Religion and Life based on a study of Christianity and at least one other religion. (You have studied Islam) Exam board: EdExcel - Unit 1

Transcription

1 100% Examination on: Religion and Life based on a study of Christianity and at least one other religion. (You have studied Islam) Exam board: EdExcel - Unit 1

2 The exam lasts for 1 hour 30 minutes. There are 4 sections on Religion and Life, from the viewpoint of Christianity and at least ONE other religion. That ONE other religion is Islam for us!! Section 1 Believing in God Answer 1 of the following: Question 1 a) b) c) d) (i) (ii) Question 2 a) b) c) d) (i) (ii) For all 4 sections, there is a choice of 2 questions. You only need to do ONE question but you must do all 4 parts of the question you choose. I.e. if you choose to do question 2, you answer a, b, c and d for that question. a) often a simple definition (a sentence, 2 examples). Worth 2 marks. b) Giving your opinion and your two reasons about an idea or controversial statement. Worth 4 marks c) Explaining an idea/theory or why a religion holds their teachings/beliefs on a topic. Worth 8 marks d) Again, a response to a statement which asks for your opinion and reasons for your opinion. Worth 3 marks. And then tests your consideration and understanding of other viewpoints. Worth 3 marks 1 st Section Believing in God: including reasons why people might believe in God such as having a religious upbringing, religious experience, such as miracles, conversion and prayer, arguments which try to prove the existence of God, such as the Design and Causation arguments; reasons why people might not believe in God such as scientific explanations of the world, the problem of evil and suffering and unanswered prayers; two programmes about religion 2 nd Section Matters of Life and Death: including Christian and Muslim beliefs about life after death, non-religious beliefs about the afterlife and reasons for non-belief in life after death; the nature of abortion and Christian and Muslim attitudes to abortion; the nature of euthanasia and the Christian and Muslim attitudes to euthanasia; and how the media deals with matters of life and death 3 rd Section Marriage and Family Life: including the changing attitudes to marriage and family life; sex outside marriage and Christian and Muslim attitudes to sex outside of marriage; divorce and Christian and Muslim attitudes to divorce; the importance of family life for Christians and Muslims; Christian and Muslim attitudes to homosexuality; Christian and Muslim attitudes to contraception 4 th Section Community Cohesion: including the changing roles of men and women; Christian and Muslim attitudes to equal rights for women in religion; the UK as a multi-ethnic society; religions and community cohesion in the UK; Christian and Muslim ideas about racial harmony; the UK as a multi-faith society; issues for religions in a multi-faith society; the media and community cohesion

3 Religious Upbringing Parents may read stories from the Bible to their children Children may attend Sunday schools Children may attend a Church school Parents may teach their children to pray Celebrating religious festivals as a family Children may be baptised Parents may help prepare their children to receive sacraments Parents may take their children to Church regularly WHY? Some Christians want to give their children what they believe is the right faith Parents may want their children to believe and hold important the same things they do Some Christians promise to raise any children they have as Christians when they get married This may lead a child to believe in God because they become familiar and used to religious ideas, meet other young people with similar beliefs and share the same experiences as others in their community. Religious Experience A religious experience is something that makes a person think that they have come into contact with God. This experience usually leads to the person having a new or increased belief in God. There are 4 different types of religious experience: Numinous Miracle Prayer Conversion.

4 Miracles A miracle is something which seems to break a law of science and makes you think only God could have done it. Christians believe God can still work miracles. Many people say incredible events in their life are a miracle. In France, Lourdes gets thousands of visitors every year hoping for a miracle. The Bible contains examples of Jesus performing miracles such as walking on water. Numinous The feeling of the presence of something greater than you. People might experience something that completely takes their breath away. It could be an amazing view. But for some, being in the presence of something awesome convinces them that something greater than them exists; that God is real. Conversion When your life is changed by giving yourself to God. Conversion is all about change. Changing from one religion to another or from no religion to following one. Conversion usually follows some life altering event that convinces an individual that there must be God. Prayer An attempt to contact God, usually through words. Many people feel they make some form of connection with God when they pray, whether they get what they ask for or not. People pray in all sorts of circumstances, out of need, comfort, thankfulness, for guidance and for others. Why religious experience might lead to belief in God It proves that God exists It changes people s lives There must be a reason why such events occur. It makes people aware of the presence of God, and that he is real Why religious experience might not lead to belief in God People might be lying about it People might be ill or under the influence of drugs or hallucinating People might be capable of these things and we are not yet aware of it Science can explain, or will be able to explain, why some things happen

5 The Design Argument An argument that tries to prove God exists based on the evidence of the world around us. The philosopher, William Paley, used the idea of design to try and prove the existence of God. He looked inside a watch and said if something so complex like this requires a designer, then (by analogy) the universe also would need a designer. The only being capable of designing the universe is God Therefore God exists. Arguments against Design are that the appearance of design could be the result of evolution; the argument only suggests a designer and does not prove God s existence; there are examples of poor design in the universe; and it is possible that it came about my chance. The Causation Argument : The argument that everything must have been started off (caused) by something else. It is used to try to prove the existence of God and is based on the evidence from the world around us. The argument was set out by the philosopher Thomas Aquinas. He argued that the first cause is God. This argument relies on something called cause and effect. Everything that happens (effect) must have something that has made it happen (cause). E.g. a row of dominos fall (effect), someone pushed the first one (cause) or a universe exists (effect), someone (God) must have made it exist (cause).

6 Problems with this argument are that a person could ask: If God caused the universe, then who caused God? The Christian answer is that no one made God, he always existed; the Causation Argument cannot be proved. Scientific Explanations There are many suggestions as to how the universe began (cosmology) based on scientific theories. The most accepted cosmology is the Big Bang Theory. Most scientists think that almost 14 billion years ago, the universe came into existence in a rapid explosion. From this Big Bang came everything that exists: atoms, planets, stars, galaxies. The evidence that the Big Bang occurred is background radiation showing the universe was once much hotter, red light or red shift (expanding light waves make red light) showing that the universe is still expanding A few Christians believe that science is wrong because it conflicts with Biblical ideas. They are called creationists.

7 Many scientists still believe God is responsible for the design of the world Only God could have made sure that the world was made as beautiful as it is The biblical story is symbolic it shows God was the creator and is not meant to be believed literally The seven days of the week in Genesis could be seven ages of time Some Christians accept the scientific theories and say they do not conflict with belief in God Scientific theories, such as the Big Bang, Steady State and Oscillating Universe, are only ideas; they have not been proven God started the Big Bang

8 The Problem of Evil Natural evil: Things which cause suffering but have nothing to do with humans. E.g. earthquake Moral evil: Actions done by humans which cause suffering to others. e.g. murder. A Christian response to this would be to say that God gave humanity free will. This means the ability and right to choose. Christians believe that evil is not a result of God, but of choices humanity makes. For God to intervene and stop evil it would mean taking away our free will and imposing his will. Unanswered Prayers Many people feel they make some form of connection with God when they pray, whether they get what they ask for or not. Some people would say that unanswered prayers are evidence that God doesn t exist or people would get answers to their prayers, particularly ones that are for the benefit of others in tragic situations around the world. Evidence that God doesn t exist Cannot be all-good and ignore prayers Would respond to believers Cannot be all-powerful and not answer everyone s prayers Christian response God is like a Father, so the answer may be no Responds in unexpected ways Some prayers are selfish, would be chaos to answer everyone

9 Religion and the Media The media (TV, radio, film, etc.) can affect a person s attitude towards religion. The Root of All Evil? is a television documentary, written and presented by Richard Dawkins, in which he argues that the world would be better off without religion. Rev is a BBC comedy about a vicar of a city parish. It shows him struggling to be a good Christian as well as a husband, etc. He is often shown to be very human. Some religious programmes show how religion can benefit the life of an individual and how it can be a positive thing. Some religious programmes can portray religion as something to laugh at and ridicule, or question God s existence. They may suggest religious believers are crazy or there is something wrong with being religious.

10 Christianity and Life After Death Resurrection: The belief that, after death, the body stays in the grave until the end of the world when it is raised. Immortality of the soul: The idea that the soul lives on after the death of the body. Christians believe in a life after death. Most believe that the soul goes to God for judgement. Those who have been good will be rewarded in heaven, and those who have been bad will go to hell. Roman Catholics also believe in a place between heaven and hell called purgatory where people s sins have to be forgiven first. My Father s house has many rooms (John 14:2) I am the resurrection and the life. (John 11:25) Jesus example Church Teaching It s in the Bible Gives purpose These beliefs will affect the way Christians live their lives. They will try to live by the teachings of the Bible and the Church because they believe they will be judged. They will try to do good work, put Christian teachings into action, and might pray to God or confess their sins.

11 Islam and Life After Death After death, the angel of death will take a person s soul to barzakh (stage between death and judgement) 1. Allah will judge the person on how they lived. On the Day of Judgement, the body will be resurrected. akhirah: The Islamic belief in life after death. 2 angels will open the book that has recorded the person's actions in their lifetime. If the person has been good, they will go to Jannah (paradise) If the person has been bad, they will go to Jahannam (Hell) 1. Why Muslims believe in life after death The Qur'an says so: All things shall in the end return to you, Lord... He who ordains death and life. It is one of the six fundamental beliefs of Islam The hadith recorded that Prophet Muhammad described life after death Belief in paradise helps a Muslim face the tests of life. How beliefs about life after death affect the lives of Muslims They follow the teaching of the Qur an They will pray five times a day (Salah) Muslims will try to fast in Ramadan (Sawm) They will follow the Sunnah the example of Prophet Muhammad They will care for others, especially other Muslims They will give to charity (Zakat) They will recognise that life is a test when they face difficulties and turn to Allah to help them

12 Non-Religious Beliefs in Life After Death NEAR-DEATH EXPERIENCES Claimed by people after they have been classed as clinically dead for a short period. They often describe feelings of peace; out of body experiences; seeing a bright light; and even meeting deceased relatives. Non Belief in Life After Death PARANORMAL Beliefs in give some people reasons to believe that the spirits, or souls, of the dead live on. Mediums claim evidence for life after death by contacting people s dead relatives and telling them things only their relatives could know. REINCARNATION Many people believe that after death the soul is re-born into a new body. People believe the memories of past lives can pass into a person s current life offering evidence for life after death. There is no evidence of an afterlife. Mediums are only tricking people. A body decays at death so there is nothing else. Afterlife is impossible.. REASONS FOR NOT BELIEVING IN LIFE AFTER DEATH Ideas of Heaven and Hell are outdated. The Bible is not relevant. Science has not proved life after death exists.

13 Abortion = the removal of a foetus from the womb before it can survive Pro-choice The belief that the woman should be the person to decide as it is her body. Whose Rights? A woman should not be forced to go through with an unwanted pregnancy, especially in rape cases Stopping abortions would make women turn to illegal back street clinics The foetus is a living growing being. To destroy it is the same as killing. Disabled children have the right to life. Adoption is an alternative. True choice would consider the choice of the baby or the father. Pro-life (antiabortion) To protect the life of the foetus. Life begins at conception.

14 Christian Teachings on Abortion Almost all Christians will not fully support abortion because of the Sanctity of Life teaching (above). But some Christians will accept that it is necessary sometimes. Abortion should sometimes be allowed Abortion is always wrong Life might not begin at conception A woman should be able to control her own body It could reduce suffering Jesus taught compassion It might be the kindest action in rape or incest cases It is a personal issue Life begins at conception Life is sacred Ending life is murder: You shall not murder. All life has value God has a plan for every human

15 Muslim Teachings on Abortion SANCTITY OF LIFE Life is sacred and a gift from Allah. Abortion must be wrong as it takes away life ENSOULMENT Life begins when Allah breathes the soul into the foetus which most Muslims believe happens at 120 days Some Muslims allow abortion in the first 16 weeks only (before ensoulment) Never allowed in situations where parents cannot look after the child because of financial reasons Some argue abortion is allowed in cases of rape Different Muslim views on abortion Unplanned pregnancy is not a reason for abortion Some Muslims think that the Hadith teaches that ensoulment is at 40 days After ensoulment, abortion is allowed if the mother s life is in danger

16 Euthanasia = the painless killing of someone dying from a painful disease. Different Forms of Euthanasia Quality of life = the idea that life must have some benefits for it to be worth living.

17 The Law Some people think euthanasia should remain illegal because: The law protects life Some might not want to die but are forced into it It is murder and all murder should be illegal Doctors should save life, not end it Some think that it should be made legal because: It gives a person choice; it allows them to practise their own free will Some people want control over what happens in their medical care If quality of life is very poor, life is not worth living It will allow medical resources to be used to help people who can recover You can refer to case studies, such as: Tony Nicklinson who had Locked-in syndrome after a serious stroke wished for his wife to help him die but not to be prosecuted for murder. He lost his case and died a week later. (2012) Also Diane Pretty, Miss B and Christopher Reeve (the Superman actor) Sir Terry Pratchett died in March He had campaigned for assisted dying after being diagnosed with Alzheimer's Disease. He argued that it was: "My life, my death, my choice."

18 Muslim attitudes to Euthanasia No one should interfere with Allah s creations Suffering is a test of faith Allah chooses how long people live Why euthanasia is always wrong for Muslims It is a Muslim s duty to care for sick and elderly All life is valuable Life is sacred, given by Allah Euthanasia is suicide which is not permitted No one dies unless God permits Those who patiently preserve will truly receive a reward without measure Qur an Some Muslims do allow terminal patients to choose not to continue with medical treatment if it causing distress. Some Muslims also agree with turning off a life-support machine if nothing more can be done

19 Christian attitudes to Euthanasia These are very similar to the Islamic ideas above: It goes against the sanctity of life It is seen as murder... You shall not murder Only God can take life Doctors or relatives might make decisions without the patient Life should be valued No one should judge the value of someone s life Hospices provide good quality pain relief, support and help to prepare the dying and their families. Media and Matters of Life and Death It is important that issues about life and death are discussed in the media because they affect everyone, people hold strong opinions and it is good to be aware of different views, they are controversial, there are often developments and the law may change. Should the media criticise religious views on these issues? - A variety of views is crucial. - Religious views may be wrong or out of date - It is important to debate views as they are always changing - Religious views should be respected - They are based on traditional teachings, such as those in the Bible - The media should present a range of ideas but not criticise A Short Stay in Switzerland is a film based on the life, illness and death of Dr Anne Turner. She ended her suffering in a Dignitas clinic in Switzerland

20 Changing Attitudes Towards Marriage and Family 1950s Most young people would not have sex until they were married. Most people would be married in a church. Most people would be married by the age of 25. People would have just one or two sexual partners in a lifetime. Most households would be a nuclear family. Divorce was uncommon and shameful Now Most babies now are born to unmarried couples. More single parent families Many people get married more than once. Some families have same-sex parents. There are many reconstituted families. A typical marriage lasts 11 years. Divorce is cheaper and more accepted. Single-parent family one parent and children Nuclear family 2 parents (mum/dad) and their children living together Types of family Extended family parents, children, grandparents, possibly aunts and uncles, living together as a family unit Reconstituted family stepfamilies which have joined together through re-marriage Same-sex family 2 same-sex parents and their children

21 Christian attitudes to Sex Outside Marriage Muslim attitudes to Sex Outside Marriage Sex outside marriage is strictly forbidden in Islam, because it is taught that: Sex should be kept special, only for marriage. Adultery is a sin and forbidden by Allah. All Muslims are encouraged to marry and enjoy sex, which is for procreation. Children should only be born in marriage. Shari'ah law gives severe penalties for anyone who has sex outside marriage.

22 Divorce = The legal separation of a married couple People are less religious so vows may be taken less seriously Different Christians have various views because of the way they interpret the Bible (see below) Divorce is easier and cheaper Reasons for different attitudes Divorce is more acceptable Women do not need to be 'looked after' People are less willing to accept bad treatment

23 Christian Views on Divorce Muslim Views on Divorce In Islam, marriage is a contract, not a promise to Allah, which means Muslims can legally get divorced. The Qur'an allows divorce. It is not liked but is a last resort. The Hadith says: The most detestable act that Allah has permitted is divorce. Family of the couple help the couple to resolve their differences 3 month waiting period. Couple live together without having sex. Husband announces 3 times in front of witnesses 'I divorce you.' No blame is attached to either party. Both are free to remarry and this is encouraged. At the end of 3 months, if wife is not pregnant, the marriage ends.

24 Family Life The family unit is the most influential social group. These relationships shape us. Family life has changed over the decades and there are many different types of family units. (See above, Types of family) In both Christianity and Islam, family life is very important. Family Life in Islam Family life is the first level of community in Islam. It is the foundation.

25 Family Life in Christianity

26 Homosexuality = The sexual attraction of one person to another person of the same gender. The law to allow same-sex marriage in England and Wales came in on 13 March 2014 Christian Attitudes to Homosexuality Christianity is divided over the views on homosexuality. There are some who say that it is wrong, some who say that homosexual activity is wrong and there are increasing numbers of Christians who believe that it should be accepted.

27 Some Conservative & Catholic Christians feel homosexual desires are not a sin. However homosexual activity is a sin and people with homosexual desires should remain celibate. Some liberal Christians believe there should be complete equality and acceptance for homosexuals provided that their relationship is a stable and loving one. Jesus said nothing about homosexuality but taught love. Some Christians believe God does not condemn people for doing what they believe is natural. Muslim Attitudes to Homosexuality The traditional teaching on homosexuality in Islam is that it is totally wrong and forbidden. This is because sex should only exist within a marriage in Islam, so any other sexual activity is forbidden. forbidden in the Qur an Punishable by death in Shari ah law A threat to society because family life is so central to Islamic society Some modern Muslims do offer support to Muslim homosexuals so they are not excluded Cannot produce children

28 Contraception = intentionally preventing pregnancy from occurring People may choose to use contraception because they have decided it is not appropriate for them to have children. This may be because: they want to plan when to a family; they think they are too young/old; one/both carries a genetic condition; their lifestyle is not compatible with having a child. Muslim Attitudes to Contraception Muslims are divided on their views about the use of contraception but all agree that children are a gift from Allah. Because sex is only permitted in marriage, contraception can only be considered by married couples. Some Muslims oppose the use of contraception... because having children is very important. Sterilisation is forbidden. Some Muslims say it is more acceptable if the family, existing children or new child would suffer. Other Muslims say it is acceptable if the life or health of the mother is put at risk, because Muhammad approved and Muslim authorities allow it. Christian Attitudes to Contraception Christians believe life comes from God. They believe God wants people to reproduce. Some think using contraception is stopping God from creating life and humans shouldn t try to stop God doing what he wants. Others believe we should be responsible and use contraception to stop unwanted pregnancies.

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30 Community Cohesion = a shared sense of belonging for all groups in society The UK as a multi-ethnic society Multi-ethnic Society = many different races and cultures living together in one society The advantages and disadvantages of living in an multi-ethnic society are: BENEFITS *People of different ethnic groups will form relationships and bring more peace. *More progress will happen due to more people with different ideas. *Life is more interesting with a greater variety of food, music and culture. *UK has highly skilled workforce from migrants PROBLEMS *Cultural differences can lead to clashes, e.g. Oldham race riots *Ignorance can lead to racial discrimination, e.g. being turned down for job *Racism and discrimination can lead to groups like the BNP stirring up hatred. Passing laws such as the Race Relations Act (1976) and the Crime and Disorder Act (1998) and the Race and Religious Hatred Act (2006) which make it illegal to discriminate against people or encourage hatred due to race or religion.

31 The government tries to encourage all people in the UK to live and work together peacefully by: getting different communities to live together; getting people to appreciate and value differences; making strong and positive relationships; ensuring equal opportunities for all. Religions are working to promote community cohesion in the UK by: working together to promote Community Cohesion meeting together to complete community projects holding open days to educate people of different faiths representatives working with the government on policies producing booklets to help others understand their beliefs joining interfaith groups supporting events like Interfaith Week raising money for charities together

32 Racial Harmony = different races/colours living happily together Islam and Racial Harmony Islam is expected to promote racial harmony because of passages in the Qur an, the teachings (Hadith) and example (Sunnah) of the Prophet Muhammad and the idea of Ummah I am the Messenger of Allah to you all We have created you... peoples and tribes that you may know one another. the diversity of your tongues and colours. Surely there are signs in this for all mankind. Qur an All people are equal... as the teeth of a comb All Allah s creatures are His family. Hadith Muhammad said in his last sermon: Learn that every Muslim is a brother to every Muslim and that the Muslims constitute one brotherhood. Muhammad also chose Bilal, a black African Muslim, to call people to prayer. Ummah which is the brotherhood of Islam is an important idea. Muslims show unity by standing shoulder to shoulder in prayer and when they go on the pilgrimage Hajj to Makkah.

33 Christianity and Racial Harmony All Christians believe racism is wrong as the Bible teaches that everyone is equal. So the Christian churches have united to fight racism. The Parable of the Good Samaritan teaches that people should follow God's command to love one another, not judge others and not treat others badly because they are different. From one human being he created all races on earth and made them live throughout the whole earth." (Acts) "So God created human beings, making them to be like himself." (Genesis) God treats everyone on the same basis." (Acts) Jesus encountered people of other races and there is evidence that he mixed with them freely. All Christians believe racism is wrong as the Bible teaches that everyone is equal. There are examples of modern Christian leaders who have campaigned against racism. For example, Archbishop Desmond Tutu worked for equality in South Africa whilst Nelson Mandela was in prison. Archbishop Dr John Sentamu campaigns against racism and all forms of discrimination because he has been a victim of racist hate mail. Also Martin Luther King fought for equal rights for black people in America because of his Christian belief that all people should be treated equally.

34 Multi-Faith Society Multi-faith society = Where people of different faiths live together in one society. Religious pluralism = Accepting all religions as equally valid and correct and can all coexist. Religious freedom = the right to practise and change your religion. As the UK has become more multi-ethnic, it has also become a more multi-faith society. It encourages religious pluralism and offers religious freedom to all. There have been challenges such as some people not always being understanding towards the beliefs of others; examples of religious hatred; tension between religious groups and the beliefs of some religious groups being ignored. However, there are many benefits to a multi-faith society. Do not see other religions as a threat, but can join in with the fun Can experience other religions first hand rather than from prejudiced reports Working together to share festivals and other religious times Increased understanding reduces conflict The many benefits of living in a multi-faith society No one faith can control the views of the population Development of interfaith marriage ceremonies Encouragement of bringing children up in more than 1 faith People can freely worship as they wish

35 Issues for a Multi-Faith Society Conversion: one group of religious believers may try to convert another to their faith, which could cause conflict Issues raised for multi-faith society Interfaith marriage: when 2 members of different religions get married, which may cause conflict between families Raising children: within interfaith marriages, both parents may want to raise the children in their own faith. This might cause confusion. Exclusive Some Christians are exclusive, this means they believe only those people who follow Jesus, and live by his teachings, will go to heaven. They might try to convert others. Paths to God Inclusive Some Christians believe you should only go to heaven by accepting Jesus, and his teachings, but, some non-christians may also be able to go to heaven. Religious Pluralism Accepting all religions as equally valid and correct. Hick pictures religion like mountain paths. People take different routes. Community Cohesion in the Media The media deals with religious and community cohesion issues. The news might present issues of public concern but must not encourage racism; discussion programmes have debates on religious themes; soap operas often promote understanding on an issue in society; and documentaries deal with controversial issues. The film, Bend it Like Beckham, portrays Sikhs living in a multi-faith environment. Sikh values are seen as positive;. Jesminda lives a normal British live in many ways, playing football and doing school work. The film laughs at both cultures, showing how life is difficult for parents and teenagers in both cultures. It is the difficulties between generations which cause problems, not between religious groups. It shows how people can get on together and share interests. It shows that we have more in common than differences. It shows that the problems can be overcome if we listen to each other.

36 Gender Equality Equality = The state of everyone having equal rights. Changing role of Women Changing role of Men Traditionally women had stayed at home to look after the children During the World Wars. Women had to take on the jobs of men Women were given the right to vote Then women given equal pay rights Traditionally men had gone out to work to provide for the family Men will now have a more active role in raising children and in the home Men are more willing to do tasks and jobs that had been seen as women s work. Why have the roles changed? Easier to divorce from 1969 Availability of contraception from 1960s Sex Discrimination Act 1975 Paid paternity leave from 2011 UN Declaration of Human Rights includes equality for all no matter of race or gender. Equality now? Men and women have equal rights Inequalities still exist Girls achieve higher grades in exams Men can earn 17% more than women for same job

37 Religious Attitudes to Equal Rights for Women Christian Attitudes to Equal Rights for Women Most Christians believe men and women are equal whilst Catholic Christians believe they are equal but were given different roles by God.

38 Muslim Attitudes to Equal Rights for Women In Islam, the traditional attitude is that men and women have different roles because the Qur'an teaches that men should support women and provide for family. But the modern attitude is that both sexes have equal rights because the Qur'an teaches men and women are equal in religion and education. There were women religious leaders in the early days of Islam. There are many effective female imams around the world. It is written in a Hadith: "All people are equal... as the teeth of a comb." Equal but different? Men The Qur'an says that men should protect women. Women Required to have children. Men should provide for their wife and children. Should dress modestly in loose clothing from naval to knee. Expected to look after the home and children. Should dress modestly in loose clothing. Should attend the mosque for prayer. Are not expected to attend the Mosque for prayer, but many do. Worship separately.

39 The (a) question always asks for the simplest form of knowledge and for you to give the meaning of a key word. It is worth 2 marks. Learn the keywords Section 1 Believing in God Agnosticism : Not being sure if god exists or not. Atheist : Believing that God does not exist. Conversion: Changing from one religion to another or from not following a religion to following one. Free Will: The idea that humans are free to make their own choices. Miracle: Something that breaks the laws of science and makes you think only God could have done it. Moral Evil: Actions done by humans which cause suffering. Natural Evil: Things which cause suffering but were not caused by humans. Numinous: The feeling of the presence of something greater than you. Omnipotent: The belief that God is all-powerful. Omniscient: The belief that God is all-knowing. Omnibenevolent: The belief that God is all-good and kind. Prayer: An attempt to communicate with God, usually through words.

40 Section 2 Matters of Life and Death Abortion: the removal of a foetus from the womb before it can survive. Assisted Suicide: helping a seriously ill person to commit suicide. Euthanasia: bringing about a premature but painless and gentle death. Immortality of the Soul: the idea that the soul lives on after death. Near-Death Experience: when someone about to die has an out of body experience. Non-Voluntary Euthanasia: ending someone s life painlessly in their best interest when they are incapable of requesting death themselves. Paranormal: unexplained things which are thought to have spiritual causes e.g. ghosts, mediums. Quality of Life: the idea that life must feel like it is worth living. Reincarnation: when souls, after death, are reborn in a new body. Resurrection: when after death, the body stays in the grave until the end of the world when it is raised. Sanctity of Life: the belief that life is holy and comes from God. Voluntary Euthanasia: ending life painlessly when someone in great pain requests death.

41 Section 3 Marriage and Family Life Adultery: A sexual act between a married person and someone other than their marriage partner. Civil Partnership: A legal ceremony giving a homosexual couple similar legal rights as a husband and wife. Cohabitation: Living together without being married. Contraception: Living together without being married. Faithfulness: Staying with your marriage partner and having sex only with them. Homosexuality: Sexual attraction to the same sex. Nuclear Family: Mother, father and children living as a unit. Pre-marital Sex: Having sex before marriage. Procreation: To bring about a new life in the form of a child. Promiscuity: Having sex with a number of partners without commitment. Re-constituted Family: Where two sets of children (stepbrothers/sisters) become one family when their divorced parents marry each other. Re-marriage: Marrying again after being divorced from a previous marriage.

42 Section 4 Community Cohesion Community Cohesion: A shared sense of belonging for all groups in society. Prejudice: Believing some people are inferior or superior without even knowing them. Discrimination: Treating people unfairly because of their race, colour, gender, class, age, etc. Ethnic Minority: An ethnic group smaller than the majority group. Sexism: Discriminating against people because of their gender (sex). Racism: Discriminating against people because of their race or colour. Multi-Ethnic Society: Where different races and cultures live together in one society. Racial Harmony: A society where different ethnic groups live together happily. Multi-Faith Society: Where people of different faiths live together in one society. Religious Freedom: The right to practice your religion and change your religion if you want to. Religious Pluralism: Accepting all religions as equally valid and correct and can all coexist. Interfaith Marriage: Marriage where each partner is from a different religion.

43 The (a) question - this will be the definition of a keyword, worth 2 marks, only write a short sentence Partly correct answer 1 mark e.g. What is atheism? (2) Correct answer 2 marks The (b) question this will be a question asking for 2 reasons for your opinion e.g. Do you think abortion should be legal? Do you agree? Give two reasons for your point of view. (4) Level 1 Your opinion + brief reason 1 mark Level 2 Your opinion + 2 brief reasons 2 marks OR Your opinion + 1 expanded reason Level 3 Your opinion + 1 brief reason and 1 expanded reason 3 marks Level 4 Your opinion + 2 expanded reason 4 marks The (c) question this question tests your understanding, it does not ask for your opinion. Starting with Explain how / why... Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 One brief reason Not explaining but describing the issue Two brief reasons OR One expanded reason Three brief reasons OR One fully-developed reason OR Two reasons with one expanded Four brief reasons OR Two expanded reasons OR Three reasons with one expanded 1-2 mark 3-4 marks 5-6 marks 7-8 marks The (d) question again asking for your opinion and reasons about an issue as well as alternative views and reasons. It will have a statement then... Do you agree? Give reasons for your answer. (3 marks) Explain why some people may disagree with you (3 marks) Level 1 One brief reason 1 mark Level 2 Two brief reasons 2 marks OR One expanded reason Level 3 Three brief reasons OR One fully-developed reason OR Two expanded reasons OR Three brief reasons 3 marks

44 Sample questions to test yourself: (a) questions worth 2 marks use the keywords list (above) to test yourself What is sanctity of life? What does numinous mean? What is pre-marital sex? What does religious pluralism mean? What is meant by interfaith marriage? What is immortality of the soul? What does adultery mean? (b) questions worth 4 marks for each one you are asked: Do you think that...? Give two reasons for your point of view.... all religious people should accept divorce.... religious people do enough to combat racism.... Christians must believe in life after death.... men and women can never be equal, biology has fixed that. '... Muslims should never allow euthanasia.... the causation argument proves there is a God. (c) questions - worth 8 marks Explain why abortion is a controversial issue. Choose one religion other than Christianity and explain why its followers should work to create racial harmony. Explain why the scientific explanations of the origins of the world may lead some people not to believe in God. Explain how an issue of religion or community cohesion was tackled by one form of the media. Explain why unanswered prayers may cause some people to believe that God does not exist and some to remain believers. Explain why followers of one religion other than Christianity believe in life after death. (d) questions worth 6 marks for each one you are asked: (i) Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion and (ii) Give reasons why some people may disagree with you and to refer to at least one religion Euthanasia is just another name for murder.' Christians don't believe in sex outside of marriage.' Making laws to outlaw racism is the best way to encourage community cohesion. Capital punishment can never be fair. Promoting community cohesion is the best thing a religion can do. God should not allow evil and suffering to happen. Programmes and films cannot affect a person's beliefs in God.

45 EdExcel Religious Studies The (a) question KEYWORDS: Partially correct definition/answer Correct answer 1 mark 2 marks The (b) question OPINIONS: LEVEL 1 Your opinion + brief reason 1 mark LEVEL 2 Your opinion + two brief reasons 2 marks Your opinion + one expanded reason LEVEL 3 Your opinion + one brief and one 3 marks expanded reason LEVEL 4 Your opinion + two expanded reasons 4 marks The (c) question LEVEL 1 LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3 LEVEL 4 EXPLANATION: One brief reason Not explaining but describing the issue Two brief reasons One expanded reason Three brief reasons Two reasons with one expanded One fully-developed reason Four brief reasons Two expanded reasons Three reasons with one expanded 1-2 marks 3-4 marks 5-6 marks 7-8 marks The (d) question EVALUATION: LEVEL 1 Opinion + brief reason 1 mark LEVEL 2 Opinion + two brief reasons 2 marks Opinion + one expanded reason LEVEL 3 Opinion + one brief and one expanded reason Opinion + three brief reasons 3 marks Do You Know? A and C questions are about KNOWLEDGE What do you think? B and D questions are about your OPINIONS