of taking action. #3 3

4 Comparing Two Leaders: Aeneas and Caesar As leaders, both Caesar and Aeneas are accustomed to dealing with unexpected challenges. Through his use of word order, repetition, verb placement, and asyndeton, Caesar shows that he, like Aeneas, is resourceful, always ready for action, and able to quickly adapt. In book 1, Aeneas is forced to step up after Aeolus, heeding Juno s request, unleashes a storm on his men at sea. Once they are finally able to find dry land, Aeneas, though as tired as his men, finds the energy to kill deer so that they can eat. Though he is frightened himself, he also musters the courage to rally his men s spirits, reminding them that they have overcome greater obstacles before. Aeneas actions demonstrate his commitment to his men. To this end, Aeneas proves himself to be very resourceful; even when there doesn t seem to be a way forward, he finds one. Caesar mirrors this quality. He emphasizes his resourcefulness in his writing through word order: provinciae toti quam maximum as many as possible from the entire province (De Bello Gallico, 1.7.4). By gathering these descriptive words at the beginning of the sentence, and saving the actual object of the sentence numerum, or number [of soldiers] for the end, Caesar draws attention to the lengths he went to so that his plan would be successful (1.7.5). He also emphasizes his resourcefulness through the repetition of quam maximis/maximum as many as possible ( ). By repeating that he is going to the maximum possible lengths to execute his plan, Caesar reinforces his ability to find viable solutions in difficult or hard-pressed circumstances. In book 2, Hector comes to Aeneas in a dream, warning him that Troy is under attack, and that he must find refuge for the Trojans. Though it is the middle of the night, and he has this vision in his sleep, Aeneas reacts almost immediately, springing into action. Aeneas demonstrates a constant readiness to act. Caesar also possesses this readiness, a quality he stresses in his writing through word order. Describing his actions upon learning of the Helvetii s impending arrival, he writes, Caesari cum id nuntiam esset when it was announced to Caesar (1.7.1). He employs a passive construction id nuntiam esset, or it was announced but places Caesari to Caesar at the beginning of the sentence, creating the impression that he is ahead of the game, ready to react before any information is even relayed to him. He uses verb placement to further emphasize his readiness for action: proficisci contendit pervenit [he hurries] to depart he hastens he arrives ( ). His repeated placement of these verbs at the end of their respective clauses stresses Caesar s action. This paints him as an active agent, ever ready to take action. In book 12, during the battle between Aeneas men and the Rutulians, Aeneas, heeding Venus advice, decides to attack Latium while Turnus and his men are distracted. This decision involves a kind of tactical cleverness or resourcefulness, showcasing Aeneas ability to quickly adapt to changing circumstances. Caesar shares this ability, which he emphasizes in his writing through asyndeton, or the omission of a conjunction in joining two independent clauses: numerum imperat, pontem iubet rescindi he orders a number [of soldiers], he orders the bridge to be cut down ( ). By failing to add an et and to link these two clauses, Caesar creates a sense of urgency; it is as if the story is moving too quickly to add extra words. In this way, Caesar leaves the impression that he is able to react quickly, no matter the situation. Aeneas possesses the qualities of resourcefulness, readiness to act, and adaptability. By employing word order, repetition, verb placement, and asyndeton, Caesar demonstrates that he too possesses these leadership qualities. 4

5 #4 Caesar vs. Aeneas: a Battle of Leadership As two of the most famous leaders in Roman culture, Caesar and Aeneas hold several traits in common when it comes to being a commander: active, strong, and smart. On the other hand, the two men also differ in respect to their leaderships styles. While Caesar acts with more singular power and authority, foreshadowing his character that would lead to his ultimate demise, Aeneas often receives advice from others and uses others to accomplish a shared goal. In Caesar s Gallic Wars, Caesar presents himself as the all-mighty leader of the Roman people and the authority that people should trust. Caesar accomplishes this by often giving his own person the focus of attention. For example, the phrase Caesari cum id nuntiatum esset places Caesari first in the temporal clause (De Bello Gallico, 1.7.1). By placing to Caesar first in When this thing had been reported to Caesar, Caesar showcases that as other things happen, he is still the most important actor in the grand scheme of things. In other words, notice Caesar before anything else. Caesar acts quickly and with a plan. In the text, Caesar demonstrates this through quick succession of verbs that build a sense of urgency and efficiency. Maturat, potest, contendit, pervenit, imperat, iubet occur one after the other in this passage and the active, present voice that the verbs take on further showcase the active, rapid quality of Caesar s leadership (Caesar 2-6). Perhaps more importantly, these verbs are also third-person singular and showcase that Caesar finishes these tasks all by himself--he is the supreme ruler of the Romans. The use of infinitives plays a key role in this passage. Caesar uses them to showcase that all of his actions have meaning and purpose. Caesar hastens to depart from the city and orders the bridge to be torn down, maturat ab urbe proficisci and pontem...iubet rescindi (Caesar 2, 6). In effect, the infinitives show why Caesar performed some actions and illuminate the reader to his reasoning. This use of infinitives not only show what Caesar did in the present but also what he planned to do in the future. Therefore, Caesar is a decisive and effective leader who is in charge of leading his entire troop to victory through the Gallic Wars. In the same vein, Aeneas is also a decisive leader. This is shown in Book 1. When he is stranded on the coast of North Africa near Carthage with only seven of twenty ships, he is the one who diligently acts quickly to secure a safe place for his troops, omnem prospectum late pelago petit (Aeneid, 1.181). The adverb late quantifies his diligence. Asyndeton present between navem in conspectu nullam and tres litore cervos prospicit errantes moreover creates an effect of fast, rapid action: He sees no ships, [but] spots three stags wandering on the beach (Aeneid ). There is no conjunction and this lack of connection emphasizes how quickly Aeneas moves from one task to the next. As Caesar piles on verbs to showcase this sense of urgency and fast-paced action, Vergil showcases Aeneas moving quickly this way. While Aeneas has the same fast-paced and diligent leadership quality as Caesar, he leads his people differently in other qualities. For one, Aeneas is a people s leader and aims to be a friend of the Trojans. During this disaster, Vergil showcases Aeneas leadership through apostrophe. Vergil has Aeneas give out numerous monologues to the people when such disasters occur to showcase how Aeneas appeals to the people and gives them hope, O socii (Aeneid, 198). In addition, while Caesar may mostly give out commands to move quickly or secure weapons, Aeneas is shown to also give orders that his people endure, durate (Aeneid, 207). This imperative is not pertaining to warfare but the spirits of the Trojans. A major difference between the leadership qualities of Aeneas and Caesar are their motivations. In contrast to Caesar, Aeneas is not the center of his universe, not the supreme dictator. He is, instead, a 5

6 man who must fulfill the Fates wishes. This shows itself in how Aeneas decides to act, or perhaps more enlightening, when he decides to act. Aeneas, for example, is told to leave Dido by Mercury and is even urged by mortals such as Hector. In phrases such as Hector visus adesse mihi, Hector seemed to appear to me, Aeneas is shown to be motivated and moved by those around him: mihi operates as a dative of reference and is placed at the end of the phrase, showcasing how Aeneas responds to those around him. While Caesar often emphasizes his own agency, Aeneas leadership journey is built up by many other factors. Throughout the Aeneid, this communal spirit gives Aeneas his Trojan backing. Caesar s domineering figure over his army gives the appearance of a superior leader over his army. In the end, the two men have different backgrounds in leadership but accomplish their goals through similar qualities of rapid and effective action. #5 Caesar and Aeneas s Leadership Both Caesar and Aeneas demonstrate strong leadership ability. However, Caesar portrays himself as an efficient and decisive leader, while Vergil depicts Aeneas as a leader who tends to deliberate on issues and appeal to the pathos of his followers. Caesar demonstrates great efficiency in his leadership. He writes Caesari cum id nuntiatum esset (Caesar 1.7.7). Caesar s placement of his own name at the beginning of the sentence, outside of the cum clause, keeps the spotlight on him, but his use of the passive voice places the blame of any delay on the messenger rather than on Caesar, the recipient (Caesar 1.7.7). His use of the word cum, when, pointedly ensures that the reader knows Caesar acted as soon as he was able (Caesar 1.7.7). Caesar relates in Galliam ulteriorem contendit et ad Genavam pervenit, he hastens into Ulterior Gaul and arrives to Geneva (Caesar ). The containment of both the journey and arrival in the same clause, as well as their similar structure of a participial phrase followed by a present active verb, demonstrates the incredible efficiency of Caesar. The connection of the two actions by merely an et, and, excludes any room for an interpretation of doubt of hesitation (Caesar 1.7.9). Aeneas deliberates in situations of great urgency. In Book 2, when Troy was ravaged, Aeneas has difficulty fleeing the city (Vergil Book 2). Vergil reveals the extent of Aeneas s persistence and delay when he states deseruere omnes defessi, weary, all had deserted (Vergil 1.565). By placing the subject, omnes, all, between the verb and adjective, Vergil emphasizes the degree of desertions and the lateness of the hour (Vergil 1.565). The alliteration of deseruere and defessi suggest complete desolation and hopelessness. Although Vergil portrays Aeneas s reluctance as nobility and loyalty to his city, the hero requires divine and maternal command to finally depart (Vergil Book 2). Caesar, as a leader, demonstrates considerable power and influence over his legions, although the manner in which he refers to them suggests that he views them in a numerical and strategic manner. Caesar states that he summoned Provinciae toti quam maximum potest militum numerum, as great a number of soldiers as possible from the whole of the province (Caesar ). The separation of quam maximum from militum numerum emphasizes potest and with it Caesar s power (Caesar ). The placement of Provinciae toti, The whole Province at the beginning of a sentence highlights not only Caesar s power but also the extent of his influence (Caesar 1.7.4). Caesar then remarks that (erat omnino in Gallia ulteriore legio una,) there was only one legion in Ulterior Gaul (Caesar 1.7.5). Caesar s blunt yet almost casual use of a parenthetical remark, his word 6

7 choice of omnino, only, which suggests quantitative deficiency, and his placement of una, one, in a position of emphasis at the end of the clause all reiterate that Caesar calculates his legions value in numerical terms (Caesar, 1.7.5). While Aeneas, due to the decimation of Troy, leads a comparatively small number of men, this allows the leader to relate to them on a more human level. When his men are dejected, Aeneas encourages them, saying O socii, O comrades (Vergil, 1.198). This use of the vocative suggests a personal interaction, and Aeneas s word choice connotes equality between himself and his men. While Caesar is an incredibly efficient, and decisive leader, Aeneas takes more time to think and leads his people in a more personal manner. Ultimately, both leaders are effective, although in different ways. #6 Caesar VS. Aeneas In this section of Caesar's De Bello Gallico, many parallels and contrasts can be found between Caesar and Aeneas' leadership decisions that are supported by the Latin and it's careful construction. *Caesari cum id nuntiatum esset*, "When Caesar had noticed this" (Caesar 1.7.1). Right away, it can be observed in the construction of this clause the difference between Caesar and Aeneas' leadership style. Caesar places his name at the beginning of the clause, centering all attention and elevating himself in the eyes of the people. This is unlike Aeneas, who was known for leading by bringing himself down to the level of his people, and speaking to them as if they were his equals. This contrast can again be seen in Caesar's word choice of *quam maximis*, "as great as possible" (1.7.2). The use of a superlative reflects Caesar's self-elevated character by making every decision he does match his own superiority. *Provinciae toti*, "from the entire province" (1.7.4). When Caesar makes note that he used the entire province, or, all of the immediate resources available to him, it reflects Aeneas's skill in rapid, decisive, and effective action. Aeneas' decision to make allies with the Etruscans is an example of this skill. *quam maximum... militum numerum*, "as great as possible number of the army" also supports this parallel ( ). Both Caesar and Aeneas know the value of numbers, and make it one of their priorities to secure the maximum amount of soldiers or allies before the enemy could make an attack. This passage's superlative also acts in the same way as the superlative in line 2, reflecting Caesar's consistent and straightforward character. The word choice of *imperat*, "demanded", and *iubet*, "orders" reveal another contrast between Aeneas and Caesar ( ). Aeneas' entire drive throughout the story of the Aeneid is his duty to fulfill a prophecy, whereas Caesar's is ultimately a drive for power. Caesar's word choice shows his assertiveness and single-mindedness to fulfill his drive. *pontem... iubet rescindi*, "he orders the bridge to be destroyed" (1.7.6). Caesar's decision to destroy the bridge was focused primarily on protecting and strengthening his boundaries. Much like Aeneas' decision to immediately start building a wall around the Trojans when they first landed in Latium. Both leaders knew that having strong boundaries and defenses against an enemy was extremely important. 7

8 A contrast can also be found in this example. Caesar is destroying to protect and defend his people, whereas Aeneas is building to protect and defend. This reveals another aspect of the leader's different worldviews. Caesar believed that to build up a great city and legacy, he had to break things down before he could build it up, whereas Aeneas believed that building on top of the foundations already present would result in a great city. To sum it all up, it can be seen in this passage of De Bello Gallico that both Caesar and Aeneas were excellent leaders, but the way they led was different at it's core even though some similarities can be found in their decisive decision making skills. #7 Auctoritas vs. Pietas Caesar and Aeneas are very distinct in terms of leadership. Caesar, devoted to his country and himself, is a commanding leader who relies on his own strength and cunning in emergencies, and subsequently appears in control in almost all situations. Aeneas, on the other hand, is a man of keen devotion, and as such, defers to a higher power in urgent situations. Caesar s self-reliance makes itself evident in him outlining his own strategies. He includes the names of the places he will send troops (Gallium Genavam) to make his competence clear to the reader (Caesar line 3). By outlining his actions as explicitly as possible, Caesar appears more competent as a leader. Caesar enhances his competence with words in the superlative and comparative cases. Quam maximis as great as possible signifies that Caesar is doing all he can to make his strategy work (line 2). He put Galliam ultiorem further Gaul in the comparative in order to complement the prior mentioned superlative; the journey he made was a long one, but Caesar expended authority to get there as quickly as possible (line 3). It is made clear to the reader that Caesar is trying his hardest in this situation. Another superlative, Maximum militum numerum as many soldiers as possible, makes it further apparent that Caesar is in control of the situation. Caesar depicts himself as a competent and commanding leader in control of any situation. Vergil does not imbue in Aeneas the self-reliance so familiar in Caesar. In times of emergency, Aeneas often beseeches the gods rather than giving orders to his men. This is shown in Vergil s use of the vocative when Aeneas is calling out to the gods: O beati O (three and four times) blessed (Vergil 1.94). This tone is not that of a man in control of a situation; it is the tone of someone who is out of his element. Another example of Aeneas s dependence on the gods in dire situations is shown when he and his men are stranded on the Libyan coast. Dabit deus his finem god will grant an end to this (1.201). By putting dabit in the future indicative, Vergil emphasizes Aeneas s conviction that his devotion to the gods will get him and his men out of this situation. Aeneas is not in control in emergencies. Caesar and Aeneas express different forms leadership during difficult situations. Caesar portrays himself as strategic and in control. He describes his strategies in detail so that the reader is reassured by his competence. Aeneas, on the other hand, defers to a higher power in trying times. When he and his men are being thrashed by a storm, he does not devise a plan to overcome it, rather, he looks up at the 8

9 heavens and laments. When they are stranded, Aeneas does not have a plan at hand; instead, he assures his men that the gods will take care of them. Caesar and Aeneas manifest distinct modes of leadership. #8 Leadership: Caesar vs. Aeneas In this passage of De Bello Gallico, Caesar displayed his rapid, effective and decisive leadership. Aeneas had similar leadership qualities, however, both men differed in how they interacted with their troops. Caesar showed his rapid leadership with *Caesari cum* when Caesar which shows Caesar s immediate rise to action (De Bello Gallico, 1.7.1). *Caesari* placed at the beginning of the sentence draws the readers attention to him and it emphasizes his own impressive actions (1.7.1). His rapid actions are highlighted with *maturat ab urbe* he hastened from Rome (1.7.2). *Ab urbe* demonstrates that although he was still in Rome, he came to action very rapidly (1.7.2). The use of the ablative *ab* with the ablative noun *urbe* creates an active picture of separation from the city and plays up his rapid departure (1.7.2). The prompt journey is highlighted with *in Galliam ulteriorem contendit* he hastened into further Gaul (1.7.3). *Contendit* is in the perfect tense which abruptly demonstrates that Caesar was in Gaul before anyone knew it (1.7.3). Caesar displays decisive leadership with *iubet rescindi* he ordered [the bridge] to be destroyed (1.7.6). Placement of *rescindi* at the end of the line finalized his command and the use of passive here created a sense of absoluteness in his statement (1.7.6). The use of * quam maximis / potest itineribus* By the journeys as long as he could make effectively demonstrated his decisive leadership ( ). The break between the ablative of comparison *maximis* and *potest* magnifies how big his marches were for the reader as there would be a pause when read aloud ( ). Caesar displayed his effective action as a leader using *ulteriore legio una* there was only one legion in further Gaul (1.7.5). *una* is placed at the end of the line which stressed how Caesar made something out of nothing (1.7.5). Caesar orders *militum / numerum imperat* he commanded a number of soldiers during his march ( ). The break in the line between *militum* and *numerum* places emphasis on his great effort to collect forces and places his methods of leadership in a powerful light ( ). Caesar dispayed his effectiveness with *ad Genavam pervenit* he had come to Genava (1.7.3) the use of a perfect *pervenit* to show he has already preformed the action, and placement of *genavam* and *pervenit* on different lines places emphasis on the effectiveness of his leadership (1.7.3). Caesar s and Aeneas leadership are similar with their rapid orders such as in book 4 *ad litora cogant* he ordered them to the shores (Vergil, Aeneid, 4.289) Placement of *cogant* on the end of the line finalised his orders and showed how Aeneas was able to quickly and effectively muster his forces (4.289). In book 2, Vergil displayed quick and decisive leadership in Aeneas when he rescued his father and lead his family and Trojans out of Troy. Aeneas was also pius and determined when he kept going after Creusa s death. 9

10 Aeneas always kept the wellbeing of his troops in mind, like in book 1 *Aeneas scopulum interea conscendit* meanwhile Aeneas was mounting a hill (1.180). *Interea* emphasized how Aeneas was always thinking two steps ahead, *conscendit* in the perfect tense reveals that Aeneas had already been thinking of their next move (1.180). Aeneas also showed his rapidity as a leader with Aeneas no sooner catches a glimpse of his own Trojan camp than he hoists his own shield (Aeneid, 10). This passage displays Aeneas passion for his troops and his swiftness as a leader (Aeneid, 10). Aeneas differed from Caesar since he was an empathetic leader, for example in book 1: *O socii* oh comrades (1.197). Socii is vocative and reveals the personal relationship and mutual trust Aeneas had with his troops (1.197). Vergil showed how Aeneas also held the well-being of his troops in mind as a pius leader with *spem vultu simultat* he feigns hope on his face (1.209). *simultat* is present tense and shows how Aeneas was actively trying to hide his emotions from his troops (1.209). In conclusion, Caesar was an effective leader by using rapid movements and decisive leadership to rule his troops bluntly. Aeneas had similar leadership as he was able to rapidly and effectively set his troops in motion, however, Aeneas ruled empathetically and was a pius leader who always consciously tried to hide his emotions. #9 Where Caesar is Better Than His Predecessor As Caesar narrates his battles in passage 1.7, he demonstrates his effectiveness as a leader through his speediness, his confidence, and his effectiveness at work, very similar to Aeneas. Caesar rises over his predecessor, however, as he has the might of Rome behind him, letting him accomplish even more impressive tasks. Caesar introduces himself as he says *cum id nuntiatum esset*, When this thing had been announced (De Bello Gallico, 1.7.1). Here he acts very similarly to Aeneas, in that he sends out messengers and uses them to learn about the area around him, which is shown in his use of the passive pluperfect to reinforce that he has already started onwards after being told of these happenings. By saying that they attempted to make a journey, *iter facere conari*, Caesar shows that he was confident in stopping the Helvetii, much like Aeneas was for stopping the Latins (1.7.2). He shows this through how he uses *conari* to imply that the Helvetii may very well not succeed (1.7.2). Caesar then describes how he travels into Gaul, saying *quam maximis potest itineribus*, by trips as long as he can ( ) This relates as well to Aeneas s trip from Carthage, where he pushed his speeds to reach their destination as quickly as possible, which is obvious from Caesar s statement of the same in *quam maximis* (1.7.2). Caesar also takes time to place into perspective where he ways heading, saying *in Galliam ulteriorem*, Into farther Gaul (1.7.3). This gives the idea that, like Aeneas, Caesar travels away from home, and by placing *ulterior* in the comparative, Caesar reminds those reading that he is not exploring into the unknown like Aeneas, but simply traveling a previously setup route (1.7.3). Caesar than demonstrates his confidence by saying that he commanded a number of soldiers, *militum numerum imperat* (1.7.4). Unlike Aeneas, Caesar commands the troops to come to him, *imperat*, whereas Aeneas must ask for support from rulers around him to help fight the Latins (1.7.4). 10

11 Caesar also reminds the reader that he is in control, saying he commands that it must be destroyed, *iubet rescindi* (1.7.6). Doing this, he is very similar to Aeneas in both of their roles as leaders, commanding, *iubet*, things to be done (1.7.6). Like Aeneas, Caesar is very quick to action, and chooses the most effective option, but, unlike Aeneas, Caesar is confident enough in what he controls and who he is that he may command things done that Aeneas would have to ask for. #10 AUTHOR: REVISIT FORMAT LAWS. Differences in Leadership Between Caesar and Aeneas In both The Gallic Wars and The Aeneid, both Caesar and Vergil write about their characters responding to emergencies. There are more similarities than differences between both Aeneas and Caesar s reaction to their environment and how they lead their men, perhaps acting as a nod to the fact that Aeneas and Caesar were related. A striking similarity is the amount of troops both men led in their respective situations. In The Gallic War, Caesar says erat omnino legio una, There was only one legion (Caesar, 1.7.5). Julius Caesar didn t have very many men to work with in his situation. Similarly, Aeneas had a very decreased amount of men after a storm ravaged his fleet. Vergil writes about their arrival: septem collectis navibus, with seven ships having been assembled (Vergil, 1.170). Aeneas had set out with twelve ships. Only seven remained. Both Caesar and Vergil had very little men to work with. In both situations, both men had to travel to remote places. Starting with Caesar, he says, in Galliam ulteriorem, in remote Gaul (1.7.3). The use of ulteriorem ( remote ) gives the reader a sense the remoteness of the situation, that Caesar was far removed from society (1.7.3). This small description of the location displays Caesar s talent at getting men together in remote places. A similar situation occurs with Aeneas. Vergil writes that Aeneas travels in altum, into the deep (Aeneid). The use of altum ( deep ) acts as a descriptor for the environment Aeneas was in, alluding to the fact that he too had a talent for leading men into remote places (Aeneid). These two instances show a similarity both men have in their leadership. Once Julius Caesar gets the news, he, maturat ab urbe proficisci, he hastens to set out from the city (1.7.2). Maturat ( he hastens ) demonstrates that he wasn t stalling for time to set out (1.7.2). Ab urbe ( from the city ) shows he wasn t afraid to step away from the comforts of the city into the hardships of the outside (1.7.2). This demonstrates an endurance in Caesar s character that is prevalent throughout the story. Another theme that is prevalent in both their leadership styles is duty. Aeneas sets out from Carthage out of duty, after Mercury came and reminded him. Julius Caesar sets out because eos conari, They begin to set out through our province ( ). Eos, they meaning the Helvetii, were going to travel through the north of Rome s province (1.7.1). Seeing this as an intrusion on Roman territory, Caesar was duty bound to go confront them. In conclusion, both Julius Caesar and Aeneas have similar leadership styles and the scenarios in which they led their men. The similarities could stem from the fact that Aeneas was Caesar s ancestor. #11 AUTHOR: REVISIT ALL FORMAT LAWS! 11

12 The Leadership of Aeneas and Caesar The command types of Aeneas and Caesar are shown most clearly in times of threat. Four instances from the Aeneid contrast the character of Aeneas as a leader with that of Caesar on his campaign against Gaul. They will show the boldness, and even rashness, of Caesar compared with the passivity of Aeneas as they each face obstacles on their expeditions. The first of these is at the beginning of the first book of the Aeneid, as Aeneas and his followers are in the midst of the storm begun by Juno, and are desperately in trouble. Vergil describes the moment when Aeneas is thrown into the water as Extemplo membra, Suddenly the limbs of Aeneas were loosened with cold (Vergil, Aeneid 1.90) This passage contrasts with Caesar s narrative in two ways. Firstly, the verb solvuntur is passive, showing how Aeneas is not the active character, but is being acted upon (Vergil 1.90). This diminishes his authority and alerts the reader that his power has been taken away at this point. On the other hand, Caesar uses only active verbs to describe his conduct when Roman territory is threatened. He states, maturat contendit pervenit, he hastens he proceeds he arrives (Caesar lines 3-4). This shows the constant action Caesar takes to maintain his authority. Rather than being acted upon, as Aeneas was, Caesar does everything on his own accord. Secondly, the cause of the characters action creates a distinction. Vergil begins his passage with Extemplo, immediately (Vergil 1.90). This word, emphasized by its position, indicates the quickness of the action. Caesar, likewise, uses a timeframe to describe the situation. He writes, Cum id nuntiatum esset maturat, When this was announced to him he hastened (Caesar 1-2). The difference is that this cum clause is a causal link, stating that he took action because he heard the news; whereas Vergil included no cause for Aeneas action, implying further that he had no control of the situation. The second of the four situations is also in the first book, following the storm. Vergil writes, Optata potiuntur Troes harena, The Trojans gained the desired sand (Vergil 1.172). In this sentence, Aeneas himself is not leading the Trojans; rather, the Trojans themselves are the subjects of the verb, gaining the land for their own sake. In his description, Caesar writes in a manner that shows his command of the proceedings, imperat iubet, he orders, he commands (Caesar 5-6). The repetition of the similar verbs with Caesar as the subject reminds the reader of the role that Caesar played in every issue. Vergil, however, places the Trojan people as the subject rather than focusing on their leader, Aeneas. In the third passage, Aeneas is telling the tale of his reaction to Priam s death. He uses the verb obstipui, I hesitated (Vergil 2.560). This contrasts with Caesar s use of the verb, maturat, he hastens both in meaning and in form (Caesar 2). Aeneas paused in the middle of the scene, Caesar acted quickly. Aeneas uses a perfect tense verb to describe his actions, Caesar a present tense verb. Caesar demonstrates his efficiency in active leadership, but Aeneas shows his hesitance and feeling. In the fourth passage, Aeneas has just been given a message by Mercury. Vergil describes his action in the phrase atque versat, in which Aeneas literally divides his thoughts and struggles to decide what to do (Vergil ). The phrase, reflecting what it describes, communicated the frenzied state of Aeneas mind. When Caesar recounts his own deeds, maturat pervenit, he uses more structured phrasing to convey his regularity as a leader (Caesar 2-4). The structure of the language itself communicates the qualities of the commanders. By comparing the situations when the two leaders are under pressure, the reader finds that Caesar acts quicker, with more certainty than Aeneas, who is often pictured in a passive way. One must consider the viewpoint of the two authors to understand their presentation of the heroes. Vergil portrayed Aeneas as a part of something greater, namely Rome, so he is not as glorious as the description of Caesar, who is writing about himself with a political purpose. #12 Caesar and Aeneas: A Chip off the Old Block 12

13 In this passage discussing the Helvetian threat, Caesar uses syntax, voice, tense, mood, and diction to create allusions to Aeneas, to depict Caesar as a decisive and effective leader, and to ultimately compare him to Aeneas. Caesar immediately sets the scene for his solution to the Helvetian problem by making small references to Aeneas decision-making in leaving Dido. He begins with a temporal clause: Caesari cum id nuntiatum esset, when it was announced to Caesar (De Bello Gallico, 1.7.1). His use of the specific verb, nuntiare, in the passive without a specific agent is a reference to Mercury in his role as a messenger for the gods and his role as a messenger to Aeneas to remind him of his duty. In addition, Caesar uses vague language to once again reference the Aeneid when he says that he is going ab urbe in Galliam ulteriorem, from the city into more remote Gaul (7.2-3). Urbe is a direct reference to Rome, the symbol of culture and civilization to the Romans, while Galliam ulteriorem represents the ultimate barbarianism. However, Caesar s vague use of language, urbs, to mean Roma and contrasting it with Galliam ulteriorem implies that he is referencing Aeneas leaving Carthage, a city of great culture and often compared to Rome, to go to Latium, a relatively barbarous place by comparison (7.2-3). With this reference combined with his use of nuntiare, Caesar is clearly referencing Mercury s visit to Aeneas where Aeneas must make a quick and firm decision to do his duty. After alluding to Aeneas and Dido, Caesar carefully selects his verbs and their tenses to show that Caesar s response to the Helvetii is prompt. He employs the pluperfect subjunctive, the present infinitive in an indirect statement, and three present tense verbs in quick succession: nuntiatum esset facere conari, maturat contendit pervenit, was announced were attempting to make, he hastens marches comes (7.1-4). While the pluperfect shows that the reporting happened then was finished, the present infinitive in the indirect statement implies that action is progressing as Caesar is becoming informed, and the present tense verbs that follow imply that Caesar s response occurs immediately after becoming informed. Thus, the tenses show that Caesar responds not to something that has happened but to something that is happening. Furthermore, the fact that Caesar s start of the journey, maturat proficisci, the middle of his journey, contendit, and the end of his journey, ad Genavam pervenit, are all in the same present tense shows that his response is prompt and swift (7.2-4). Besides swiftness, Caesar demonstrates his decisiveness through a form of double repetition when he claims to travel to Gaul quam maximis potest itineribus, by the greatest [i.e longest] journeys possible (7.2-3) and to recruit quam maximum potest militum numerum, the greatest number of soldiers possible (7.4-5). The first repetition is seen within the construction of quam maximus posse. Quam maximus already means as many as possible, so when Caesar add posse, to be able it is as if he is repeating and thus emphasizing as possible. The second repetition is the repetition of the construct itself in reference to first the time of the journey and second the number of men. Thus, through these repetitions, Caesar emphasizes that he is employing all his resources as quickly as possible to address the threat of the Helvetii. Lastly, Caesar depicts the effectiveness of his actions as a leader in his repetition of commanding verbs in imperat iubet, orders orders (7.5-6). The two commands Caesar describes could have been governed by one verb but the fact that they were instead governed by two verbs with similar meanings emphasizes the commanding part of Caesar s responsibilities. In addition, the lack of a conjunction between the two commands emphasizes the brevity and quickness of his commands and thus his effectiveness as a leader. In conclusion, Caesar by first alluding to Aeneas and then depicting Caesar s actions as prompt, decisive, and effective draws a fine comparison from Caesar to Aeneas. The key to the comparison is that 13

14 Caesar and Aeneas are in similar situations: Caesar is informed of something that requires immediate action much like Mercury reminds Aeneas of his immediate duty to go to Latium. They both respond in the same way by immediately addressing the problem Caesar marches to Gaul and Aeneas starts preparing his fleet. They also take actions that are decisive. Caesar marches as many men as he can in as little time as he can while Aeneas leaves as soon as he can and does not leave anyone behind. Lastly, they are both effective leaders. Like Aeneas to his men, Caesar gives orders without questioning whether they will be obeyed. Ultimately, besides helping show that Caesar is a great leader, the goal of this comparison is to perhaps remind Caesar s readers back in Rome that he himself is descended from the gods through Aeneas himself. #13 AUTHOR REVISIT ALL FORMAT LAWS! Qualities of Leadership Aeneas and Caesar were both great leaders of their times, but both had very different styles of leadership. Both by the way it was presented, the intent of the writer, and the differences between the two. The Aeneid and the Gallic Wars were both written with mostly different intent. The Aeneid, to tell a story, with a small degree of propaganda, and the Gallic wars to give a report, with a large degree of propaganda. The Aeneid, with its epic style, looked more behind his inner thoughts and emotions. Vergil wants us to see Aeneas as a leader, but also as a person. Caesar, wants people to see him as just a leader, forgoing any kind of personal touch. He even talks about himself in the third person Caesari To Caesar (Caesar line 1). While Aeneas is also talked about in the third person, when he talks about himself, he doesn t refer to himself as such. Aeneas also takes a much more active role in the battles he and his men fight in, such as when he and Turnus fought each other in the end of the Aeneid. Caesar takes battles more as a general, then a hero. He orders people around, instead of joining them in the brawl. He uses commanding verbs such as imperat he orders and iubet He orders when he speaks (lines 5.6). Caesar also fights much more tactically, utilizing his environment to give him an edge pontem.iubet rescindi he orders for the bridge to be taken down (line 6). This is rarely, if ever seen done by Aeneas. Both Aeneas and Caesar, however, don t show typically show emotion, although the reader of the Aeneid does get to see what Aeneas holds under the surface premit altum corde dolorem he pushes grief deep within his heart (Vergil 1.209). Caesar does this also, but in a less obvious way. When leading, he uses no words of emotion, presenting it as he would have spoken, without emotion. Aeneas and Caesar were both great leaders, however, one was a general, the other a hero. While there are similarities, different things were expected from both of them. #14 Caesar and Aeneas Caesar and Aeneas both possess the ability to make snap decisions. However, their goals while doing so are different. Caesar uses his skill to win battles, with little regard for the individual lives of his soldiers. In contrast, Aeneas cares deeply about both his companions and divine will and makes quick decisions with the intent of preserving his fellow Trojan migrants. We see an example of Aeneas s care for his companions when he rushes up a crag to search for survivors in the sea: si videat aut aut, if he should be able to see or or (Aeneid ). 14

15 By repeating the conjunction aut in quick succession (a literary device known as polysyndeton), Virgil conveys the desperate nature of Aeneas s actions, looking for one thing, or for another, or for yet another. On the other hand, Virgil demonstrates how important the dictates of the gods are to Aeneas when, after being chastised by Mercury, he begins asking himself how he might manage to leave Dido s kingdom: agat?... audeat?... sumat?, [What] should he do?... Ought he to dare? [What] should he take? (Aeneid ). This quick series of subjunctive questions is intended to reflect the urgency with which Aeneas considers his options. As he then reflects further, his animum celerem, swift thought, is described as being nunc huc nunc illuc, now here now there (Aeneid 4.285). The repetition of the word nunc here emphasizes the intensity of his thought as he scrambles to devise a plan. As opposed to Aeneas, Caesar is focused only on the result of the battle, paying little heed to the welfare of his soldiers: quae res usui nostris fuit, the maneuver was of use to our men (De Bello Gallico ). In placing nostris, our men, into the sentence as an indirect object, he hints that the men are less important than the subject of and the first words in the sentence: the res, the maneuver. In conclusion, Aeneas and Caesar have similar capabilities of quick, decisive action, but they employ them towards very different ends. The one uses his talent to watch over those who have chosen him as their leader, or to carry out the commands of the gods; the other uses his talent to watch over the battlefield, and to ensure victory. #15 Student 15 did not submit an essay for this assignment. Student 15 may regain a handful of points by carefully reviewing all essays. Student 15 should pay careful attention to his/her syllabus in the future. 15