modern standard arabic

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1 foundation modern standard arabi speak Modern Standard Arabi instantly no books no writing absolute onfidene Jane Wightwik and Mahmoud Gaafar

2 For more information or to plae an order, please visit our webiste: You an or write to us at: Mihel Thomas Method, Hodder & Stoughton, Carmelite House, 50 Vitoria Embankment, London EC4Y 0DZ Unauthorized opying of this booklet or the aompanying audio material is prohibited, and may amount to a riminal offene punishable by a fine and/or imprisonment. Foundation Modern Standard Arabi Copyright 2017 in the methodology, Thomas Keymaster Languages LLC, all rights reserved; in the ontent, Jane Wightwik and Mahmoud Gaafar All rights reserved. No part of this publiation may be reprodued or transmitted in any form or by any means, eletroni or mehanial, inluding photoopy, reording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher or under liene from the Copyright Liensing Ageny Limited. Further details of suh lienes (for reprographi reprodution) may be obtained from the Copyright Liensing Ageny Limited, Saffron House, 6 10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS, UK. Typeset by Integra, India. Printed in Great Britain. Impression 1 Year 2017 Foundation MSA ISBN Start MSA ISBN

3 Contents Welome to the Mihel Thomas Method 2 About Mihel Thomas / About the authors 4 Index to Foundation Modern Standard Arabi 5 English Arabi glossary 20 Common Arabi signs 23 Start MSA omprises the first hour of the eight-hour beginner ourse, Foundation MSA ( ). The Start MSA index is on page 5-7 of this booklet.

4 2 Welome to the Mihel Thomas Method Congratulations on purhasing a truly remarkable way to learn a language. With the Mihel Thomas Method there s no reading, no writing and no homework. Just sit bak, absorb, and soon you ll be speaking another language with onfidene. The Mihel Thomas Method works by breaking a language down into its omponent parts and enabling you to reonstrut the language yourself to form your own sentenes and to say what you want, when you want. By learning the language in small steps, you an build it up yourself to produe ever more ompliated sentenes. In the Frenh, German, Italian and Spanish Foundation ourses, Mihel Thomas himself teahes two students who have no previous knowledge of the language or, in the ase of the Intermediate ourses, students who know only what they learned in the Foundation ourses. You join in as the third student in Mihel s lass, and learn with them. The ourses are unsripted: you hear the students progression in the studio from absolute beginners to onfident speakers inluding their mistakes and Mihel s subsequent orretions. The Frenh, German, Italian and Spanish Voabulary Builder+ ourses were devised after Mihel s death by Dr Rose Lee Hayden, who worked losely with him in his language shool in New York. The methodology is again umulative, but in these ourses it was deided that the teaher would be assisted by two native speakers in order to advane learners in their pronuniation as well as their voabulary. The Arabi (Egyptian and Modern Standard), Duth, Greek, Hindi, Japanese, Korean, Mandarin, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian and Swedish Start, Foundation and Intermediate ourses were developed by Mihel Thomas

5 Method experts and the team at Hodder that produed Mihel s original ourses. The teahers, who are native speakers, or else are assisted by native speakers, similarly teah students with no previous knowledge of the language and arefully follow Mihel Thomas s Method. The Arabi, Mandarin and Russian Voabulary Builder+ ourses follow the same unsripted format, with the same teahing teams and students learning in the studio. 3 The key to your suess in these all-audio ourses is for you to understand what you learn, and then to internalize it. To do so, you must take an ative part in the proess. When the teaher asks, How do you say?, use your pause button to give yourself time to think out your answer and say it out loud (or in your head). Then release the pause button, and listen to the answer given on the reording. In this way you will experiene a onstant sense of progression, a onstant sense of learning, that you will find exiting, stimulating and self-rewarding. Perfeted over 50 years, the all-audio Mihel Thomas Method has been used by millions of people around the world. Now it s your turn.

6 4 About Mihel Thomas Mihel Thomas ( ) was a gifted linguist who mastered more than ten languages in his lifetime and beame famous for teahing muh of Hollywood s A list how to speak a foreign language. Film stars suh as Woody Allen, Emma Thompson and Barbra Streisand paid thousands of dollars eah for fae-to-fae lessons. Mihel, a Polish Jew, developed his method after disovering the untapped potential of the human mind during his traumati wartime experienes. The only way he survived this period of his life, whih inluded being aptured by the Gestapo, was by onentrating and plaing his mind beyond the physial. Fasinated by this experiene, he was determined that after the war he would devote himself to exploring further the power of the human mind, and so dediated his life to eduation. In 1947, he moved to Los Angeles and set up the Mihel Thomas Language Centers, from where he taught languages for over fifty years in New York, Beverly Hills and London. Mihel Thomas died at his home in New York City on Saturday 8th January He was 90 years old. About the authors Jane Wightwik is an experiened teaher of Arabi and author and publisher of Arabi-teahing materials. Mahmoud Gaafar worked for the United Nations and Radio Cairo and now authors print, radio and TV resoures for the Arab world.

7 Index to Foundation Modern Standard Arabi (MSA) 5 Modern Standard Arabi (MSA) is an instrument of ommuniation between all Arabs. All Arab hildren learn the rules of MSA at shool and an therefore use it to be understood anywhere in the Arab World. The Mihel Thomas Method MSA will help you grasp this instrument of ommuniation, so you too an be understood if you travel to an Arab ountry. It may be true that the spoken dialets vary onsiderably from one Arab ountry to the next, but the Mihel Thomas Method MSA will at as a passport to the ulture and spirit of the Arab World. Note about transliteration The Arabi words are transliterated in this trak listing, so that you an read them even if you don t know the Arabi sript. To show some sounds that don t exist in English we ve had to use some extra symbols: This represents the sound alled ain. It s like a deep aah sound, that omes from the stomah rather than the throat. D, S, T, Z We use these apital letters to represent the bak versions of these sounds. Arabi distinguishes between pairs of sounds suh as the English s of sorry and the s of silly. The s of sorry is said at the bak of the mouth, while the s of silly is said at the front. In English these don t represent separate letters but in Arabi they do, and in this trak listing we show them by using the apital letters. H Capitals Double letters We use this apital letter to represent the breathy version of the h sound. Arabi distinguishes between the h sound as in the English hotel and a breathier version, a little like the sound made when you re breathing on glasses to lean them. In Arabi these are separate letters. Exept for the speial use of D, H, S, T and Z to show bak and breathy sounds, apital letters are not used at the beginning of Arabi sentenes or for proper nouns. In general these both need to be pronouned with the effet that the sound is lengthened: sayyaara ar ; ummee my mother. Voabulary New voabulary is given at first appearane only. English words used (relatively) unhanged in Arabi are not listed. CD1 Trak 1 Introdution; how the ourse works.

8 6 CD1 Trak 2 The Arabi language and an explanation of Modern Standard Arabi; English words of Arabi origin. The sound q is like blowing a bubble at the bak of your throat. bazaar bazaar market sooq otton qutn falafel falaafil lemon laymoon tea shay offee qahwa rie aruzz CD1 Trak 3 Arabi has widely adopted some foreign loan words whih are ommonly understood and give the learner an instant voabulary of easily reognisable words, suh as: omputer, film, sinema inema, radio, taxi and burger. Saying I d like : ureed taxi. I d like/i want a taxi. There is no a, an or some in Arabi. You sometimes hear extra vowel sounds in formal MSA but keep to the ore sounds as a beginner. I d like/i want ureed CD1 Trak 4 Saying please : ureed aruzz min fadlak. I d like/i want some rie, please. from min please (lit. from your grae ) min fadlak and wa CD1 Trak 5 Saying I ana and you anta/anti. In Arabi there is no equivalent of am, so ana an also mean I am ; there is no are as in you/we/they are and no is as in he/she/it is. H in the middle of mahmood must be pronouned. I ana you (talking to a male) anta you (talking to a female) anti CD1 Trak 6 When a question requires a yes/no answer, you plae the word hal at the start of your question: hal anti sameera? Are you Samira?

9 represents the sound alled ain in Arabi: it omes from the stomah or below the throat rather than the throat, e.g. arab Arab. used in yes/no questions yes no hal na am laa 7 CD1 Traks 7 and 8 Pronuniation of Arabi: T as in Tom, e.g. Tabeeb dotor and t as in Tim, e.g. anta/ anti you. The T sound is further bak in your mouth. When referring to a female add -a to the ending ( go through the Samira door ): Tabeeba female dotor ; mudeera female manager. dotor Tabeeb manager mudeer CD1 Trak 9 The Arabi for the word the al has left its mark on the English language, e.g. algebra, alhemy. ureed al-mudeer(a). I d like/i want the manager. Sometime al is merged with the sound that follows it: al + Tabeeb = at-tabeeb the dotor. the al salad salata CD1 Trak 10 The question word where : ayna as-salata? Where s the salad? where? ayna? CD2 Trak 1 Saying here and there : hal at-tabeeba huna? Is the (female) dotor here? al-laymoon hunaak. The lemons are (over) there. here huna there, over there hunaak CD2 Trak 2 Saying where you are, using fee in : hal anta/anti fee dubayy? Are you in Dubai? laa, ana fee qatar. No, I m in Qatar. in fee CD2 Trak 3 Summoning one of the boy twins Phil fil to say in the : hal anta fil-bazaar? Are you in the bazaar?

10 8 An explanation of sun letters whih are initial sounds whih merge in Arabi with the word al the, and moon letters whih don t merge. in the (in + the) fil hotel funduq CD2 Trak 4 Many Arabi ountries start with al the : al-bahrayn, al-kuwait, al- iraaq. CD2 Trak 5 Pratie of the pronuniation of D whih is unique to Arabi. Desriptive words (adjetives) go through the Samira door when referring to a female: mareed ill (referring to a male); mareeda ill (referring to a female). ill mareed CD2 Trak 6 Not all Arabi words for ountries begin with al the but if they do, then it is an integral part of the word, not an option. Pronuniation of gh : like a motoryle revving up or how Frenh people pronoune r. busy mashghool CD2 Trak 7 Saying he : hal huwa fil-funduq? Is he in the hotel? huwa + al = huwal. he/he is huwa CD2 Trak 8 Saying she : hal hiya mashghoola? Is she busy? Note: hiya and huwa may ombine their final sound with al the depending on the noun whih follows, e.g. hiyat Tabeeba. She s the dotor. (hiya at-tabeeba is also aeptable.) she/she is hiya CD2 Trak 9 Sound of ( ain) in the middle of the word: isma eel Ismail ; boor sa eed Port Said ; sa oodiyya Saudi [Arabia]. happy sa eed CD2 Trak 10 Saying beause : ana sa eed(a) li anna mahmood huna. I m happy beause Mahmoud is here. Pronuniation of double letters: linger on these letters, e.g. li anna. beause (lit. for that ) li anna

11 CD2 Trak 11 Building longer sentenes with the new voabulary and strutures. tired mut ab 9 CD2 Trak 12 Family words are added into the basket. Sometimes, people s names desribe their funtion within the family: abu ahmad father of Ahmad ; bin yusef son of Yusef bin is a variation of ibn. daughter bint father ab father of abu son ibn mother umm CD3 Trak 1 Saying my in Arabi: in English we add my to the front of the noun; in Arabi you add -ee to the end of the noun. This is desribed as a hook or tag added to the end of a word: bintee my daughter ; ummee my mother ; ismee sameer. My name is Samir. name ism CD3 Trak 2 Pronuniation of the sound kh is different to that of H. It is a sound similar to the h in the Sottish word loh or the German pronuniation of Bah. Imagine you are learing your throat. brother akh sister ukht CD3 Trak 3 We now add the tag to make your (male and female) to the tag for my whih is already hanging on the oat hook in our Arabi room. This tag is the ending -ak (male your ) whih we already know from the ending of the word min fadlak please whih literally means from your grae : ayna ummak? Where s your mother? (talking to a male). CD3 Trak 4 Just as there are two ways of saying you (anta/anti), there is also a small hange for the female your ending to -ik: hal ibnik huna? Is your son here? (talking to a female).

12 10 CD3 Trak 5, 6 and 7 Review of learning so far and a look around the Arabi language room we are deorating. daughter (alternative word) ibna CD3 Trak 8 Explanation of how Modern Standard Arabi is used in formal settings suh as the language used by news presenters on TV. CD3 Trak 9 When you add the tag for your to the words for father and brother, the -ak/-ik is flipped to -ka/-ki and you add an additional vowel u before the tag: abuka your father (talking to a male); abuki your father (talking to a female); akhuka your brother (talking to a male); akhuki your brother (talking to a female). More pratie of saying your to males and females: hal abuka mut ab? Is your father tired? (to a male); hal abuki mut ab? Is your father tired? (to a female); hal ummak mut aba? Is your mother tired? (to a male). CD3 Trak 10 marhaban. maa ismak/ismik? Hello. What s your name? (to a male/female). what? maa? hello marhaban CD3 Trak 11 The Arabi for this hanges for male and female: haadha/haadhihi. man haadha? Who s this? (referring to a male); man haadhihi? Who s this? (referring to a female). this (male) haadha this (female) haadhihi who? man? CD3 Trak 12 Saying from as in where are you from? ana min biritaanya. I m from Britain. from min Britain biritaanya Ameria amerika

13 CD4 Trak 1 Names of ities and areas; the subtle differene between two types of s sound: the Saad sound in SaHaara is different to the saa sound in sameer in the same way that the s in sorry is different to the s in silly. Basra al-basra Sahara (lit. deserts ) SaHaara China as-seen 11 CD4 Trak 2 More about from and plaes: zawjee min amerika. My husband is from Ameria. husband zawj CD4 Trak 3 Using but to make longer sentenes: ummee min biritaanya wa-laakinn abee min amerika. My mother is from Britain but my father is from Ameria. Some Arab ountries take al the at the beginning, others don t. but wa-laakinn CD4 Trak 4 There is no word for it in Arabi, all nouns (objets/ideas/people/animals) are feminine or masuline. The good news is that most feminine nouns end with a (Samira door) and almost all masuline nouns don t, so it is easy to identify the gender of most nouns. house bayt ar sayyaara CD4 Trak 5 When you use this with objets you need to math the gender using haadha with masuline objets and haadhihi with feminine: haadha funduq. This is a hotel. (mas.); hal haadhihi madsasa? Is this a shool? (fem.) shool madrasa CD4 Trak 6 How to extend sentenes using ma a with : ummee fil madrasa ma a akhee. My mother s in the shool with my brother. with ma a CD4 Trak 7 When you add tags to feminine words ending in a, these words have a speial spring at the end of them whih pops up in the shape of a t and is plaed between the

14 12 ending of the word and the tag: sayyaaratak your ar (talking to a male); madrasatee my shool. Z is a speial letter/sound: nazzaaratee my glasses. glasses nazzaara wife zawja CD4 Trak 8 In English you an use desriptive words (adjetives) diretly before the word desribed but in Arabi the order is the other way round: Tabeeb mut ab dotor tired = tired dotor. When an adjetive desribes a feminine noun it also goes through the Samira door: Tabeeba mut aba tired female dotor. CD4 Traks 9 and 10 More pratie with desriptions and an explanation of the meanings of Mea and Medina. big kabeer book kitaab ity, town madeena beautiful jameel CD4 Trak 11 Pratie of the pronuniation of words with double letters; when to pronoune true s and not hange it to z, e.g. masjid mosque. ma- is a ommon beginning for words that desribe plaes where things happen. mosque masjid CD4 Traks 12 and 13 In English we put the in front of a whole phrase suh as the large hotel ; in Arabi we put the in front of both words: al-funduq al-kabeer the hotel the large = the large hotel. beside bi-jaanib new jadeed CD4 Trak 14 and CD5 Trak 1 Asking and saying is there? and there is : hal hunaaka mat am jayyid bi-jaanib al-funduq? Is there a good restaurant beside the hotel? there is/are hunaaka is/are there? hal hunaaka? good jayyid restaurant mat am

15 CD5 Trak 2 English uses the verb have and has to express possession whereas Arabi has different ways of doing this. A ommon way is to use the word inda whih in this ontext means belonging to, take off the a at the end of the word and add the tags we already know: indee belonging to me = I have. 13 belonging to I have (lit. at/belonging to me ) reservation inda indee Hajz CD5 Trak 3 To say you have you unhook the -ee me tag and add either -ak (male your ) or -ik (female your ): indak/ indik bayt jameel. You (male/female) have a beautiful house. you have (male) indak you have (female) indik CD5 Trak 4 Two more possessive tags to add on to words: -uh his and -haa her, e.g. haadha ibnuh. This is his son. haadha ibnuhaa. This is her son. The tag -haa does not begin with a vowel, and so we need to add a vowel when we attah it to the end of a word. The most ommon vowel is u: zawjuhaa her husband. You may hear additional vowel hanges when you listen to Arabi. These are related to deeper layers of grammar. As a beginner, you should keep to the ore Arabi vowel sounds whih are perfetly orret but you may hoose to look deeper into the language later in your studies. CD5 Trak 5 You add the tags for his and her to inda to say he has (with a slight adjustment of the tag from -uh to -hu) and she has : indahu/ indahaa sayyaara jadeeda. He/she has a new ar. he has indahu she has indahaa CD5 Trak 6 Review of learning so far.

16 14 CD5 Trak 7 Introdution to verbs: verbs are ation words suh as go, ome, eat and drink. Arabi uses a verb stem of three onsonants whih is pitured as a flower stem with three roots in this ourse. We will add different flower heads to the stem to show who is doing the ation ( he, she, I, you, et.) and will fill a vase with different verb stems. CD5 Trak 8 I verbs in the present tense start with a- or sometimes u-: (ana) adrus al- arabiyya. I study Arabi. The flower is a and the stem is drus. The word ana I an be added for emphasis. I study adrus Arabi (language) al- arabiyya every, all kull every day kull(a) yawm CD5 Trak 9 The roots of words are instintive to Arabi speakers and useful to learners. Words with similar meanings share roots usually made up of three onsonants whih are always in the same order, e.g. adrus I study has the root onsonants d-r-s as in madrasa shool. I drink, I m drinking ashrab now (lit. the time ) al-aan CD5 Trak 10 The verb I understand has the three onsonants f-h-m. I understand afham CD5 Trak 11 The verb adh-hab I go has the root dh-h-b. Pay speial attention to the pronuniation. I go (I m going) adh-hab to (in the diretion of) ila CD5 Trak 12 Meet the twins, Bill and Phil : bil-metro by (the) metro ; fil-funduq in the hotel. by bi by the bil

17 CD6 Trak 1 and 2 You verbs when speaking to males: the flower head for male you is ta- or tu- (think of anta). hal tadrus al-faransiyya fil-madrasa? Do you study Frenh in shool? you study tadrus you go tadh-hab you d like, you want tureed Frenh (language) al-faransiyya Frane faransa Frenh faransi train qitaar 15 CD6 Trak 3 The three onsonants root for knowledge is -r-f. I know is a rif and you know is ta rif (to a male): ana a rif ayna l-madrasa al-jadeeda. I know where (is) the shool the new = I know where the new shool (is). I know a rif you know ta rif CD6 Trak 4 In English when we add a seond verb, we usually use the infinitive form: I d like to go; would you like to drink? In Arabi, we join the two verbs together with the word for that whih is an: ureed an adh-hab ila umaan. I d like that I go to Oman = I d like to go to Oman. that an Oman umaan CD6 Traks 5 and 6 You verbs when speaking to females: sometimes the verb stem has a flower AND a little extra tail at the end of the stem. You when talking to a female uses the same flower head as for male you (ta-/tu-) and adds the tail -een to the end of the verb: tadrus you study (male); tadruseen you study (female); hal tafhameen al- arabiyya? Do you (female) speak Arabi? juie aseer lemon juie aseer laymoon CD6 Trak 7 today (lit. the day ) al-yawm CD6 Traks 8 and 9 If Arab speakers hear the three onsonants k-t-b in this order within a word, they know that the meaning is onneted to writing: kitaab book ; ak tub I write.

18 16 The three onsonants r-s-l are onneted to the meaning to send, e.g. risaala message. The boy twins, Phil and Bill are in fat triplets and have a sister alled Lil. Lil onsists of li meaning for (from li anna for that = beause ) and al the. I write aktub message risaala messenger rasool orrespondent muraasil for the/to the lil CD6 Traks 10 and 11 Samira has a little daughter alled Samya who represents the future. By adding the first part of her name, sa- to the top of the flower (to the front of a verb), the meaning hanges to the future tense: sa-adh-hab ila al-madrasa. I m going/i will go to the shool. tomorrow al-ghad CD6 Trak 12 The Gregorian (Western) alendar (January, February, Marh ) is widely used in the Arabi world and the words for the months sound similar exept that there is no j sound in Arabi, so, for example, July is pronouned yoolio. Islami months also exist, the most well-known being ramadaan. The Gulf al-khaleej CD7 Trak 1 Another flower to add to the verb stems is that for he whih is ya- (or oasionally yu-): yadrus fee lubnaan. He studies in Lebanon. In Modern Standard Arabi, when the subjet of the verb is stated, the order of subjet verb is often swapped to verb subjet : yafham abee al- arabiyya. Understands my father Arabi = my father understands Arabi. CD7 Trak 2 Good news the flower for she is the same as for the male you a double-headed flower: tadrus means she studies or you (male) study. CD7 Trak 3 To say don t or doesn t in Arabi, say the word for no laa before saying the verb: laa a rif I don t know ; laa tafham you (male) / she doesn t understand ; laa tashrabeen you (female) don t drink. don t, doesn t laa thank you shukran

19 CD7 Trak 4 When you use the question word maa what in front of a verb, you add a small sound dha to the end: maadha tureed(een)? What do you want? The word for why limaadha is made from the words li meaning for and maadha meaning what, so literally it means for what? limaadha tadrus al- arabiyya? For what are you studying Arabi = why are you studying Arabi? what? maadha? why? (lit. for what ) limaadha? 17 CD7 Trak 5 Tags are also added to the end of joining words suh as li anna beause and wa-laakinn but when you use verbs to talk about he, she, you and I : sa-adh-hab ila l-sooq li annee ureed falaafil. I am going to the market beause I want some falafel. CD7 Trak 6 we they nahnu hum CD7 Trak 7 The plural ending is desribed as a large gate guarded by a platoon of soldiers; the plural ending in Arabi is -oon and groups of more than two people must go through the platoon gate, piking up the ending as they pass through: ana mut ab(a). I m tired. (male/female); nahnu mut aboon. We re tired. CD7 Trak 8 Many professions start with the sound mu- and, when you talk about groups, these professions marh through the platoon gate: ana mudarris(a). I m a teaher. (male/ female); hal hum mudarrisoon? Are they teahers? teaher mudarris photographer musawwir CD7 Trak 9 -na tag for our/us whih an be seen on the front of the word for we nahnu: ayna akhuna? Where s our brother? A helping vowel is added before the tag when the word ends in a onsonant. To say we have, add the our tag to the end of the stem: indana. CD7 Trak 10 and CD8 Trak 1 Good news the tag for their is the same as the word for they hum: indahum they have ; baytuhum their house. room ghurfa

20 18 CD8 Trak 2 There is another word for you when talking to a group whih is antum you lot/you all. Groups must always go through the platoon gate so words whih desribe antum must pik up -oon as they go through: hal antum mashghooloon al-aan? Are you (all) busy now? CD8 Trak 3 The tag to make the plural word your and you have is -kum. This k sound is ommon to all your tags (single male is -ak, single female is -ik): hal indik Hajz? Do you have a reservation? (speaking to a single female); hal indakum Hajz? Do you have a reservation? (speaking to a group); hal haadha akhukum? Is this your brother? (speaking to a group). shop, store mahall CD8 Trak 4 Summary of flower heads learnt so far. The flower head for we is similar to the tag, i.e. na- or sometimes nu-: nashrab we drink ; nureed we want. This n sound is assoiated with we, us and our. CD8 Trak 5 The verbs for they hum and you (plural) antum don t need another flower. Instead, you take the ending -oon from the platoon gate and add it as a tail to the end of the verb: yashrab he drinks yashraboon they (mixed group) drink ; tashrab you (single male) drink tashraboon you (plural) drink. CD8 Trak 6 Question words: mata sa-tadrusoon al-faransiyya? When will you (plural) study Frenh? when? mata? CD8 Traks 7, 8 and 9 The Arabi plural ending -oon only works for people. Animals, objets and ideas have their own plurals depending on the word. A ommon plural ending is -aat: mahall/ mahallaat store/stores. This plural is used for about one-third of Arabi nouns inluding most foreign (loan) words. CD8 Traks 10 and 11 Another way of forming plurals in Arabi is to hange the vowels within the word (rather than adding letters to the end) in a similar way to how mouse hanges to mie in English. These are alled internal plurals: bayt buyoot house houses ;

21 kitaab kutub book books ; sooq aswaaq market markets ; madrasa madaaris shool shools ; madeena mudun ity ities. Some loan words use an internal plural: film aflaam. If in doubt, add -aat and you will normally be understood. heart qalb many katheer 19 CD8 Trak 12 Conlusion and bringing your learning together in final sentenes. A desription of the deorated MSA room You have filled and deorated your Arabi language room as follows: voabulary basket filled with words whih you an add to; pronoun and family orners; Samira door (to make words and strutures female); Platoon gate (for groups of people, to make words plural as well as for you and they verb strutures); Tags for possessive pronouns whih hang up on oat hooks on the wall as follows: -ee my, -ak/-ik your (singular, male/female),-uh his, -haa her,-kum your (plural), -hum their, -na our ; Window out of whih has been thrown a, an, some, it, am. are and is. Now look over to the other side of your room where you will see: the verb table; vases ontaining verb stems with (three) roots whih represent onsonants; a bowl of flower heads to put on the top of the stems. The heads represent the different doers of the ations as follows: a-/u- I, ta-/ tu- you and she, ya-/yu- he, na-/nu- we ; Samira s daughter, Samya, next to the vase. Samya represents the future whih is made by adding sa- to the beginning of verbs.

22 20 English Arabi glossary English words used (relatively) unhanged in Modern Standard Arabi are not listed. In this glossary, all ommon nouns ending in -a are feminine and all other endings are masuline. Verbs are given in their I form unless otherwise stated. all, every kull Ameria amerika and wa Arabi (language) al- arabiyya Basra al-basra bazaar bazaar beautiful jameel beause (lit. for that ) li anna belonging to inda beside bi-jaanib big kabeer book kitaab Britain biritaanya brother akh busy mashghool but wa-laakinn by bi by the bil ar sayyaara China as-seen ity, town madeena offee qahwa orrespondent muraasil otton qutn daughter bint daughter (alternative word) ibna dotor Tabeeb don t, doesn t laa drink, am drinking ashrab every day kull(a) yawm every, all kull falafel falaafil father ab father of abu for the/to the lil Frane faransa Frenh faransi Frenh (language) al-faransiyya from min glasses nazzaara go, am going adh-hab good jayyid

23 Gulf, The happy has (he) has (she) have (I) have (you, male) have (you, female) he/he is heart hello here hotel house husband I ill in juie know lemon lemon juie like/want manager many market message messenger mosque mother name new in the (in + the) is/are there? no now (lit. the time ) Oman photographer please (lit. from your grae ) reservation restaurant rie room Sahara (lit. deserts ) salad shool she/she is shop, store sister al-khaleej sa eed indahu indahaa indee indak indik huwa qalb marhaban huna funduq bayt zawj ana mareed fee aseer a rif laymoon aseer laymoon ureed mudeer katheer sooq risaala rasool masjid umm ism jadeed fil hal hunaaka? laa al-aan umaan musawwir min fadlak Hajz mat am aruzz ghurfa SaHaara salata madrasa hiya mahall ukht 21

24 22 son study tea teaher thank you that the there is/are there, over there they this (female) this (male) tired to (in the diretion of) today (lit. the day ) tomorrow train understand used in yes/no questions want/like we what? what? (with verbs) when? where? who? why? (lit. for what ) wife with write yes you (talking to a female) you (talking to a male) ibn adrus shay mudarris shukran an al hunaaka hunaak hum haadhihi haadha mut ab ila al-yawm al-ghad qitaar afham hal ureed nahnu maa? maadha? mata? ayna? man? limaadha? zawja ma a aktub na am anti anta

25 Common Arabi signs 23 toilets entry exit no entry polie ambluane hospital tikets information

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