A Vast Empire. Ruling vast empire was just an Imagination. Mughal did that for a long period of time. Almost whole Indian Subcontinent

Transcription

1 The Mughal Empire

2 A Vast Empire. Ruling vast empire was just an Imagination Mughal did that for a long period of time Almost whole Indian Subcontinent

3 Who were the Mughals? M o t h e r Mughals F a t h e r

4 TIMUR GREAT GREAT GREAT GRAND FATHER OF BABUR

5 TIMUR Miran Shah Great Sultan Muhammad Mirza Great G. Father Great G. Father Abu Said G. Father Umar Shaikh Humayu Jahangir Babur Akbar Aurangzeb Shah Jahan

6 Timur G.G.G. Grand Father Miran Shah G.G Grand Father Muhammad Mirza Great Grand Father ABU Said Grand Father Umar Shaikh Father Babur Humayu Akbar Jahangir Shah Jahan Aurangzeb

7 Mughal Military Campaigns Babur, the first Mughal emperor succeeded to the throne if Ferghana in He was forced to live his ancestral throne due to the invasion of Uzbegs. In 1526, he defeated the Sultan of Delhi in the First battle of Panipat

8 BABUR defeated Ibrahim Lodi and his Afghan supporter at Panipat Defeated Rana Sanga at Khanua Defeated the Rajputs at Chanderi

9 HUMAYUN and Divided his kingdom among his brother Became weak against Afghan competitors. Sher Khan defeated Humanyun at 1539 Chausa and 1540 Kanuj Fled to Iran

10 Exile to Iran HUMANYUN received the help of his friend Safavid Khan Captured Delhi again in 1555.

11 AKBAR He was only 13 years old when he became emperor Barium Khan and supported him Military campaign against Suris, Afghans, Malwa and Gondwana Suppress revolt of his half brother Mirza Hakim and Uzbeks Sisodiya capital of CHittor Ratambhor

12 Military campaigns in Gujarat then in the east in Bihar, Bengal and Orissa Campaign in North West. Kandahar from Safavids, Kashmir and Kabul Campaign in Deccan - unto Ahmedanagar In last few years his son Salim distracted.

13 Jahangir Military campaigns were continued The Sisodiya ruler and Amar Singh accepted Mughal service Not effective against - Sikhs, the Ahoms and Ahmadnagar

14 Prince Khurram - Shah Jahan rebelled in the last years of his reign

15 Shah Jahan Mughal campaigns continued in the Deccan Khan Jahan Lodi rebelled and defeated Campaigns against Ahmadnagar, achieved in 1632 Bundles were defeated and Orchha seized. Qandhaw was lost to Safavids

16 In , Conflict over succession amongst Shah Jahan s sons. Aurangzeb was victorious His three brothers - Dara Shukoh were killed Shah Jahan was imprisoned in Agra.

17 Aurangzeb Ahoms in NE were defeated in 1663 NW Successful temporarily against Yusufzai and Sikhs Campaign against the Maratha - Shivaji Prince Akbar rebelled against Aurangzeb

18 Sent armies to Deccan Conquered Bijapur in 1685 and Golconda in he personally managed the campaign in Deccan against the Marathas (Guerrilla warfare) Rebellion in North India of the Sikhs, Jats and Satnamis Conflict after his death among his sons.

19 Mughal Traditions of Succession The Mughals did not believe in the rule of primogeniture They followed the Mughal and Timurid custom of coparcenary Division of the inheritance amongst all the sons

20 Mughal Relations with other rulers Only campaign against those who refused to accept their authority. As Mughal got power other rulers joined them Many of them married their daughter in the Mughal families and received high positions.

21 Many resisted The Sisodiya Rajputs refused to accept Mughal authority Defeated, they were treated honorably Balance of defeating but no humiliation policy with their opponents enabled the Mughals to extend their influence over many kings and chiefs.

22 Mansabdars and Jagirdars Started recruiting Turkish, Iranians, Indian Muslims, Afghans, Rajputs, Maraths and other groups Those who joined Mughal service were enrolled as Mansabdars. Mans = Position or rank They had grading system to to fix rank, salary, and military responsibilities

23 Grading System Rank and salary were determined by a numerical value called zat. Higer the zat, the more prestigious was the noble s position in the court and the larger his salary.

24 Mansabdar s Salary Revenue assignments called Jagirs = iqtas But they did not decide their Jagirs like iqtadars They only had rights to the revenue of their assignments Akbar carefully assessed the size of the jagirs so that mansabdars can get equal salary

25 Aurangzeb did not continue this system increase in the number of mansabdars Many jagirdars tried to extract as much revenue as possible while they has a jaguar Aurangzeb was unable to control this Peasants suffered tremendously.

26 Zat Ranking Nobles with 5000 sat were ranked higher than 1000 In Akbar s reign there were 29 mansabdars with a rank of 5,000 sat: In Aurangzeb s reign it increased from 29 to 79

27 Zabt and Zamindars Main source of income available to Mughal was tax Peasants paid taxes through rural elites / local chieftains /headman All were called zamindars who collect the tax

28 Zabt and Zamindars Todar Mal Todal Mal carried out a careful survey of crop yields, prices and areas cultivated for a ten - year period , on the basis of data the tax was carried out Each province was divided into revenue circles with its own schedule of revenue rates for individual crops This revenue system is called zabt

29 Later in the end of 17th century sometimes peasants and zamindars allied in rebelling against Mughal authority

30 Akbar Nama and Ain -i Akbari Akbar told his friend to write a history of his reign - Abul - Fazal He wrote a three volume book titled. Akbar Nama

31 Three Volumes of Akbar Nama 1st volume - Akbar s ancestors 2nd - volume - Events of Akbar s reign 3rd volume - Ain - i Akbar deals with Akbar s administration, household, army, revenue and geography of his empire, Culture and traditions, of people It has rich statistical details about things as diverse as crops, yields, prices, wages and revenues.

32 Akbar s Policies

33 Military Empire was divided into provinces called - Subas - Subadar Subadar look after both political and military functions Each provinces had a financial officer or Diwan

34 To support Subadar Paymaster (bakhshi) Minister in charge of religious and charitable patronage (Sadr) Military commanders (Faujdars) Town police commander (Kotwal) They were loyal to Mughals until the end of 17th century

35 Religious In 1570s he started religious discussion with the ulama, Brahmans, Jesuit priests from Roman Catholics, and Zoroastrians Discussion at ibadat khana He was interested knowing culture, social customs of different people. He realized that religious scholars have dogma which were often bigots

36 Sulh-i kul Universal peace This idea of tolerant does not discriminate religions in his realm His religion focused on Ethics, Honesty, Justice, Peace - that was universally applicable

37 The Mughal empire in the 17th century and after Fabled land of wealth Poverty existed side by side with the greatest opulence During Shah Jahan s reign out of 8,000 mansabdars only 445 were getting 61.5 % of revenue

38 Mughal emperors and mansabdars spent a lot on goods Benefited artisans and peasantry who supplied goods and produce. Scale of revenue collection left very little for investment in the hands of the primary producers Artisans and peasant just had hand to mouth

39 Mughal elite became powerful eventually As the authority of the Mughal emperor slowly declined these groups emerged as powerful centers of power in the regions New dynasties were formed i.e. Awadh, Hyderabad,