OAJW GCSE KO EDUQAS RELIGIOUS STUDIES ROUTE A

Transcription

1 OAJW GCSE KO EDUQAS RELIGIOUS STUDIES ROUTE A

2 Beliefs & Practices Nature of God Benevolent loving, kind and good Omniscient all-knowing Omnipotent all-powerful Monotheistic only one God Forgiving when humans say judge God will judge all humans when they die Eternal ever-lasting Transcendent - God exists beyond time and space and is above all created things Immanent God is involved in the world and human lives Personal individuals can have a relationship with God. The Trinity This belief is held by almost all Christians. It is how they explain how God could become a human being in the form of Jesus, and also how his power is felt in the world today through the Holy Spirit. Don t confuse this as three separate gods. Key texts from the Bible that mention the Trinity Matthew 5:48 Therefore you are to be perfect, as your heavenly Father is perfect (Jesus talking to his disciples) John 14:16-17 I will ask the Father, and He will give you another [a]helper, that He may be with you forever (Jesus talking about what will happen after he leaves earth) Phillipians 2:5-8 Being found in appearance as a man, He (Jesus) humbled Himself by becoming obedient to the point of death, even death on a cross. (Paul writing to one of the first groups of Christians) The Apostles Creed AND The Nicene Creed (325 AD) many Christians recite one of the creeds each week in church it outlines the key parts of the Christian faith. Sacraments These are outwards signs or actions that show a spiritual blessing from God. There are 7 of them including: Baptism: Being initiated into the Christian Church infant baptism is often called Christening. Eucharist/Communion: Sharing bread and wine to remember Jesus death. Marriage: The covenant made between a couple and God of their spiritual union. Pilgrimage Some Christians make special journeys to places of spiritual importance, for example Taize or Lourdes where Mary reportedly appeared in 1858, and is now seen as place of healing by many believers. Biblical accounts of creation A contentious issue in the last 150 years is the question of how did we get here. The Bible begins with a creation story, in Genesis 1-3. This is a long passage, talks about 6 days of creation by God, finishing with Adam and Eve. There is a lot of debate about how to interpret the creation story literal vs. symbolic. Most Christians tend to take it as a story and not literally, but all Christians believe God is behind it all. In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth. Incarnation, Crucifixion, Resurrection and Ascension the incarnation God in human form crucifixion execution method of being nailed to a wooden cross and left to die the Resurrection Christians believe Jesus did not stay dead, but came back to life three days later the Ascension 40 days after the resurrection, the Book of Acts records that Jesus rose up to heaven in view of a crowd of his disciples Jesus Christ Messiah anointed one (Kings were anointed with oil, to show they had been chosen by God Christians are saying Jesus is King) Son of God Jesus was God incarnate (meaning in human form) Lord (Adonai in Greek) and Saviour Jesus is believed to be able to save humanity from sin Agape Christian love in the World Many Christians believe they are given a mission to spread the message of Jesus, this is called Evangelism. In the UK and across the world. Evangelical churches have grown quickly, they are often less formal and non liturgical in style. Christians also believe they must follow Jesus example of caring for the poor, charities such as Tearfund were set up by Christians to combat poverty around the world. Worship and Prayer Christian worship involves showing love and respect to God. In traditional churches often the worship is liturgical, this means it follows a set pattern of songs, readings and prayers. In an informal worship service, such as a Pentecostal church, songs are not set, are usually more modern, and the congregation are often more involved. Creation All Christians believe God created the world, but have differing views on how to interpret the Genesis 1 account of creation. Literal God created the world in six 24 hour days. Non-literal / allegorical Genesis 1 is a poetic metaphor for God s creation, allowing a more scientific understanding of how it unfolded. There is also debate among Christians as to the age of the earth, those who take a literal view tend to be young earth creationists who believe the world is around 5000 years old. Salvation and Sin salvation restoring the broken relationship between God and mankind atonement the death of Jesus makes amends for the sin of humans law was how people knew how God wanted them to behave (e.g. 10 Commandments) sin going against what God wants grace God s love for humans is what saves them from their sin (not how good they have been) ransom Christians believe the sacrifice of Jesus by dying on the cross was like him paying (the ransom to God) for the sins of the world Key Terms for this Unit Omnipotent God is all powerful and unlimited. Omnibenevolent God is all loving. Trinity God is three persons in one, Father, Son and Spirit. Incarnation Means God became flesh (Jesus) Atonement The belief that Jesus death removed the barrier of sin between people and God. Resurrection The belief that Jesus rose from the dead after 3 days. Sacraments Outward signs or actions that show a spiritual blessing from God. Evangelism Spreading the Christian message with the intention of converting others to the faith.

3 Jihad Beliefs & Practices The Nature of Allah What is Allah like? Tawhid: The most important belief in, that there is only one God and he has no equal, often known as the belief in the oneness of Allah Qur'an 3:18 Immanence He is always present Transcendence He is above all and greater Omnipotence He is all powerful Beneficence He is loving Mercy He shows kindness to his people Justice He does what is right and fair Qur'an 46:33 Justice is reffered to as Adalat in Shi'a. Prophethood Risalah A prophet is a messenger from God. Prophets are very important figures in - Qur'an 2:136 The first prophet was Adam, who was the first man created by Allah, and therefore considered very important. Ibrahim (Abraham) was the father of Isaac and Ishma'il whose descendants were the first Muslims. Isa (Jesus) is a prophet for Muslims, and is the most written about prophet in the Quran. Qur'an 2:87 The Prophet Muhammad was the final prophet and is known as the seal of the Prophets meaning he sealed off (finalised) God s message to mankind. Due to his role in receiving and reciting the words of God, he is considered the most important of all Prophets. Sunni is the largest denomination of (approx. 90%). Its name comes from the word Sunnah, referring to the exemplary behaviour of the ic prophet Muhammad. They follow The 5 Pillars of (see below) Shia (followers of Ali) is a denomination (approx. 10%) of which holds that the ic prophet Muhammad chose Ali ibn Abi Talib as his successor to lead the religion. Shia primarily contrasts with Sunni, whose adherents believe that Muhammad did not appoint a successor and consider Abu Bakr to be the correct Caliph. There are other differences (see below) Shia Muslims follow the Ten Obligatory Acts. (see below) 1Questions of Hereditary Succession Shiites believe the Prophet Mohammed should have been succeeded by his son-in-law, Imam Ali, and leadership of the Muslim world should pass through the prophet s descendants. Sunnis don t believe the leadership of the Muslim world should necessarily pass through hereditary succession. 2Reverence of Imam Ali and His Family Shiites continue to observe what they consider to be Imam Ali and his descendants persecution and to revere his family, making annual pilgrimages to shrines to the Imam and his 11 descendants. 3The Sunni Majority Sunnis greatly outnumber Shiites, constituting nearly 90% of the global community of Muslims. The governments of some Persian Gulf countries including Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates are Sunni, while Iran and Iraq are ruled by Shiites. Syria s regime is Alawite, a Shiite offshoot. 4Styles of Prayer Shiites and Sunnis pray differently: Sunnis cross their arms, while Shiites keep their arms by their sides. Sunnis observe five daily prayer sessions; Shiites condense the five prayers into three sessions.5governance Shiites are governed by more hierarchical structures, following living religious leaders. But Sunnis typically follow scholarly texts penned by past religious leaders. Akhirah - Afterlife Al-Akhirah is the life after death or what happens to all people once they die. teachers us that human life is divided into three distinct parts. 1.The temporary life on earth. 2.The life of Barzakh. This is the time between this life and the Day of Judgment. 3.The eternal life that will follow. Everything we do in our life is recorded. Even the smallest deed will be displayed before our eyes on the Day of Judgment. The judgment will be final. No one will escape it. Heaven will be the reward for those who obeyed Allah and did good deeds. Hell will be the punishment for those who disobeyed Allah. The Qur an the revealed words of Allah Qur an means recite The Angel Jibril communicated the words of Allah to the Prophet Muhmmad (pbuh) over 40 years. Holy books The Sunnah Way of the Prophet It means path or clear Path The Hadith sayings of the Prophet Means report, tale or story Second most important source of authority for Sunni Muslims, Shi a Muslims may have their own Sunnah and Hadith. The Qu ran is the most important and respected book as it is the words of Allah himself. Al-Qadr - Predestination This is a key teaching that Allah has pre planned everything, and everything has a plan. He knows what is within heavens and the earth and knows what you conceal and what you declare Qur an 64:4 Muslim do not believe in coincidence, they believe all things are planned by Allah. Muslim often say insha Allah which means if God is willing, this shows they believe all things are willed by Allah. The Prophet Muhammad The Prophet Muhammad received the words of the Qu ran via the Angel Gibril and wrote them down. He was the final prophet of, sometimes called the seal of the prophets. His primary message to his followers was that God is merciful, but there will be a day of Judgement. After many years of struggle and war Muhammad returned to Makkah and established as a permanent religion in 630 CE. It is important you know the story of The Prophet as well as his significance to Muslim believers. The sin of Shirk warns believers of the sin of Shirk, this is when a person worships something other than God. This means most Muslims think it is wrong to make an image of God or to try and create him in any way by human hands.. Greater/inner jihad: striving to be better person, resist evil- help poor, do not let anger get to you, follow the laws of as closely as possible, Lesser jihad (Striving with the sword) - resisting evil through military /physical ways eg defending land or places of worship. Muhammad fought against those who wanted to end. BUT strict conditions: Persecution Religious freedom Being attacked/defending land/religion Authorized by a Muslim leader Not target civilians eg women, kids Not harm crops Not to convert others 5 Pillars - Sunni Id-ul-Adha Id-ul-Fitr Festivals End of Hajj, animals sacrifice, meat to family and to poor, new clothes, go to mosque Started by Muhammad, end of Ramadan, new clothes, mosque, sermon ( talk), money to less fortunate Recall story of Ibrahim and Isma il, reminder to be devoted to Allah, unity of community thanks for fasting/ blessings, recall poor- community 10 Obligatory Acts - Shia

4 Year11 Paper 1: Religious, philosophical and ethical studies in the modern world Knowledge Organiser Key Concepts Adultery Divorce Cohabitation Commitment Contraception Gender Equality Responsibilities Roles Sex Outside of Marriage Sex a gift from God for procreation. Sex outside of marriage is wrong. Marriage best commitment Your body is a temple of a holy spirit respect body free from sexual immorality Catholic see it as a grave sin Thou shall not commit adultery One flesh husband and wife Practice chastity #truelovewaits Sex a gift from Allah worship but only in marriage, sex outside if forbidden. Sex = procreation. it is a evil way lash each one of them with a 100 lashes women of purity are for men of purity respect body, save it Chastity Sexual intercourse with someone other than your married partner. To legally end a marriage. To live together in a sexual relationship without being married. A sense of dedication and obligation to something or someone. Eg. Wedding vows. Methods used to prevent a woman from getting pregnant during sexual intercourse. Eg. Condom. People of all genders enjoying the same rights and opportunities. Eg. Equal pay. Duties and actions you are expected to carry out. Eg. Looking after your family. The status or position of a person in society. Eg. Housewife/priest. Contraception : Catholic artificial is wrong, only natural methods. Prevents life, sex = procreation. Only God decide when life is to be created. Only method rhythm/withdrawal. Aquinas NATURAL LAW THEORY natural body created to procreate by God, his plan therefore altering this is wrong. : Most accept. PM knew + approved. Some against life sacred gift. Only used in marriage. The Family Family types: Nuclear, extended, reconstituted, single-parent, childless. Important for stability, religious upbringing, support, care, teaching, shelter and identity. Look after elderly and nurture the young. : God created families Adam + Eve be fruitful and multiply. Nuclear family, Gods plan for caring for people. Honour your mother and father (10 Commandments) Spreading and teaching of the morals and values tell it to your children : Extended, nurturing community. The Ummah Muslim brotherhood. PM had a family. Judged by how you care and look after family. God supports anyone who supports his brother. The PM ISSUES OF RELATIONSHIPS C: Marriage C: Wedding Ceremony Gift from God Best form of commitment Procreation Stable environment for children What God wanted Jesus taught it was important for people to become one flesh Sacrament sacred, ritual, holy, blessed by God. Special promises to each other and to God. what God has joined together let no man separate Jesus Married in Church with God s presence and blessing. Vows promises, beliefs about importance of marriage death do us part Exchange or rings symbolises eternity, commitment, exclusivity, sacrament. Prayers/blessings, Hymns - worship Priest sermon Traditional Protestant: Equal but different roles, traditional roles. Women should not take authority in religion. Only men should be Church leader and teacher. Women should learn by being quiet should keep silent in the churches. Catholic: Equal but different roles. Women can give out bread at communion not bless it. Only men can become priests. Priest should represent Jesus a man. I do not permit a woman to teach or to assume authority over a man; she must be quiet. Modern Protestant: Women priests and bishops Equal, created at same time. Jesus treated women equally, showed women first after resurrection. All Gods children Gods image Cohabitation: : Catholics against, tempt to have sex wrong outside of marriage. Some Protestant accept accepted in modern life. Still committed, should be married before family. Muslims: Forbidden, temptation, sex outside of marriage. Gender Roles Traditional roles: men - breadwinner, work, authority. Women home, carer, housewife. World wars women had to take jobs of men vote, 1967 contraception, 1970 Equal pay act. Traditional role, equal but different roles. Man is the guardian of his family woman is the guardian of her husband s home But woman is closest to Gods face if she is found in the core of her house the prayer of a woman in the house is better than her prayer in the Mosque. Adam and Eve made from the same soul.pm taught women are important paradise lies at the feet of your mother. Very rare for women to be Imams. If lead often just to a woman congregation Raheel Raza became first British born woman to lead mixed gender prayers all people are equal as teeth of a comb

5 Year11 Paper 1: Religious, philosophical and ethical studies in the modern world Knowledge Organiser I: Marriage I: Wedding Ceremony Gift from Allah duty Some arranged marriage Forced forbidden Polygamy up to 4 wives (illegal in the UK.) Strengthens the Ummah PM was married and a loving husband we made you in pairs Dowry payment groom to wife - stability Nikah marriage contract agreed terms and conditions Before witnesses - public Signing the Nikah most important part, promises Vows show responsibilities of marriage Readings Qur an - marriage blessed by Allah Catholic Do not allow divorce or remarriage after divorce (remarriage adultery) Jesus said it was wrong anyone who divorce his wife and marries another commits adultery One flesh Marriage = sacrament Till death us do part Only allows annulment prove the marriage was not official in first place Protestant LAST RESORT Divorce acceptable in SOME circumstances eg. Abuse/neglect/adultery God forgives sin Jesus allowed divorce for adultery Most loving/compassionate thing to do in some circumstances Catholic + Traditional Protestant Homosexuality is not a sin but acting on it (sex/marriage) is. Marriage for men and women to procreate. Should live a life of chastity. if a man lies with a man the way he would a women, it is a abomination Bible teaches it is wrong. law is made for the lawbreakers and rebels, the ungodly and the sinful for those who kill their mother and fathers for those practicing homosexuality. Divorce + Remarriage Divorce is allowed but hated by Allah Of all the things which have been permitted, divorce is the most hated by Allah They also accept remarriage But we created you in pairs MUST BE A LAST RESORT Iddah period of waiting to allow reflection + reconciliation Weakens Ummah, PM did not divorce Legal contract can be ended Nikah If marriage is not working no blame on either of them Same sex marriage: legal since: 2014 Places of worship are NOT forced to allow it. Liberal Protestant Accept + allow gay marriage All one in Christ love your neighbour Bible teachings not relevant out of date don t eat shrimp Created by God that way. Can still be in love, committed to each other. Most Muslims Grave sin Kill the one that is doing it and also the one it is being done to transgressing people = wrong path Marriage man + woman to have children. Homosexuals cannot naturally procreate, challenges family Some Muslims Think these teachings don t apply to modern society, created this way. Qur an is focused on lust not homosexual love.

6 Year 11 Paper 1: Religious, philosophical and ethical studies in the modern world Knowledge Organiser Key Concepts Afterlife Environment Sustainability Euthanasia Evolution Abortion Quality of Life Sanctity of Life Soul Life after death, the belief that life continues after physical death. Eg. Heaven. Ensuring that the natural resources don t run out and that all animals, plants and people can live well now, and in the future. From Greek meaning Good death. The act of bringing about the peaceful death of a person who is suffering with an incurable disease or illness. The process of how living creatures developed during the history of the earth. When a pregnancy is ended so that it does not result in the birth of a child. The removal of a foetus. The extent to which life is meaningful and pleasurable. The belief that life is sacred and precious. Belief that God created life so it is special and cannot be harmed. The spirit that connects someone to God. Non-physical, lives eternally in an afterlife. Our Environment God s perfect creation so must be cared for looked after. Responsibility. Stewardship: caretaker of planet + resources. For next generation The Lord God took the man and put him in the Garden of Eden to work it and take care of it. live in harmony with earth and God. God given duty to care for the world. Preserve and conserve resources. Khalifah s- guardian of world. World created in balance must be looked after (fitrah) He has set up the balance in order that you may not break the balance. Respect and avoid waste. Atheist Global citizens world community view whole world as our home all have duty. Afterlife: akhirah. Ensoulment 120 days Allah breaths a soul into them. Fitrah soul pure, inbuilt instinct to know, worship and submit to Allah. Day of Judgement, only God knows when it will be. if die before this day archangel of death Azrail will come and take their souls to await the day. Kept in state of waiting barazakh, until trumpet to announce resurrection. All will stand before God sentenced. everything they did is in written records fear God and know that God sees well what you do Book with everything one has done good actions outweigh bad, book right hand Heaven, opposite, left hand Hell. Mahdi come on day of judgement, saviour to rescue world. Heaven Janna - garden of contentment, flowers, fruits + fountains Hell- Jannan torment, terror, damned separated from God, face boiling water, scorching fire and black smoke. Some Muslims interpret this symbolically. ISSUES OF LIFE AND DEATH Creation Theories Atheist God created the world omnipotent. in the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth Non-Literalists Bible symbolic accounts that tell the truth that God is the creator but not how he did it. 6 periods of time over billions of years. Believe in the scientific theories. Literalists Bible literally true. 6 days, 6, 24 hour days. Genesis 1-7 days eg. then God said let their be light and light appeared God created humans day 6 God said now we will make human beings God created human beings to be like himself Genesis 2 physical actions, no time mentioned then the Lord God planted a garden in Eden. Humans 3 rd thing soil from ground breathed life into him.. Breath into his nostrils. Genesis 1 Vs 2 Different methods, 1 God creates through speaking, 2 God create by doing things. Different orders. Afterlife + the Soul Dualists separate parts, non-dualist one and cant be separated. After God made Adam he breathed life (soul) into him image of God temple of holy spirit - ensoulment womb Judgement life a test, God judge, Parable of Sheep and Goats/ Rich man and Lazarus. Judgement day/judgment after death Heaven bliss, award, with God, paradise, my father s house has many rooms Jesus I am the resurrection.. eternal life Hell - Suffering, constant torment, cut from goodness, separate from God eternal punishment everlasting destruction Atheist Materialism nothing exists other than matter, our bodies. A physical boy but no soul/spirit/afterlife scientific description of human life. Physical beings that will decompose, no eternal part of us will live on. William Paley: Teleological, like a watch the world is complex must have a designer the designer = God. Aristotle: Cosmological - domino, everything needs a first cause, universe must have a first cause = God Allah the creator and sustainer of all life. No one creation story in the Qur an. Indeed, your Lord is God who created the heavens and the earth in six days some see as 6 periods of time. He is the knowing creator Qur an teaches humans out of clay moulding Adam and breathing life into him. Some may accept evolution but not human evolution. Many accept scientific explanations in the Qur an don t disprove God but explain how he did it. Qur an has quotes linked to Big Bang and Evolution theories. Created the night and the day, and the sun and the moon; each floating in an orbit. We separated them and made from water every living thing God did not create the world. Scientific evidence explains the universe. Big Bang Theory: Georges Lamaitre billion years ago. Singularity which exploded at a rate faster than the speed of light. Universe is expanding and there is evidence. Evolution: Charles Darwin Process of natural selection. Strongest characteristics more likely to survive, gradually over generations species became more suited to environment eventually developed to be humans.

7 Year 11 Abortion Paper 1: Religious, philosophical and ethical studies in the modern world Knowledge Organiser Christian Funerals Euthanasia Atheist: For Pro-choice Not a person Peter Singer Personhood Rights of the mother Woman's body woman's choice Would be unwanted Potential being does not have same rights Mothers life has more value than foetus Getting rid only means that more backstreet unsafe abortions will take place What if the woman was raped? Catholic Serious sin Life begins at conception 10 - Thou shall not murder Pope spoken against it openness to life Life is sacred Only God can give and take life Before I formed you in the womb I knew you body is a temple of the holy spirit God made man in His image Protestant Is wrong, but sometimes are expectations Some circumstances less of two evils eg. Rape/life at risk/born with severe disability Jesus said love thy neighbour and taught that in certain situations you should do the most loving thing Not exact teaching of when life begins in the Bible Atheist: Against Pro-Life Killing innocent human being Murder Human life begins at conception Helpless, innocent being that cannot defend themselves Can survive as early as 21 week Should instead adoption instead The psychological pain and stress of having an abortion Life is a precious and unique gift Doctors should preserve life Hippocratic Oath Most see it as haram (forbidden) For Certain circumstances Life starts at 120 days ensoulment Mothers life is at risk mother life more important until after 120 days well-established, duty to her family etc. Mother has been raped An angel blows the breath of life into you Against Allah only person who can give or take life Sanctity of life Life begins at conception Not 100% when ensoulment takes place whoever has spared the life of a soul, it as though he has spared life of all people do not kill your children for fear of poverty. We will provide for them and for you 1. Before death priest last rites, prayers, ask God forgiveness, holy communion ease the dying into afterlife - die at peace 2. Church coffin carried front church, service starts with priest I am the resurrection and the life.. hope, resurrection, candles light of world 3. Bible readings lord is my shepherd read - in the valley of the shadow of death, God is still by my side. not forgotten, comfort to those who mourn/died, prayers for thanks/comfort 4. Sermon life of dead person, eulogy 5. Communion bread/wine Jesus resurrection 6. Committal ashes to ashes, dust to dust, burial or cremation, prayers, soil thrown on coffin committed body to the ground. Muslim before - try to repeat final words PM God help me through the hardship and agony of death Shahdah whispered in their ears returning to God 24 hours after death, body washed ghusl, wrapped in white shroud (Ihram, Hajj, Purity/Equality). Muslim do not approve of cremation resurrection for judgement day, buried facing Mecca. Imam prayers, some no coffin lowered so in direct contact with earth. No gravestones equal in death. As body lowered in ground From the earth we created you and into it we shall cause to return and from it we shall bring you forth once more 3 days of mourning Atheist - non-religious services, can be informal, personal eg. Choose songs, readings. Reflect on their life music, eulogy, poetry, reflection of their life, candles, moments of quiet reflection, can be led by a humanist celebrant. Service will try and show respect for dead, about how they will be remembered. Sanctity of Human Life God created us, all people are special and important to God. Respect, care for, should not deny or take life. : Made in the image of God God s divine spirit, to kill is to kill a part of God. Ten Commandment Thou shall not kill. Life is a gift from God, only God can give it and only God can take it In His hand is the life of every living thing and the breath of every human being Job. : Every soul has been created by Allah, he has a plan for every life. Do not take life, which Allah made sacred. Atheist: For Quality of life over sanctity of life. Stephen Hawking we don t let animals suffer, so why humans? Free will Daniel James, 22, accident, body was a prison his body his choice Control over how you die, die with dignity. Can suffer and be in pain Peter Singer atheist, quality of life is more important personhood need to be able to relate to others, if a fully conscious person has the right to end their life, so should everyone. Protestant: Most against Sanctity of life Life can only be given taken by God Guidance through prayer Suffering can have a purpose The use of Hospices : die with dignity, ease suffering without speeding death temple of the holy spirit made in God s image Very few may accept most loving thing to do, love thy neighbour Catholic Consider it murder Thou shall not murder 10 commandments Same arguments as above People shouldn t play God The use of Hospices Atheist: Against Murder All life is special and worthy Strive to research cures for terminal illnesses lessons Lead to those in the later stages of life/disease to feel a burden and even obliged to end their life Slippery- slope lead to doctors/families abusing it, acceptance of involuntary euthanasia person cannot speak for themselves Make it easier for doctors to commit horrific murders etc. Most Muslims against Only Allah can decide time of someone s death. No one can die except by Allah s leave, that is a decree with a fixed term. Allah made life sacred see section. Suicide is forbidden Destroy not yourselves. Surely Allah is ever merciful to you. Suffering can have a purpose, life is a test. Show compassion to those suffering. Guidance can be found through prayer.

8 Year 11 Paper 1: Religious, philosophical and ethical studies in the modern world Knowledge Organiser Key Concepts Good Evil Forgiveness Free Will Justice Morality Characteristics/acts/things that are considered to be morally right. Eg. Kindness Characteristics/acts/things that are considered immoral, wicked or wrong. To pardon a wrongdoing, to give up the desire to seek revenge. The beliefs that people can make their own decisions and choices, nothing is predetermined. Fairness, when everyone is equal and has equal provisions and opportunities. Eg. A fair punishment. Principles, values that determine which actions are right or wrong. Aims of Punishment: Protection, Retribution, Deterrence, Reform, Vindication, Reparation. : Punishment Forgiveness is vital against retribution, punishment should help people reform Jesus forgave those betrayed him - forgive them father Jesus forgave woman committed adultery God is the judge God will bring into judgement the righteous and the wicked Do no repay anyone evil for evil Turn the other cheek Restorative justice Make amends, meeting victim apologising Address causes of crime Some become Prison Chaplains (see below), big part in reforming prisons to ensure they are humane Punishment Sin Suffering A penalty given to someone for a crime or wrong they have done. Eg. Prison. An act against God, an immoral action breaking a religious or moral law. Eg. Murder. Pain or distress caused by injury, illness or loss. Can be physical, emotional, psychological. Absolute Morality: The idea that an action is always right or always wrong, apply this to everything. Relative Morality: Decision making is not simple, weight up what is right/wrong actions can be right and sometimes wrong depends. ISSUES OF GOOD AND EVIL Forgiveness: Jesus taught forgiveness + compassion was important. Lords Prayer forgive our sins, as we forgive those who have sinned against us need to forgive others to be forgiven by God Jesus forgave those who betrayed him Father forgive them for they know not what they are doing Jesus forgave a woman committing adultery let you who is without sin cast the first stone. Jesus said do not judge for you will be judged why do you see the speck in your brother s eye but miss the log in your own? Parable of the Lost Son, Parable of the Unforgiving Servant. Catholic sacrament confession Someone asked Jesus how many times to forgive, he replied not 7 but 77 Jesus sacrifice, atonement so that we can be forgiven by God. Forgiveness: Allah is merciful, will forgive those who repent, reconciliation is important, one of Allah s names is all forgiving If a person forgives and makes reconciliation, his reward is due from God Hajj Day of Arafat, forgiveness Mount of Mercy. Fasting show your repentance to Allah and ask for forgiveness. Would you not love Allah to forgive you? forgive others to be forgiven. Shirk some things unforgiveable, worshiping something/one other than Allah. To get to Heaven on Judgement day must have shown mercy to others. : Punishment Forgiveness important but so is the need to protect the Ummah and keep law and order. Punishment is important Shari ah Law (straight path) rules + punishments Often Shar iah Law deter (eg. Hand cut off for stealing, 100 lashes sex outside of marriage) Only God can forgive punishment to keep law and order vindication Hope offender will repent, reform and ask God for forgiveness Allah is just and merciful judges fairly and forgives if people repent Prison Chaplains a priest/imam provide pastoral care for prisoners. Counselling Rehabilitation help reenter their community Support/wellbeing Show them compassion Eg. Hele Prejean (Christian): by being a chaplain showing Jesus teaching compassion, love, kindness people are more than the worst thing they have ever done Prison Reformers (change) Prisons in the 1700 s ran privately by anyone, eg. Pubs/dungeons/town halls. John Howard 1726 found they were mixed genders, with chains, rats, straight jackets, use of irons. He convinced them to make sure they have: clean water, separate cells (men + women), access to doctors, more prison officers to ensure safey. Elizabeth Fry 1780 wanted education in prisons, argued for reform. Taught female prisoners to read and write.

9 Year 11 Death Penalty Paper 1: Religious, philosophical and ethical studies in the modern world Knowledge Organiser Atheist: For Protect society Can work as a deterrent Retribution Only way victims can experience closure eye for an eye deserve to suffer as made others suffer Why use tax payers money to keep them alive in prison 47% criminals leaving prison reoffend in a year 2010 Jonathan Vass left prison for the rape of his exgirlfriend and then murdered her C: FOR Eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth OT uses DP for 36 offences Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed. (Genesis 9:6) God created DP. giving someone the death penalty for murder shows the seriousness of going against the ten commandments/bible C - AGAINST Thou shall not murder Sanctity of life - body is a temple of the holy spirit God made man in His image Only God can take life Jesus taught that retribution was wrong ;turn the other cheek love your enemies forgiveness Jesus s death salvation from sin, can t save the condemned Golden Rule Atheist: Against Doesn t allow the criminal to reform Cases around world where they have killed an innocent Expensive legal fees etc. $3 million for death/ $1.1 life imprisonment Doesn t work as a deterrent when murderers are acting in the moment Violence causes more violence Government need to be better than the person Inhumane Botched lethal injections can take a long time for the person to die FOR Protect Ummah Justice Shar iah Law uses it as a punishment...take not life, which God has made sacred, except by way of justice and Law. only take life for just cause eg. Murderer someone attacking Muslim countries - Saudi Arabia and use it for crimes such as adultery, homosexuality, terrorism and treason AGAINST Forgiveness is important in Qur an and peace Allah only person who can give or take life Sanctity of life whoever has spared the life of a soul, it as though he has spared life of all people Shar iah Law out of date, used by controlling governments God made world and it was good but gave people free will Original sin/the fall people can stray from what is good How to live Bible 10 Commandments Jesus example of righteous life tolerance, compassion + love, Parable of Good Samaritan Golden rule treat others the way you want to be treated GOOD Natural instinct between right and wrong fitrah but have free will Choice between God and temptations of Shaytan (Satan) Qur an speaks or how to live a good life. PM is the perfect example, patience, humility and kindness to others Day of judgement God is the judge. Merciful/Just 5 Pillars zakat, Sadaqah (voluntary kindness) believe in god good deeds Heaven If God was omnipotent, omniscient, omnibenevolent then there would be no evil in the world. Soul-Making: suffering necessary so you can complete your moral soul, allows you to grow. St Irenaeus humans not made perfect image of God need to grow into likeness of God developing moral natures. John Hick evils didn t exist we would not have means to develop ourselves spiritually. Epistemic distance from God if we knew God existed and was watching, we would behave out of fear not true goodness. Natural Evil: Evil acts that are the result of natural events. Moral Evil: Evil acts caused by human actions or inactions. Why does God Allow Evil and Suffering? CHRISTIANITY Original sin, the fall. Satan. Life is a test. Part of Gods plan. Free will. Suffering helps you grow (soul making). God prevents terrible events that we cannot see/do not understand. It s a punishment, for sin. Our suffering on earth is temporary will experience joy in eternal life. Suffering helps you understand Jesus. God will wipe away all tears.. There will be no more grief or crying or pain Even if I go through the deepest darkness, I will not be afraid, Lord for you are with me Story of Job : Satan challenges God only reason Job is good and loyal is because he has everything. God allows Satan to test Job. Looses everything he owns, sores over his whole body. Stays loyal and believes in God but eventually asks why God has allowed this to happen to him God takes explains that Job has no idea what he does Can you even being to know my greatness Job didn t need to know why things happened, just needed to keep trusting God and Gods love for him - I have kept his way without turning aside Why does God Allow Evil and Suffering? ISLAM Allah plan Qadr, reason and plan for why there is evil God has power over all things Qur an. With hardship comes ease. Indeed, with hardship comes ease. Qur an Never truly understand God s intentions Life is a test Day of judgement Helps you grow You may dislike something although it is good for you, or like something although it is bad for you: God knows and you do not. Qur an Prove your faith and goodness by resisting temptation Those who resist Shaytan and follow straight path Heaven Some believe it is caused by Shaytan Free Will: C God given, up to them whether to follow God or not. Some believe in predestination God already chosen who will reach salvation. I God given, predestination, Allah plan, already chosen who will receive salvation. Sunni God wrote down what has/will happen in a preserved tabled. Still have choice but God knows what will happen (Iktisab). Shi a don t believe in predestination, Bada God may change the course of human history as he sees fit, has complete control power over the universe.

10 Year 11 Paper 1: Religious, philosophical and ethical studies in the modern world Knowledge Organiser Key Concepts Censorship Discrimination Extremism Human Rights Personal Conviction Prejudice Relative Poverty Absolute Poverty Social Justice Censorship: Article 19 Human Rights freedom of opinion. Should we control free speech? UK Free to express views about any religion unless likely to incite violence or discrimination against followers. Extremism: religious, interpret texts, believe they will get rewarded afterlife, influenced (radicalised) believe they are doing the work of God. Limiting or preventing access to materials that are considered obscene, offensive or a threat to security. Eg. Restrictions on freedom of speech. Treating groups of people or individuals different based on prejudice. Eg. Paying a woman less than a man. Believing in or supporting ideas that are very far from what most people consider correct or reasonable. The basic things that are entitled to all human beings, simply because they are human. Eg. A right to life. Something a person strongly feels or believes in. Pre-judging someone to be inferior or superior without reason. Eg. Believing women are better than men. A standard of poverty measured in relation to the standards of a society in which a person lives. Eg. Comparing someone s poverty to the average of the place they live. A severe state of deprivation, where a person does not have access to their basic human needs. Eg. No clean water. A fair society, where everyone has equal access to equal provisions, opportunities and rights. Should people be free to express their opinion? Yes Human Right Article 19 Government shouldn t control opinions eg. Hitler If people cant share extreme views they will never be challenged Human Rights: 1948 after the horrors WW2, United Nations Eg. The right to a home The right to a decent amount of food The right to clean water The right to an education The right to medical care To protect people, and ensure all have equal opportunities in life Amnesty International: 1960 works, campaigns for human rights. Marches, letters, media, school programmes, events 1977 Nobel Peace Prize ISSUES OF HUMAN RIGHTS Oscar Romero El Salvador Archbishop Injustices in El Salvador poverty, corrupt government. Made many speeches/inspire many crowd in cathedral to hear him. Help meetings banned by government/spoke on radio. voice of voiles 1980 assassinated. Believed you need to fight for justice example of Jesus. No Offensive/violent/prejudice Can offend Can lead to extremism? Spread of extremist beliefs Need a balance of free speech and censorship All made in the image of God all people equal before God. All human life has worth/value. Jesus love your neighbour as yourself Golden Rule. Sanctity of life. So there is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus encouraged others to follow his example set free the oppressed Unconditional love for all and the belief all life is worth respect Agape Equality, fight for social justice. Human Rights Malala Yousafzai 2012, shot Taliban School bus travelling to school. Wrote blog about the injustices in Pakistan. Campaign for women rights/right to an education. Speech/wrote a book. Nobel Peace Prize Travels and campaigns for the rights of all children to go to School and against extremist ic regimes like the Taliban. All Allah s creation all deserve human rights, all equal in eyes of Allah. Sanctity of life All people are equal as teeth of a comb If anyone saved a life it would be as if he saved a life of the whole mankind The Ummah all equal and deserve respect and dignity aim to promote welfare of the Muslim community human rights support this Zakat 2.5.5, Sadaqah voluntary giving or charity/. MLK Jr Believe all equal in eyes of God. fought racism/segregation in USA. Led civil rights movement. Pacifist no violence. Speeches I have a dream All Gods children that deserve equal rights. Bus Boycott, sit-ins, marches (Selma). Assassinated. Christian beliefs about prejudice and discrimination Parable of the Good Samaritan. So God created human beings, making them to be like himself. He created them male and female, blessed them. (Genesis 1:27) Sanctity of life equal and sacred. made in the image of God (all) Beliefs in Human Rights (above) for God so loved the world, that he gave his only son the world, not just some. Jesus spent time with those marginalized healed lepers, befriended a tax collector (hated at the time) So there is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female, for you are all one in Christ no discrimination all equal in eyes of Christ. God shows no partiality Still some prejudice/discrimination in : homosexuals abomination, women and being priests I do not permit a woman to teach or to assume authority over a man

11 Year 11 Paper 1: Religious, philosophical and ethical studies in the modern world Knowledge Organiser Muslim beliefs about prejudice and discrimination All created from one soul. Creation talks of how angels collected different types of soil to create Adam soil different colours/different parts of the earth people after Adam destined to be different. Part of Gods plan. All mankind is descended from Adam and Eve, an Arab is not better than a non-arab and a non-arab is not better than an Arab; a white person is not better than a black person, nor is a black person better than a white person Ummah every Muslim is the brother of every other Muslim and that Muslims form on brotherhood All equal as teeth of a comb Farid Esack South African Muslim, fought apartheid call of protest meetings Hajj Ihram, equality. Still some inequality in women (Saudi Arabia) women not being able to lead prayer in a mixed congregation. Teachings are against homosexuality. Racism Equality of all races, MLK Jesus showed how important it was to treat all races as equal Agape A white person is not better than a black person, nor is a black person better than a white person Christian Muslim interfaith group. Get them working together and finding common ground. Work together to try and find peace. Bring them together around the country to build good relationships. Create safe spaces for discussions, activities. Educate and campaign for greater understanding between religions. Does money bring happiness? Yes Freedom Better opportunities Charity ability to help others Buy your basic needs Security Everything in life costs Pursue hobbies/your talents Look after your friends or family No Happiness is complex Money doesn t last forever Love, relationships are more important Make you greedy Depends how you have earnt it laziness etc. Gift from God to help others not the most important thing in life. Cannot buy your place in Heaven it is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle than for someone who is rich to enter the kingdom of God Often no gambling/lending money/no greed gaining at the expense of others. Jesus you cannot serve both God and money Must help those in need true generosity involves sacrifice God will judge on how you have helped others/shared your wealth Parable of Sheep and Goats judged on actions/helped the poor Parable of the rich man and Lazarus Tithe 10% income to charity Christian Aid Christian charity Over 60 countries Help those in need n Aims to stop poverty and challenge systems that favour the rich over the poor Fight causes of poverty Eg. Ebola medicine Building hospitals Supporting schools Supporting clean water/development Jesus promised good news for the poor and freedom for the oppressed, calling us to action. Jesus called his followers to love God and love your neighbour. Wealth and Poverty Money is a gift from Allah Humans are caretakers of Gods wealth Judge by how you use it Duty to care for the poor Zakat 2.5% - pillar of, Sadaqah Interest forbidden Gambling forbidden earning without hard work Wrong to accept money that has been made from lottery if you have saved one life it is as though you have saved all of humankind - charity And be steadfast in prayer and regular in charity O you who have believed, indeed, intoxicants, gambling. alters [to other than Allah], the work of Satan, so avoid it so that you may be successful ic Relief Aims to help those in need through Started in 1984 Works in over 40 countries Disasters Emergencies Provide long-term support with development Eg. Shelter, health care and education People donate their Zakat to the charity, or volunteer. Inspired by our ic faith and guided by our values we envisage a caring world, where communities are empowered And whoever saves one it as if he had saved all of mankind (Qur an)

12 Practice Exam Questions: Topic Families Role of Men & Women Role of Men and Women Cohabitation Purpose of Marriage Purpose of Marriage Divorce, Separation & Remarriage Sex Outside of Marriage Contraceptio n Adultery Same Sex Relationship s Issues of Relationships Question (b) Describe ways in which families are important in a faith community. [5] (b) Describe the role of women in a faith community. [5] two religious traditions, explain attitudes toward the roles of men and women in authority. [8] two religious traditions, explain attitudes to cohabitation. [8] (d) Marriage is out of date Discuss this statement showing that you have considered more than one point of view. (You must refer to religion and belief in your answer). [15] (b) Describe why marriage is important in a faith community. [5] two religious traditions, explain attitudes to divorce. [8] (d) Sex outside of marriage is acceptable today Discuss this statement showing that you have considered more than one point of view. (You must refer to religion and belief in your answer). [15] two religious traditions, explain views about contraception. [8] two religious traditions, explain attitudes to adultery. [8] (d) Same Sex Relationships are wrong Discuss this statement showing that you have considered more than one point of view. (You must refer to religion and belief in your answer). [15] Topic Origins of the Universe Origins of the Universe Our Environment Origin & Sanctity of Human Life Abortion Euthanasia The Soul The Afterlife Funerals Issues of Life and Death Question (b) Why might there be difference of belief about creation within the same religion? [5] two religious traditions, explain beliefs about the creation of the universe. [8] (d) It is our responsibility to look after the earth Discuss the statement showing that you have considered more than one point of view. (You must refer to religious and non-religious beliefs, such as those held by humanists and Atheists, in your answer). [15] two religious traditions, explain beliefs about the sanctity of human life. [8] (b) With reference to one religion you have studied, explain views about abortion. [5] (d) Euthanasia is the most loving thing to do Discuss the statement showing that you have considered more than one point of view. (You must refer to religious and nonreligious beliefs, such as those held by humanists and Atheists, in your answer). [15] (b) With reference to one religion you have studied, explain beliefs about the soul. [5] religious traditions, explain beliefs about life after death. [8] (d) Funerals are important Discuss the statement showing that you have considered more than one point of view. (You must refer to religious and non-religious beliefs, such as those held by humanists and Atheists, in your answer). [15] Topic Sin Crime & Punishment Crime & Punishment Death Penalty Death Penalty Free Will Forgiveness Problem of evil Problem of evil Issues of Good and Evil Question (c) From two different religions or religious traditions, explain beliefs about sin. [8] (b) With reference to one religion you have studied, explain views about the use of the death penalty. [5] (c) From two different religions or two religious traditions, explain views about the aims of punishment. [8] (d) The Death Penalty is murder Discuss this statement showing that you have considered more than one point of view. (You must refer to religion and beliefs in your answer). [15] (c) From two different religions or two religious traditions, explain attitudes towards the death penalty. [8] (b) With reference to one religion you have studied, explain beliefs about free will. [5] (c) From two different religions or two religious traditions, explain views about forgiveness. [8] (d) If God exists then evil and evil shouldn t Discuss this statement showing that you have considered more than one point of view. (You must refer to religion and beliefs in your answer). [15] (c) From two different religions or two religious traditions, explain views about the purpose of suffering. [8] Issues of Human Rights Topic Question Dignity of Human Life Human Rights Equality Conflict between personal conviction and the laws. Prejudice & Discrimination Prejudice & Discrimination Wealth Wealth Charities b) Describe from one religion beliefs about the dignity of human life. (c) From two different religions or two religious traditions, explain views about Human Rights. [8] (b) With reference to one religion you have studied, explain attitudes towards equality. [5] (b) Describe one example of when religious conviction has conflicted with the laws of a country. (b) Describe one example of when religious beliefs inspired action against racial prejudice and discrimination. [5] (d) Religions should do more to fight against racial prejudice and discrimination Discuss the statement showing that you have considered more than one point of view. (You must refer to religion and belief in your answer.) [15] (c) Explain from two different religions or religious traditions, attitudes towards wealth. [8] (d) Religious people should not be wealthy Discuss the statement showing that you have considered more than one point of view. (You must refer to religion and belief in your answer.) [15] (c) Explain from two different religions or religious traditions beliefs about injustice. [5]

13 QD 15 mark essay questions: Suggested writing frame Discuss the statement showing that you have considered more than one point of view. (You must refer to religion and belief in your answer.) [15] Intro - In this essay I will discuss. Religious View 1 P Most/Some/Christians may agree/disagree because they believe. E- They believe this because. E- This influences Christians to E- This argument is weak/strong because Religious View 2 P Secondly/However/Also most/some/muslims may agree/disagree because they believe. E- They believe this because. E- This influences Muslims to E- This argument is weak/strong because Relationships, Good and Evil and Human Rights Life and Death View 3 (Religious or non-religious) P Thirdly/However/Also some Atheists may agree/disagree because they believe. E- They believe this because. E- This influences them to E- This argument is weak/strong because Conclusion In conclusion, I think the weakest argument is that because In conclusion, I think the strongest argument is that. because

14 How do I use the knowledge organiser? 1. Pick one topic from the organiser, don t try to learn too much at once. Eg. For the issues of relationships unit, I d pick jusr one topic, here I have picked marriage. 2. This is a lot of information at the moment. It needs condensing. I am going to make a revision card for Christian beliefs about marriage and a separate one for their wedding ceremonies. Do not have too much on one card. Give one side a title Christian beliefs about marriage Gift Commitment - promises vows Procreation stable What God wanted/plan Jesus one flesh what God has joined together let no man separate Sacrament sacred, holy 3. Next I need to turn the information into very easy and simple notes. I do this on the other side of the card. 4. I would then read this card to myself a couple of times. I would then have other people test me and see how much I can remember. Finally, I would then turn it into a small revision poster (from memory).