Brief History of Pakistan

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1 Brief History of Pakistan BC 1700 BC 516 BC BC BC 185 BC 75 BC 20 AD 60 AD 3rd Century Indus Civilization. Aryans invade from Central Asia. Northern Pakistan becomes the easternmost province of the Achaemenid Empire of Persia. Alexander the Great invades Pakistan. Mauryan Emperor Ashoka promotes Buddhism. Bactrian Greeks conquer northwest Pakistan. Arrival of Scythians (Sakas) from Central Asia. Parthians conquer northern Pakistan. Kushans from Central Asia overthrow the Parthians.

2 Kushans decline and are dominated by the Sassanian Empire of Persia 4th Century Kidar (Little) Kushans come to power. 445 White Huns invade Gandhara and are converted to Hinduism, possibly as the Rajput warrior caste. 565 Late 6th - 7th Century Sassanians and Turks overthrow Huns. Turki Shahis control area west of Indus, including Gandhara. Mohammad Bin Qasim conquers Sindh and southern Punjab Hindu Shahis arrive from Central Asia Mahmud of Ghaznavi invades. Mass conversions to Islam. Sindh ruled by Sumrahs, a Sindhi tribe Mohammad Ghuri destroys the Kingdome of Mahmud Ghaznavi. Mohammad Ghuri makes Delhi the capital of the empire

3 Delhi Sultanate 1221 Delhi Sultanate established by Ilbari Dynasty At the time of Muhammd Ghuri's death in 1206 (had no sons), Qutbuddin Aibak was in Lahore, where he assumed the sovereign powers as he was elected Sultan by the Amirs. The assumption of sovereign powers by Qutbuddin Aibak in 1206 is regarded as the foundation of the Sultanate Delhi Khalji Dynasty The Mongol, Genghiz Khan invades Punjab Marks the end of the Turks rule. Among the Khaljis, Alauddin Khalji ( ) reign is known for revenue reforms, market regulations and conquests Tuqhluq Dynasty The Saiyids The Lodhis Tuqhluq were from 'Qarauna Turk' tribe. Sultan Ghiyasuddin Tughluq Shah (Ghazi Malik) founder of third dynasty of the Sultanate. Among the Tughluq dynastry, Mohammad Tughluq and Firuz Tughluq are most popular. Sammah Rajputs overthrow the Sumrahs in Sindh Tamerlane invades from Central Asia Khizr Khan was the founder of the Saiyid dynasty. Alauddin Alam Shah was the last ruler. Lodhis were Afghans

4 Bahlol Lodhi was the founder of this dynasty. The last Lodhi Sultan, Ibrahim Ladhi ( ) was killed by Babur in the first battle of Panipat The Sultanate of Delhi ended. Babur defeats the Lodis, the last of the Delhi sultans, and establishes the Mughal Empire. Tarkhans capture power in Sindh Babur, first Mughal emperor, rais Punjab Sindh conquered by Shah Beg Arghun from Kandahar. Amir Chakar Rind unites Balochi tribes and defeats Sammahs The Mughal Empire Zahiruddin Mohammad Babur son of Umar Shaikh Mirza -- The first Mughal Emeror ( ) and founder of the Mughal empire in India. March A decisive battle took place with Rana Songa of Mewar, a powerful Rajput prince. Babur's autobiography Tuzuk-i-Bauri (Babur Namah) written in Turki. December Babur died in Agra. Humyun become the Mughal emperor. Humayun reign 1530, 40, Suri Dynasty ( ) Sher Shah Suri defeated Humayun in the battles of Chausa and Kanauj and became the emperor. Humayun is forced into exile in Persia by Sher Shah Suri. Death of Sher Shah Suri.

5 Humayun regains empire Akbar, son of Humayun, is emperor ( ) Humayun died after falling from his library (Sher Mandil) stairs. Thirteen years old Humayun's son Akbar becomes the emperor. Akbar is famous for his liberal policies especially towards non- Muslims. Akbar contributed greatly in Indian music. Tansen was the most accomplished musician of that days Jahangir is emperor ( ) After Akbar, his son Salim becomes emperor. Salim took the title of Jehagir (Conqueror of the world). Jehangir's reign consider be the peak of Mughal rule (and his son's reign) Sha Jahan is emperor ( ) After Jehangir, his son Khurram becomes the empror of Mughal emperor. Khurram took the title of Shah Jehan (Emperor of the World) The Mughal Empire was at its zenith during Shah Jehan's rule Queen Elizabeth I dispatched the ship Tyger to the sub-continent to exploit opportunities for trade The British East India Company opens its first office in Bombay Aurangzeb Alamgir is emperor ( ). Sikhs organize as a warrior sect. 1707

6 Aurangzeb Alamgir died. His death regards as the beginning of the end of Mughal empires. Aurangzeb Alamgir's son bahadur Shah Zafar becomes the last emperor of Mughal dynastry Founding of Kalhora Dynasty in Sindh 1739 Nadir Shah of Persia invades the subcontinent Ahmad Shah Durrani founds the Kingdom of Afghanistan and acquires Indus territories, Punjab and Kashmir The battle of Plassey is considered a major breakthrough for the Britishers in the Subcontinent Shah wali Ullah's Reform Movement Sikhs become dominate force in Pubjab Talpur Balochis overthrow Kalhora Dynazty in Sindh Ranjit Singh rules Punjab from Lahore Faraizi Movement ( )

7 1843 British annex Sindh. First British-Afghan War First British-Sikh War The British defeat the Sikhs in Second Sikh War, annex Punjab and NWFP 1857 First War of Independence (Mutiny) 1858 British government assumes direct rule of British East India Company lands, establishes British Raj Aligarh Movement ( ) 1866 Deoband Movement ( ) 1884 Anjuman Himayat-i-Islam, Lahore ( ) 1885 Establishment of Indian National Congress 1887 All districts of Balochistan in British hands 1889 British establish Gilgit Agency

8 1891 British conquer Hunza and Nagar 1894 Nadva-tul-'Ulama of Lucknow ( ) 1906 December The annual meeting of Mohammadan Educational Conference held at Dacca under the chairmanship of Nawab Viqar ul Mulk. In the meeting Nawab Salim ullah Khan presented a proposal to establish a political party, All India Muslim League, to safeguard the interests of the Muslims. All India Muslim League founded as forum for Indian Muslim separatism 1916 The Lucknow Pact 1919 The Khilafat Movement ( ) 1930 Mohammad Iqbal proposes creation of separate Muslim state 1940 Lahore Resolution, which endorses idea of separate nation for India's Muslims, to be called Pakistan June 3 -- the British Government accepted the idea of partition of India. July The British Parliament passes the Indian Independence Act. July Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan ( ) of Muslim League becomes the first Prime Minister.

9 August Birth of Pakistan, consisting of East Bengal, a part of Assam (Sylhet), West Punjab, Sind, NWFP and Baluchistan. Some 15 million people flee religious persecution, Muslim fleeing to East and West Pakistan, while Hindus flee to India. An estimated one million people are killed in widespread communal violence and millions are made homeless. Under Section 8 of the Indian Independence Act, 1947, the Government of India Act, 1935 (with certain adaptations) becomes constitution of Pakistan. August Quid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah ( ) of Muslim League becomes first governor-general and Liaquat Ali Khan ( ) of Muslim League becomes the first Prime Minister of the new nation September Quid-e-Azam Dies and Kashmir Crisis Starts. September Cheif Minister of Bengal Khwaja Nazimuddin ( ) of Muslim League becomes second governor-general. The first war with India over Kashmir 1949 March Objectives Resolution passes moved by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan October Liaquat Ali Khan assassinated in Rawalpindi. October Finance Minister Ghulam Mohammad ( ) of Muslim League becomes the third Governor General. Governor General Khawaja Nazimuddin of Muslim League becomes second Prime Minister December The second draft of the Basic Principle Committee presents to the Constituent Assembly. 1953

10 April Malik Ghulam Mohammad dismisses the Khawaja Nazimuddin. (Important note: This is this act of Ghulam Mohammad that sets an unhealthy tradition and precedent in Pakistan of Presidents removing ELECTED governments. This tradition is later carried on by various Presidents creating a continuous instability in the Pakistan.) April A not well-known leader of East Pakistan Mohammad Ali Bogra ( ) of Muslim League, who was then Pakistani Ambassador to United State, becomes third Prime Minister May Governor General Ghulam Mohammad appointed Iskander Mirza ( ) as Governor of East Pakistan. In order to established the peace in East Pakistan, the first step he took as Governor was to order the arrest of 319 persons, including Mujib al Rahman and Yusuf Ali Choudhury. By mid June, the number of persons arrested had reached 1051, including 33 assembly members and two Dhaka University Professors. So, in a way Iskander Mirza had sown a permanent seed of hatred for the Central government in the heats of East Pakistani people. October Malik Ghulam Mohammad dissolved the Constituent Assembly of Mohammad Ali Bogra and declares a state of emergency. Pakistan signed an agreement with the U.S. saying that US will come to Pakistan's aid in a time of war August Bogra resigns and Chaudhary Mohammad Ali ( ) of Muslim League becomes appointed forth Prime Minister. October 6 -- Governor-General Ghulam Mohammad resigns. October 6 -- Iskander Mirza ( ) of Military becomes the fourth and last Governor General March Constitution take on and proclaims Pakistan an Islamic republic. The Constitution consisted of 234 articles, which divided into 13 parts and 6 schedules. The National Assembly (the only house of the parliament) was consists of 300 members. The 300 hundred National Assembly seats were equally divided between West Pakistan and East Pakistan (note that the concept of one unit was there in constitution.).

11 March Iskander Mirza of Republican Party becomes first president. September Chaudhry Mohammad Ali resigns and after the adoption of the constitution, Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy ( ) of Awami League becomes the fifth Prime Minister October Suhrawardy resigns, due to President's refusal to convene a meeting of the parliament to seek a vote of confidence. October The Law Minister in the Federal Cabinet Ibrahim Ismail Chundrigar ( ) of Muslim League becomes sixth Prime Minister. December I. I. Chundrigar was Forced to resign since he failed to maintain the support of his coalition partners and thus becomes the only Prime Minister of Pakistan for less than two months. December Malik Feroze Khan Noon ( ) of Republican Party takes over the office of Prime Minister and becomes the seventh prime minister October 7 -- President Iskander Mirza abrogates Constitution and with the help of Gen. Ayub Khan, the Chief Martial Law Administrator, enforces the first martial law as a response to rebellions in East Pakistan. Military coup -- Chief of the army staff takes over and declares martial law. October Gen. Mohammad Ayub Khan ( ) of Military becomes eighth Prime Minister and resign from the office of chief martial law administrator. October Iskander Mirza's Presidency ends and sent into exile. October Gen. (Mohammad Ayub Khan) of Military assumes presidency and becomes second president. October Ayub Khan resigns from prime ministership Constitution Adopted (second time). Gen. Mohammad Ayub Khan of Military becomes president. 1965

12 August -- Second war between India and Pakistan over Kashmir 1966 January Gen Ayub Khan and Indian prime minister Lal Bahadur Shastri signed the cease-fire agreement in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, USSR. The cease-fire agreement led to the resigning of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Ayub Khan's talented Minister of Foreign Affairs March Ayub Khan handed his place over to Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan ( ), who promised return to civilian rule. He is the first chief martial law administrator (March 25, 1969 through March 31, 1969). Martial law declared by military chief Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan. March Gen. Agha Mohammad Yahya Khan of Military takes over and becomes the third president. March Gen Ayub Khan resigns from office of Prime Minister First general elections. Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's Awami League acquires absolute majority in new National Assembly. West Pakistan-dominated government headed by military chief Yahya Khan Declines to assemble assembly East Pakistan attempts to break away. Civil war begins in East Pakistan. East Pakistan declares itself independent nation and becomes Bangladesh. India intervenes on behalf of Bengali separatists. Pakistani military surrenders to Indian armed forces. December 7 -- Nurul Amin ( ) of Pakistan People's Party becomes ninth prime minister. December Nurul Amin resigns. December President (military chief) Yahya Khan resigns. December Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto ( ) of Pakistan Peoples Party becomes fourth president of Pakistan.

13 1972 President Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto and India's Prime Minister Indira Gandhi sign Simla agreement that adjusts cease-fire line between Pakistan and India and creates new Line of Control New constitution goes into effect (Third time). August Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto resigns from presidency. August Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto of Pakistan People's Party becomes tenth prime minister. August Fazal Elahi Chaudhry ( ) of Pakistan People's Party becomes fifth President May - India tests its first nuclear device at nation's nuclear testing grounds near Pokhran in southeastern India. Prime Minister Z. A. Bhutto's government begins nuclear program Diplomatic ties established between Pakistan and Bangladesh Riots erupt over allegations of rigging of general election by Pakistan Peoples Party. Gen. Mohammad Zia ul-haq ( ) of Military declares martial law. July 5 -- Gen. Zia ul-haq of Military becomes eleventh prime minister September President Fazal Elahi Chaudhry resigns September Gen. Zia ul-haq of Military becomes sixth president Islamic penal code introduced. Gen. and president Zia ul-haq of Military hangs First elected Prime Minister of Pakistan Z. A. Bhutto.

14 1980 United State pledges military assistance following Soviet Union intervention in Afghanistan Gen. and president Zia announces that he will lift the martial law but military will retain the key role in future governments. Martial law and ban on political parties lifted. General elections held under military rule. Controversial eighth Amendment is passes. March Military chief Zia-ul Haq resigns from prime ministership and Mohammad Khan Junejo ( ) of Pakistan Muslim League become twelfth prime minister. Gen. Zia ul-haq of Military President Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto's daughter Benazir Bhotto (born: 1953) returns from exile to lead PPP in campaign for elections May Military chief (president) Zia dismisses Prime Minister Mohammad Khan Junejo's government. June 9 -- Gen. and president Zia becomes thirteenth prime minister. Military chief, president and prime minister Zia orders new elections. August Military chief,president and prime minister Zia, the US ambassador and top Pakistan army officials die in mysterious plane crash. August Ghulam Ishaq Khan (born: 1915) becomes seventh President. (Acting president to Dec. 12, 1988.) Benazir Bhotto's Pakistan People's Party wins November general election. Benazir Bhutto, the eldest child of Prime Minister Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto

15 sworn in as first woman Prime Minister of a Muslim nation. She becomes fourteenth prime minister. December Ghulam Ishaq Khan Khan becomes seventh President May -- India test fires its Agni missile, ballistic missile that can be able to deliver a nuclear warhead to any target in Pakistan or southern China August 6 -- Benazir Bhutto's government dismissed on charges of incompetence and corruption. August 6 -- Ghulam Mustafa Jatoi (born: 1931) of National People's Party becomes fifteenth Prime Minister (caretaker). In National election, Benazir Bhutto's PPP lost to coalition of rightist parties. November 6 -- Jotoi resigns and Mian Nawaz Sharif (born: 1949) of Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz group) becomes sixteenth prime minister Islamic Shariah law formally incorporated into legal code Nawaz Sharif's government launches campaign to stamp out violence by supporter of Mohajir Quami Movement (MQM) April President Ishaq Khan dissolves the National and Provincial Assemblies. April Ishaq Khan selects Mir Balakh Sher Mazari of Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz group) as the seventeenth Prime Minister (caretaker). May Mazari s tenure as a caretaker Prime Minister ended in May, when the Supreme Court of Pakistan invalidates the presidential order on

16 May 26 and reinstated Mian Mohammad Nawaz Sharif as the Prime Minister. Nawaz Sharif becomes eighteenth prime minister. July the President, Ghulam Ishaq and the Prime Minister, Mian Nawaz Sharif both resign under pressure from military, thus dissolving all the Central and provincial Assemblies. July Wasim Sajjad (born: 1941) of Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz Group) selected as eight President (interim). July Moin Qureshi (born: 1930)selected as nineteenth Prime Minister (caretaker). On October 6th and 9th General Elections were held. Octorber Benazir Bhutto (born: 1953) wins slim margin and took oath as Prime Minister. She becomes twenth prime minister. On November 13, Presidential election was held. Sardar Farooq Ahmad Khan Leghari (born: 1940) of Pakistan People's Party candidate won by 274 to 168 votes against, the then acting President Wasim Sajjad. November Wasim Sajjad resign and Farooq Ahmed Khan Leghari of Pakistan Peoples Party elected as eighth President November 5 -- President Farooq Leghari dismisses Benazir Bhutto accuses her government of corruption and nepotism under the Article 58(2) b of the Eighth Amendment. November 5 -- Miraj Khalid (born: 1916) becomes twenty first prime minister (caretaker) Queen Elizabeth II visits Pakistan on 50th Anniversary of its Independence. Former Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, right, meets Britain's Queen Elizabeth II at the presidential palace in Islamabad, Pakistan. Malik Meraj Khalid selected as Caretaker Prime Minister. On February, National elections held. February Mian Mohammad Nawaz Sharif becomes twenty second Prime Minister. February Nawaz Sharif obtained a vote of confidence from the National Assembly on February 18. Controversial Eighth Amendment is repealed, which empowered the president to dismiss the prime ministers. Passing Thirteenth Am Amendment and the Ehtesab Act, 1997.

17 December 2 --Because of constitutional crisis, President Farooq Leghari resigned on December 2. December 2 -- Wasim Sajjad of PML-N becomes tenth President (interim) (second time) January 1 -- Wasim Sajjad resigns and Mohammad Rafiq Tarar (born: 1929) of PML-N becomes eleventh President. May Pakistan carried out its nuclear tests in response to Indian detonation of its three nuclear devices and becomes a Nuclear Power. Nawaz Sharif's government proclaims an emergency on May 28, because of this, all fundamental rights of Pakistani people were suspended and all the foreign currency accounts in Pakistani banks were frozen. A Ghauri missile (a modified SCVD ballistic missile similar to India's Agni ballistic missile). Nawaz Sharif introduces the Fifteen Amendment on October 9. The Fifteen Amendment, which is an effort by Sharif to acquire more powers, soon brought him into serious confrontation with military. This confrontation led to the resignation of General Jehangir Karamat on October 7. Mohammad Rafiq Tarar (born: 1929) becomes an eleventh President Feburary Indian prime Minister Vajayeee visits Pakistan. In April, Benazir Bhutto and her husband convicted of corruption and given jail sentences. April India test an upgraded version of Agni missile on Wheeler Island in the Bay of Bengal. The Kargil Offensive. The Kargil crisis in its aftermath led to tense relationship between Nawaz Sharif and the military. It was this tense relationship, which culminated in the removal of the Nawaz government by successor of General Karamat (Musharraf ). October Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif overthrown in military coup led by military chief Pervez Musharraf (born: 1943), thus Military Comes to Power Again. Pakistan is suspended from Commonweath due to widely condemned military coup.

18 October military chief Musharraf becomes the Chief Executive of Pakistan. October military chief and chief executive becomes twenty third prime minister In April, Nawaz Sharif sentenced to life imprisonment on hijacking and terrorism charges. In December, Nawaz Sharif goes into exile in Saudi Arabia after being pardoned by military authorities Agra Summit. US Military invasion in Afghanistan. June Gen. Pervez Musharraf (born: 1943) of Military dissolved the parliament as a result the figurehead president, Rafiq Tarar vacated his position. Later in the day Gen Pervez Musharraf names himself president while remaining head of the military. He becomes twelfth the President. US Military invasion in Afghanistan. July, Gen Musharraf meets Indian Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpayee in Agra summit. Talks fails (not even a joint statement). September - Pakistan cut its diplomatic relation with the Taliban and becomes a major ally to U.S. campaign against the Taliban and al-qaida. US lifts some sanctions imposed after Pakistan's nuclear tests, but retains those imposed after Musharraf's coup January - Gen. Musharraf announces that elections will be held on October April - Gen. Musharraf of Military wins another five years in office in a referendum criticized as unconstitutional and fraught with irregularities. May - Pakistani military fires three medium-range surface-to-surface missiles that can carry nuclear warheads. August - President Musharraf of Military grants himself sweeping new

19 powers, including the right to dismiss an elected parliament. Opposition parties accuse Musharraf of perpetuating dictatorship. October - General election results in a hung parliament. November 23 - National Assembly "selects" Mir Zafarullah Khan Jamali (born: 1944) of Pakistan Muslim League (Quaid-e-Azam Group), a member of a party close to Gen Musharraf of Military, as a twenty fourth prime minister and Musharraf resigns from prime ministership.

Prepared by.. :) me. File # 1. Which country accepted Pakistan's existence as an independent and sovereign state first?

Prepared by.. :) me. File # 1. Which country accepted Pakistan's existence as an independent and sovereign state first? Prepared by. :) me File # 1 Question No: 1 ( Marks: 1 ) - Please choose one Which country accepted Pakistan's existence as an independent and sovereign state first? Iran Syria Turkey Labia Question No: