Edexcel GCSE Religious Studies

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1 Edexcel GCSE Religious Studies Unit 1: Religion and Life IMPORTANT DATES Mock Exam: 2 nd December 2014 Real Exam: 11 th May (am) Name: Form: Teacher: Room: 1 P a g e

2 The A question The simplest form of knowledge appears in the (a) part of the question and ask you to give the meaning of a keyword. That is easy!!! Check your knowledge of the keywords that you have already learnt. This should be no more than two sentences - maximum. How to mark your answer Partially Correct Fully Correct One Mark Two Marks The B question - Asking for your point of view with two reasons. Give a definition of the key term or issue and then two views, outlined clearly. E.g. Firstly, I think... Secondly I think... Mark your answer Level 1 *Your opinion and brief reason 1 mark Level 2 *Your opinion and two brief reasons 2 marks Level 3 *Your opinion and ONE brief reason and ONE expanded reason 3 marks Level 4 *Your opinion and TWO expanded reasons using key terms 4 marks The C question This question carries the most marks on the paper. This is the question to look at when you are considering which section to complete. Start with a definition of the key term/issue and then go on to explain the religious beliefs /teachings. Do NOT give your own view in this answer. Level 1 *One brief reason that describes the issue 1 2 marks Level 2 *Two brief reasons 3 4 marks *One expanded reason Level 3 *One fully developed reason 5 6 marks *Two reasons with ONE fully developed *Including key terms and religious beliefs/teachings Level 4 *Two expanded reasons *Three reasons with ONE fully developed *Including key terms and religious beliefs/teachings/evidence 7 8 marks The D question Here you are asked about something and then what people who disagree with you think. Level 1 One brief reason 1 mark Level 2 One expanded reason 2 marks Or Two brief reasons Level 3 Two expanded reasons Three brief reasons 3 marks The marking grid shows that it is worth giving at least two reasons to support your view, and the more you can explain them the better Remember to include reasons from Christianity or Islam in at least one part of your answer you cannot get above 3 marks overall. There are practise questions throughout this pack try them and then mark them! 2 P a g e

3 Unit 1: Religion and Life Topic 1: Believing in God Can you? RED AMBER GREEN 1. Define agnosticism, atheism, theism 2. Describe at least 3 features of a religious upbringing 3. Explain how a religious upbringing may lead to a belief in God 4. Give your own opinion on whether a religious upbringing is a good thing 5. Define numinous experiences, miracles, prayer, conversion with examples 6. Explain how different religious experiences can lead to belief in God 7. List at least 2 arguments for and against religious experiences 8. Describe examples of design in the world, define the word analogy 9. Explain how the design argument may to a belief in God 10. List at least 2 arguments for and against the design argument 11. Describe the meaning of causation 12. Explain how the causation argument may to a belief in God 13. List at least 2 arguments for and against the causation argument 14. Define the Big Bang theory, evolution, natural selection 15. Explain how science may lead people to atheism 16. Give your own views on the origins of the universe, and two reasons why someone might disagree 17. Explain two different Christian responses to scientific explanations of the world 18. Give your own view on whether someone can believe in science and religion 19. Why unanswered prayers may lead some people not to believe in God? 20. How Christians respond to the problem of unanswered prayers? 21. Explain why evil and suffering may lead some people not to believe in God. 22. Explain how one religion responds to the problem of evil and suffering. 23. How two television and/or radio programmes and/or films about religion may affect a person s attitude to belief in God. Key Words (circle the ones which need work) agnosticism atheism conversion miracle numinous prayer causation analogy big bang natural selection literal interpretation non-literal interpretation Genesis creationists evolution Omnibenevolent Omniscient Omnipotent Natural Evil Moral Evil This unit is the ONLY unit where you are required to study one religion i.e. Christianity. In all the other units you need to know both Christian and Muslim views 3 P a g e

4 .1: Believing in God TASK: Cover up column 1 and read the definition. Say the key word and check you are right. When you have got all the key words right, cover up column 2. Give the definition for each key word. Don t stop until you know all these words perfectly! Key words are worth 8% of your GCSE. agnosticism atheism conversion free will miracle moral evil natural evil numinous omnibenevolent omnipotent omniscient prayer not being sure whether God exists believing that God does not exist when your life is changed by giving yourself to God the idea that human beings are free to make their own choices something which seems to break a law of science and makes you think only God could have done it actions done by humans which cause suffering things which cause suffering but have nothing to do with humans the feeling of the presence of something greater than you the belief that God is all-good / loving the belief that God is all-powerful the belief that God knows everything that has happened and everything that is going to happen an attempt to contact God, usually through words 4 P a g e

5 Why do some people believe in God? Religious Upbringing and belief in God Many people are religious because they were brought up by their parents to believe in God. In Christianity they would probably have experienced some of the following: being baptised (Your parents and god parents promise to raise you as a Christian) being taught to worship and pray by their parents (you will assume you are praying to something) being taken to Sunday School to learn more about God (you will be taught Bible stories) being taken to church especially at Easter and Christmas (Surrounded by people that confirm your faith) some Christians send their children to Church Schools (everyone in the community will share your faith) Practice Exam Questions: a) Name TWO features of a religious upbringing. (2) b) Do you think children should follow the same religion as their parents? Give two reasons for your point of view (4) c) Explain how a religious upbringing may lead a person to believe in God. (8) d) A religious upbringing forces children to believe in God Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion (3) Give reasons why people may disagree with you (3) Religious Experience and belief in God Most people find that their religious upbringing leads them to believe in God and then their religious experience supports their belief. Religious experience is when someone feels they are in contact with God. There are 4 different types of religious experience (You should be able to describe and give examples of them.) 1. The numinous the feeling of the presence of something greater than you, for example when you are in a church or cathedral, when you are praying or when you look at the stars. 5 P a g e

6 2. Conversion when someone s life is changed by religion or by giving themselves to God. In the Bible, Saul is a Roman who persecutes Christians. On the road to Damascus he sees a heavenly light and falls to the ground. He hears Jesus voice and converts to Christianity. He is renamed Paul (and later becomes a saint!) (Acts 9:4-5) 3. Miracles when something happens that can only be explained by God (breaks a law of science) 4. Prayers being answered when someone asks God for something and it happens (e.g. praying for someone who has cancer and they get better). Practice Exam Questions: b) Do you think religious experiences are good evidence for Gods existence? Give two reasons for your point of view(4) c) Explain how a religious upbringing may lead someone to believe in God. (8) d) 'You don't have to belong to a religion to have a religious experience.' Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion (3) Give reasons why people may disagree with you (3) Miracles (In more detail) Most religious people believe that a miracle is something which breaks the laws of nature/science and can only be explained by God. Miracles like this happened in the Bible when Jesus healed lepers, made blind people see, walked on water and raised the dead. A more recent miracle happened at the village of Lourdes when in 1858, a 14 year old peasant girl called Bernadette Soubirous said that a lady had spoken to her. This happened 17 more times. Roman Catholics believe the lady was the Virgin Mary. Many healings and miracles have taken place in the Lourdes water spring since the event. Many religious believers think that miracles still happen today. Quite often at Christian healing services, people are healed after being prayed for. Religious people believe that miracles happen because: They believe in God and God must be able to perform miracles as God is omnipotent They believe in holy books like the Bible which describe miracles They have seen miracles happen They believe people who have seen miracles happen 6 P a g e

7 Reasons people do not believe that miracles happen: Science has explained past miracles and will go onto explain others in the future Illusionists make a living by tricking people into seeing things that are not real there People may lie for attention or money TASK: In each box, write type of religious experience, and example and briefly explain how it leads to belief. One type of religious experience is: For example: This leads to belief in God because.. One type of religious experience is: For example: This leads to belief in God because.. One type of religious experience is: For example: This leads to belief in God because.. One type of religious experience is: For example: This leads to belief in God because.. Experience of the world and belief in God Design Many people look at the world, the solar system, and the universe and feel that it all appears to be designed: The way DNA in a tiny human egg has the design for a person How animals are so perfectly suited to their environment (like a polar bear) The way things seem designed to look beautiful, like a sunset or starry sky The way the laws of science worked to make the universe, the earth and human beings. If something is designed, it must have a designer and only God is powerful enough to design something as huge and complicated as the universe. Remember: William Paley compares the world to a watch. The watch shows such intricate design and purpose it cannot have just appeared from nowhere. It must have had a watch 7 P a g e

8 maker who designed and made it. Similarly the world shows such design and purpose it must have a world maker i.e. God Remember this is an analogy! Paley doesn t think God designs watches! Weaknesses of this argument: This argument ignores the evidence of lack of design in the universe, for example earthquakes and diseases. If God is real, why did he design a world with these in them? So-called Design could just be the result of millions of years of evolution and change Even if this argument shows the universe has a designer, it doesn t prove that designer is God Practice exam Questions: b) Do you think God designed the world? Give two reasons for your point of view (4) c) Explain how the appearance of design in the world may lead to or support belief in God. (8) d) The world is full of evidence for God s existence. Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion (3) Give reasons why people may disagree with you (3) Causation Other people look at the world and see that everything seems to have a cause. A tree is caused to exist by a seed which comes from a tree, which comes from a seed and so on. However, we can t keep going in circles like this; every causal chain must have a beginning. Similarly the universe must have a beginning, something that has always existed to create it and start everything in motion. Only God could have always existed and have had the power to create the universe. Therefore God exists. Even if the Big bang created the universe you could still argue it was God that created the gases and the Big Bang in the first place! Weaknesses of this argument: Why should the causes stop at God? If everything needs a cause then God must need a cause Maybe the universe is eternal and it doesn t need a creator The argument doesn t prove that the first cause was God Many people believe the first cause was the Big Bang, and God had nothing to do with it 8 P a g e

9 Practice exam questions: b) Do you think God is the cause of the universe? Give two reasons for your point of view (4) c)explain how the argument from causation may lead to belief in God (8) d) The argument from causation proves that God exists Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion (3) Give reasons why people may disagree with you (3) TASK: Use your notes on the previous pages to summarise briefly each reason for believing in God (you can use words and pictures). Then bullet point arguments against each one. Religious Upbringing Summary Counterarguments (arguments against it) Argument from Religious Experience Design Argument Argument from Causation 9 P a g e

10 Why do some people believe that God doesn't exist? Scientific Explanations of the world and atheism Science explains the existence of the world using the Big Bang theory; the idea that 15 billion years ago the matter of the universe became so compressed that it produced a huge explosion. The evidence for this is the Red Shift Effect where the red shift in light from other galaxies is evidence that the universe is expanding. Science explains the existence of humans, animals and plant life through the theory of evolution. This is the idea that all life forms have developed from more primitive ones and they have changed and adapted over time to suit their environments (this is called Natural Selection). The evidence for this is found in the different fossils and skeletons that have been discovered and seeing how they have changed over time. How can these theories lead to atheism or agnosticism? Science can explain where the world came from without any reference to God. These theories also have physical evidence to support them, unlike the Genesis creation story. How do Christians respond to scientific explanations of the universe? Strict EVANGELICAL Christians believe science is wrong and the Bible is right. They do not believe that the evidence is convincing. They think the Bible is literally true (literal interpretation) and that God made everything in 6 days. Some less strict ROMAN CATHOLICS and CHURCH OF ENGLAND Christians believe both the scientific explanations and the Bible are correct. They believe God caused the Big Bang and God let evolution happen, after making the first life. The main points of the Bible fit with science. When God said Let there be light it is a direct reference to the Big Bang and the order in which God creates life as described in Genesis plants, trees, fish, birds, animals, humans is the same order as described in the theory of evolution. They believe the Bible can be interpreted (non-literal interpretation). 10 P a g e

11 Task: Views on creation It is possible to group some of these opinions together. Create a key and mark each of the reasons to show what group it belongs to. KEY: Atheist science view Non-literal religious interpretation (Most Church of England Christians and some RCC) Literal interpretation (also known as creationist) (Most Evangelical Christians) a) The Big Bang theory is all we need to understand the world. b) When Genesis says God said, let there be light this could be speaking about the Big Bang. c) The six days of the Bible could represent millions of years of time. d) The only true story is the Bible, and it is word-for-word true. g) Christians shouldn t believe science. e) When god makes animals in stages in Genesis, this could be referring to evolution. h) God could have been the cause that created the Big Bang. f) The Bible is the Word of God and can t be changed. i) There is no reason to read the Bible Story now we have evidence from science. Practice exam questions: b) Do you think science shows that God did not design the world? Give two reasons for your point of view (4) c) Choose one religion and explain how its followers respond to scientific explanations of the world (8) d) The universe could only have been made by God Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion (3) Give reasons why people may disagree with you (3) The Problem of Evil and Suffering Many people find it difficult to believe in God because there is evil and suffering in the world. They would argue in this way: If God is good (benevolent), he can't want evil and suffering in his world If God is all knowing (omniscient), he is aware of all the suffering in the world If God is all-powerful (omnipotent), he must be able to remove evil and suffering from the world God hasn't removed evil and suffering from the world, so either he is not good, or he is not all powerful, or God doesn't exist 11 P a g e

12 Practice exam Questions: b) Do you think evil and suffering show that God does not exist? Give two reasons for your point of view (4) c) Explain why evil and suffering are a problem for those who believe in God. (8) d) If God really loved us, he would not allow suffering. Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion (3) Give reasons why people may disagree with you (3) How do Christians respond to the problem of Evil and Suffering? Genesis 1-3 is the story of Adam and Eve, the snake (the devil) and eating the forbidden fruit. This explains evil and suffering because Evil happens because God has given human free will. Sometimes we use this free will to do evil and cause suffering to others. Adam had the choice of whether to follow God or do the wrong thing. This view says that suffering is the fault of humans not God. Evil happens when people are tempted by the devil. Just like the snake tempted Eve. God made the world perfect but suffering entered the world when humans turned away from God. After the Original Sin death entered the world, men had control over women and there would be pain in child birth. Other important ideas from the Bible: Suffering is a test from God. This is shown in the story of Job (Job keeps his faith after suffering and is given back everything he lost and more!) Christians should respond to suffering by trying to help those who were suffering. They would do this by: Praying for those who suffer Working in hospitals, hospices, in groups like Christian Aid or the Salvation Army Raising money for those who help those who are suffering. Practice Exam Questions: b) Do you think God allows us to suffer? Give two reasons for your point of view (4) c) Name ONE religion and explain how its followers respond to the problem of evil and suffering. (8) d) Evil and suffering in the world prove that God does not exist Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion (3) Give reasons why people may disagree with you (3) 12 P a g e

13 How unanswered prayers may lead to atheism or agnosticism Not feeling God s presence when you pray: This may make people question if God is listening to them or if in fact God is really there. Prayers not being answered: God is meant to be an omnibenevolent (all-loving) heavenly father who answers our prayers. If your prayer goes unanswered you may wonder about a God that answers some prayers and not others. If a person is praying for a good thing, like an end to famine and it doesn t happen they may question if there is a God at all. God is supposed to be omniscient (all-knowing) so surely he should know what we are praying for, and be there listening to our prayers? God is supposed to be omnipotent so should have the power to make whatever you pray for happen. How do Christians respond to the problem of unanswered prayers? God does hear all prayers but 1. If you pray for something selfish it would be wrong of God to answer 2. God may answer your pray but in a way you would not expect he works in mysterious ways! 3. God will not just give you what you ask for; rather God will give you only what you need 4. God will only answer prayers that help to make his plan for the world happen 5. It is impossible to try to understand the mind of God we should just accept his decision Practice Exam Questions: b) Do you think unanswered prayers prove that God does not exist? Give two reasons for your point of view (4) c) Explain why unanswered prayers may lead some people to become atheist(8) d) God always answers prayers Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion (3) Give reasons why people may disagree with you (3) 13 P a g e

14 How can programmes about religion affect a person s belief in God? You have watched two programmes/films about religion or some aspect of it. For the exam you need to be able to summarise key events in the programmes and consider which parts may have encouraged belief in God and which parts may have discouraged belief. Songs of Praise Ways it could encourage belief in God You see lots of people singing, praising and worshipping God: surely they can t all be wrong? People talk about their experiences of a Christian life and how God has helped them in life. The words of the hymns and songs are uplifting and inspiring. Ways it could discourage belief in God The people shown are usually quite old. It might make young people think that being religious isn t cool. It doesn t represent multi-ethnic Christianity in Britain. Most people on the show are white. This might discourage people from different backgrounds to believe in God. The songs are very traditional. It makes Christianity seem stuffy and boring. Bruce Almighty The film Bruce Almighty deals with issues surrounding unanswered prayers and Gods involvement in suffering. Bruce is given Gods powers to see how he deals with these issues. The film shows that it is people who create suffering through misuse of freewill and that if God answered all prayers chaos would ensue. Ways it could encourage belief in God The film shows reasons why God might not answer everyone's prayers. God gives Bruce the freedom to make mistakes. God is a loving father who allows humans to learn. Ways it could discourage belief in God People suffer in the film and it's difficult to believe that an all-loving God will allow people to suffer. The miracles that Bruce performs show how silly the idea of miracles is. God is supportive when Bruce is in trouble. The film is a comedy about God and shows that people take religion too seriously. 14 P a g e

15 Practice Exam Questions: b) Do you think programmes about religion can affect your belief in God? Give two reasons for your point of view (4) c) Choose one programme about religion and explain how it might affect someone s belief about God. (8) d) Religious programmes on the television or radio encourage you to believe in God Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion (3) Give reasons why people may disagree with you (3) TASK: Read through the answers and explain why they would receive full marks. What does the word omnipotent mean? (2) God is all-powerful. Do you think evil and suffering show that God does not exist? Give two reasons for your point of view (4) I believe that evil and suffering do show that God does not exist. Firstly if God is all loving (as religious people claim) he would not want us to suffer. He is also aware when we do suffer (as he is all-knowing) and he is all-powerful so he could prevent or end our suffering. So God has the means and the inclination to end suffering; so why is it still there? The only answer for me is because there is no God! Secondly, religious books like the Bible claim that God made the world. As a loving creator it would follow that he made the world a safe and suitable place for his creation to live in. So if God designed the world why are there so many natural disasters? Why did God design the world where the earth s plates don t fit together causing earthquakes that kill so many people? For me this is another reason to not believe in God at all! This would receive full marks because. 15 P a g e

16 Topic 1: End of Revision Quick-fire Quiz 1. What does agnostic mean? 2. What does atheist mean? 3. Name four features of a religion upbringing. 4. What is a numinous experience? 5. Give an example of a miracle. 6. What is a conversion experience? 7. Give two examples of things that look designed in the world. 8. Who came up with analogy of the watch? 9. What is natural selection? 10. Summarise the causation argument in a sentence. 11. Give one argument against the causation argument. 12. When do scientists think the Big Bang happened? 13. What is the name for Christians who believe the world was made in 6 days, as described in Genesis? 14. Briefly explain how some Christians can believe in the Big Bang AND God. 15. What does omnipotent mean? 16. What does omniscient mean? 17. What does omnibenevolent mean? 18. Name one story from the Bible that Christians use to explain the existence of suffering. 19. Give two ways that Songs of Praise might not lead to a belief in God. 20. Give two ways that Bruce Almighty might lead to a belief in God. 16 P a g e

17 Topic 2: Matters of Life and Death Can you? RED AMBER GREEN 1. Explain why Christians belief in life after death 2. Explain how these beliefs would affect a Christian s life 3. Explain what Christians think happens when we die 4. Explain why Muslims belief in life after death 5. Explain how these beliefs would affect a Muslim s life 6. Explain what Muslims think happens when we die 7. Give your own view on life after death 8. Define paranormal, reincarnation, near-death experience and describe examples 9. Give a definition of abortion 10. Describe the law in the UK on abortion 11. Explain 2 different Christian attitudes on abortion 12. Explain 2 different Muslim attitudes to abortion 13. Give a definition of euthanasia and assisted suicide 14. Explain the difference between voluntary and non-voluntary euthanasia 15. Describe the UK law about euthanasia 16. Explain the difference between sanctity of life and quality of life Key Words Abortion Assisted suicide Euthanasia Immortality of the soul Non-voluntary euthanasia Voluntary euthanasia Near-death experience Paranormal Sanctity of life Quality of life Resurrection Reincarnation Akhirah Hadith Jannah / Jahannam 17 P a g e

18 TASK: Cover up column 1 and read the definition. Say the key word and check you are right. When you have got all the key words right, cover up column 2. Give the definition for each key word. Don t stop until you know all these words perfectly! Key words are worth 8% of your GCSE. abortion assisted suicide euthanasia immortality of the soul the removal of a foetus from the womb before it can survive providing a seriously ill person with the means to commit suicide the painless killing of someone dying from a painful disease the idea that the soul lives on after the death of the body near-death experience when someone about to die has an out of body experience non-voluntary euthanasia paranormal quality of life reincarnation resurrection sanctity of life voluntary euthanasia ending someone s life painlessly when they are unable to ask, but you have good reason for thinking they would want you to do so unexplained things which are thought to have spiritual causes e.g. ghosts, mediums the idea that life must have some benefits for it to be worth living the belief that, after death, souls are reborn in a new body the belief that, after death, the body stays in the grave until the end of the world when it is raised the belief that life is holy and belongs to God ending life painlessly when someone in great pain asks for death Section 1.2: Matters of life a 18 P a g e

19 What does Christianity teach about life after death? There are two main ideas: Resurrection and immortality of the soul. (See key words for explanations) Christians believe God will reward the good and punish the bad in some kind of life after death. So life after death gives their lives meaning and purpose. All Christians believe in life after death because: Jesus rose from the dead. The New Testament is full of references to his resurrection St Paul teaches that people will be resurrected like Jesus (1 Corinthians 15) Jesus taught he would come again at the end of the world All major churches teach there is life after death Some believe in life after death because of the evidence of the paranormal The book of Revelation teaches that at the end of the world the dead will be raised and brought before God for judgement How do these beliefs affect their lives? Christians will try to live good lives in order to get into heaven. They will follow the commandments such as loving God and their neighbour. They will attend church and mass on Sundays. They will try to help others in need as they are taught by Jesus in the parable of the Sheep and the Goats. He tells them to feed the hungry, cloth the naked, befriend strangers and visit the sick and those in prison. Some Christians do not want to be cremated because they believe in resurrection of the body (not just spirit). Practice exam Questions: b) Do you think Christians are right to believe in Life after Death? Give two reasons for your point of view (4) d) Explain why Christians believe in life after death. (8) d) Christians only believe in life after death because they are scared of dying Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion (3) Give reasons why people may disagree with you (3) 19 P a g e

20 What does Islam teach about Life after death? Like many Christians, Muslims believe that when people die their body stays in the grave until the end of the world (the Last Day) when Allah will raise everyone and judge them. Those who have been good Muslims will go to heaven; those who haven't will go to hell. Muslims believe this because: It is what the Qur an says and the Qur an is the word of God Muhammad taught there is a life after death It makes sense of life (especially when the bad are not punished and the good are not rewarded) It is the reward for passing the test of life These beliefs mean: 1. Muslims are always buried, never cremated 2. Muslims are always aware that Allah will judge them on what they are doing 3. The Muslim view on life after death is that life is given by Allah as a test. This means that it has meaning and purpose and should not be destroyed. 4. Muslims will observe the 5 pillars of Islam, eat halal food, observe Muslim dress codes, go to the Mosque and avoid alcohol and gambling in order to live a good life. Practice exam Questions: b) Do you think Muslims are right to believe in Life after Death? Give two reasons for your point of view (4) c) Choose one religion other than Christianity and explain how its beliefs about life after death affect the lives of its followers. (8) d) Your soul will never die Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion (3) Give reasons why people may disagree with you (3) 20 P a g e

21 Non-Religious Reasons for Believing in Life after Death Non-religious reasons for believing in life after death are connected to the paranormal: Near death Experiences When people are clinically dead for a period of time and come back to life. 70% of people that report having these record similar experiences Ghosts and the paranormal The evidence of reincarnation (some people claim they can remember past lives) Contacting the dead through mediums Why do some people believe that there is no life after death? Many people who do not believe in God believe this life is all there is and that when we die we cease to exist. They believe this because: If there is no God there is no heaven to go to after you die Where does life after death take place? Space exploration has never found heaven or hell The mind or the soul cannot exist without the brain but this dies when your body dies If bodies decay in the ground, how can they be raised up? Ghosts are tricks of the mind, and mediums are frauds Practice exam questions: b) Do you believe there can be a life after death? Give two reasons for your point of view (4) c) Explain why some people believe the paranormal proves there is life after death(8) What is meant by the sanctity of Life? Life is holy and belongs to God. It must not be taken by humans Why do Christians believe that life is sacred? Life is a gift from God (Genesis 1 says God made men and women) We are special to God, made to reflect him in his image (Genesis 1) The Bible says, 'you shall not murder. This is the 6 th Commandment 21 P a g e

22 What does Islam teach about the sanctity of life? Muslims believe that life must be treated as holy because the Qur an says: Life is created by Allah Only Allah can give life or death -'Nor can a soul die except by Allah's leave, the term being fixed as by writing Surah 3:145 Why do people argue about abortion? Before 1967 abortion was against the law in this country. Nowadays abortions are legal provided they are carried not later than 24 weeks into the pregnancy. An exception to this would be if the mother's life were in danger. Before a woman can have an abortion, two doctors must agree that: The mother's life would be at risk if she continued with the pregnancy The mother's physical or mental health is at risk The child is likely to be born severely handicapped There would be a serious effect on other children in the family People who argue about abortion often argue about when life begins: Some say that life begins at the moment of conception and so no abortion should be allowed Others say that life begins when the foetus receives a soul (religious people have different ideas about when this happens) Some say life only begins when the foetus can survive outside the womb (about 24 weeks) and abortions can be allowed up to that point if there is a good reason. Some people argue that life only begins when the foetus is born (after 40 weeks pregnancy) Practice exam questions: b) Do you think the law on abortion should be changed? Give two reasons for your point of view (4) c) Explain why abortion is a controversial issue (8) d) Abortion is always wrong Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion (3) Give reasons why people may disagree with you (3) 22 P a g e

23 What does Christianity teach about Abortion? Roman Catholics and most Evangelical Christians believe that all abortions are wrong. They believe this because: Christians teachings on the sanctity of life They believe that life begins at conception The sixth commandment which says that murder is wrong The belief that every human being has a right to life. Other Protestants (such as many in the Church of England) disagree with abortion, but think it must be allowed in certain circumstances such as: If a woman becomes pregnant after being raped If the mother's life is at risk If the child will be severely handicapped. They believe this because: Of their belief that life does not begin until a soul has been given Jesus taught that Christians must love their neighbour, and that the most important commandment was to love others as I have loved you and abortion after a rape must be the most loving thing to do The sanctity of life can be broken when fighting in a war, so why not in abortion. Abortion can be the lesser of two evils (both are bad, but it would be more evil to force a girl who has been raped to have the baby). Practice exam questions: b) Do you agree with abortion? Give two reasons for your point of view (4) c) Explain why some Christians allow abortion, but some do not (8) d) No Christian should ever have an abortion Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion (3) Give reasons why people may disagree with you (3) 23 P a g e

24 What does Islam have to say on Abortion? Most Muslims agree with abortion if the mother s life is at risk. They believe this because of: A Hadith (saying of the prophet) that the soul is not given until 120 days (16 weeks) The mother is already alive and has responsibilities to carry out The mother is part of the family The foetus only exists because the mother does (and would die if the mother did) It is the lesser of two evils - the death of an unborn child is less evil than the death of a mother. Some Muslims believe that abortion is always wrong and cannot be allowed. They believe this because of: The Islamic teaching on the sanctity of life The verse in the Qur an that says Muslims must never kill their children Practice exam questions: b) Do you agree with the law on abortion? Give two reasons for your point of view (4) c) Choose one religion other than Christianity and explain why there are different attitudes to abortion in that religion (8) d) No religious person should ever have an abortion Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion (3) Give reasons why people may disagree with you (3) What are the issue surrounding Euthanasia? Under the current law, all forms of euthanasia are illegal in this country This has caused problems for some doctors. Often life-support machines are switched off if there is no chance that the patient will 'come back to life'. This helps to free up machines that could be used to help others who stand a better chance of survival. Another issue is whether a doctor should use expensive treatment to extend the life of someone who is going to die anyway. Many people think the laws on euthanasia should be changed because: 24 P a g e

25 Everyone deserves some quality of life. This means that there is more to being alive than just not being dead Modern medicine can keep people alive, but they have no quality of life, so they should have the right to die Doctors already have to make decisions about switching off life-support machines, so this should be made legal People have the right to commit suicide, so they should have the right to ask people to help them to die. It is discriminating against disabled people who can t physically commit suicide themselves. Practice exam questions: b) Do you agree with euthanasia? Give two reasons for your point of view (4) c) Explain why euthanasia is a controversial issue(8) d) The law on euthanasia should be changed Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion (3) Give reasons why people may disagree with you (3) Christian Views on Euthanasia Roman Catholics and evangelical Christians These Christians argue all forms of assisted suicide and euthanasia are wrong. This is because: - It is murder - Sanctity of life life is sacred and it is a gift from God. God has special relationship with human beings because they are made in his image and created last by him. God gives life; he also decided when to take it away. No one else can. - The Bible says suicide is a sin - Many Church leaders have said that life is sacred and comes from God, therefore only God can decide when someone should die. Genesis 1:27 So God created man in his own image. In the image of God he created him: male and female he created him. Exodus 20:13 You shall not commit murder Romans 14:8 If we live, we live to the lord; and if we die, we die to the Lord. So, whether we live or die, we belong to the lord. 25 P a g e

26 Church of England Christians / less strict Christians Some Christians may argue that sometimes assisted suicide and euthanasia can be allowed. This is because: - Euthanasia is not murder - Jesus taught us to do the most loving thing ( Love others as I have loved you, that is the new commandment John 13:35). Sometimes euthanasia can be seen as loving if it ends suffering. - The Bible teaches love your neighbour as yourself. If you would want someone to end your life in that situation, you should help others to do the same All Christians believe that it is important to look after ill people. Many Christians support the hospice movement, which helps look after dying people and make their last days comfortable. Practice exam questions: b) Do you think switching off a life support machine is euthanasia? Give two reasons for your point of view (4) c) Explain two different Christian attitudes to euthanasia (8) d) Life belongs to god and should only be taken by God Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion (3) Give reasons why people may disagree with you (3) Muslim views on euthanasia Most Muslims are against euthanasia in any form. This is because: - Murder is banned in the Qur an. It also says suicide is wrong and those who commit suicide will 26 P a g e go to hell on Judgement day. Therefore, assisted suicide is wrong. - Muslims believe in Sanctity of Life. Allah gave life and only Allah can choose when to take it away. - The Qur an said that life is a test from God. Muslims should go through suffering and not lose faith. Muhammad argued that ending life early is like cheating the test. - Muslim families have a responsibility to care for each other. Ending someone s life is not caring for them. Some Muslims believe it is OK to stop medical treatment if you are dying ( passive euthanasia ). However, you should only do this to bring about a natural death, not to force death early. It is still not permissible to actively give anything to end a life. A soul cannot die except by God s leave, the term being fixed as by writing. Surah 3:145

27 Practice exam questions: b) Do you think suicide is always wrong? Give two reasons for your point of view (4) c) Choose one religion other than Christianity and explain why most of the followers of that religion are against euthanasia (8) d) Euthanasia is always wrong Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion (3) Give reasons why people may disagree with you (3) Should the media be free to criticise religious attitudes towards matters of life and death? Arguments that the media should not be free to criticise what religions say about matters of life and death: Criticising what religions say on things like abortion and genetic engineering could stir up religious hatred, which is banned by the Racial and Religious Hatred Act of 2007 There should be restrictions on the freedom of the media because criticism of religious attitudes can cause serious offence to believers (E.g. the protests caused by the Danish newspaper printing images of Muhammad with a bomb) Some believe their beliefs are true as they are based on the word of God and therefore no one has the right to criticise them. Arguments that the media should be free to criticise what religions say about matters of life and death: All democracies believe in freedom of expression. We need a free media in order to know what is going on in the world and to help us make informed choices about the people we want to rule our country. If the media has freedom of expression therefore it has to be free to criticise things as well, including religious attitudes to matters of life and death. Religions use the media to criticise others E.g. the governments use of human embryo s for stem cell research. If they do this then they must be prepared to have their attitudes criticised. Life and death issues are important to everyone and people need to make informed choices about the right thing to do. People can t make informed choices if no one is allowed to criticise religious views or provide an alternative view. 27 P a g e

28 Matters of Life and Death - Model Answer Do you think Christians are right to believe in Life after death? Give two reasons for your point of view (4) I do think Christians are right to believe in life after death as I feel there is plenty of evidence to support a Christian view. Firstly the Bible clearly states there is life after death and Jesus taught his followers that he would come back again at the end of the world. The Christian religion is based on a belief that Jesus himself was resurrected and that they will be too one day. This belief gives a purpose to life and encourages people to be good and live a good life so that they will go to heaven. Secondly the Christian view that there is life after death can be supported by the evidence of the paranormal. Near death experiences are good evidence that there is life after death and 70% of people that have near death experiences record similar events. Many even become believers in God and an afterlife due to their experience. Similarly ghosts and the evidence of mediums support a Christian view also. 28 P a g e

29 Topic 2: End of Revision Quick-fire Quiz 1. What is immortality of the soul? 2. What is resurrection? 3. Give two pieces of evidence from the Bible that there is life after death. 4. Give two ways that Christian beliefs about life after death will affect what they do in this life. 5. What is jannah and how is it described in the Qur an? 6. What is jahannam? 7. Give four pieces of (non-religious) evidence that this is life after death. 8. Give one reason some people give to say there is no life after death. 9. What is the definition of abortion? 10. Up to how many weeks of pregnancy is an abortion allowed in the UK? 11. Which Christians are always against abortion? 12. Give one piece of evidence from the Bible to support the idea that abortion can sometimes be OK. 13. When, according to a Hadith, is the soul given to a foetus in Islam? 14. What is the main reason why an abortion might be OK for many Muslims? 15. What is the difference between voluntary and non-voluntary euthanasia? 16. What is assisted suicide? 17. What is the UK law on euthanasia? 18. Give two reasons many Christians are against euthanasia. 19. What is the hospice movement? 20. Give one reason euthanasia is not allowed in Islam. 29 P a g e

30 The Revision Check-list: Topic 3: Marriage and Family Life Can you? RED AMBER GREEN 1. Give ways that society has changed in the last 50 years, relating to marriage, cohabitation, divorce, homosexuality 2. Explain reasons for these changes 3. Explain Catholic and Church of England views on sex outside marriage 4. Explain Muslim views on sex outside marriage 5. Explain Catholic and Church of England views on divorce & remarriage 6. Explain Muslim views on divorce & remarriage 7. Explain Christian and Muslim views on the importance of family life 8. Explain Catholic and Church of England views on contraception 9. Explain Muslim views on contraception 10. Give your own opinion on marriage, divorce, sex outside marriage, contraception and REASONS FOR THEM! Key Words adultery contraception Nuclear family Promiscuity Civil partnership faithfulness Pre-marital Re-constituted cohabitation Homosexuality sex family Procreation Annulment Iddah Ummah 30 P a g e

31 TASK: Cover up column 1 and read the definition. Say the key word and check you are right. When you have got all the key words right, cover up column 2. Give the definition for each key word. Don t stop until you know all these words perfectly! Key words are worth 8% of your GCSE. adultery civil partnership cohabitation contraception faithfulness homosexuality nuclear family pre-marital sex procreation promiscuity re-constituted family re-marriage a sexual act between a married person and someone other than their marriage partner a legal ceremony giving a homosexual couple the same legal rights as a husband and wife living together without being married intentionally preventing pregnancy from occurring staying with your marriage partner and having sex only with them sexual attraction to the same sex mother, father and children living as a unit sex before marriage making a new life having sex with a number of partners without commitment where two sets of children (stepbrothers and stepsisters) become one family when their divorced parents marry each other marrying again after being divorced from a previous marriage 31 P a g e

32 Social facts on Marriage and Family life In the U.K in the 1960s, it was expected that: young people would not have sex until marriage; most people would be married in church by 25; most marriages would last for life; most families would be nuclear families; homosexuals would not be seen in public because homosexual acts between adult males was a criminal offence. How have attitudes changed? Most people now have sex before marriage Cohabitation is more acceptable and more common The average age of marrying has increased (31.8 for men and 29.7 for women) Less than 34% of marriages now take place in a church Divorce is more acceptable and more frequent There is a large increase in single parent families 11% of all families now have cohabitating parents Re-constituted families are now increasing The extended family is more popular again as more mothers are working and use retired grandparents to look after their children. Homosexual sex in private was made legal in The Civil Partnerships Act 2004 created a new legal relationship of civil partnership. This is where people of the same sex can form a union or partnership by signing a registration document. Reasons for these changes Cohabitation and Marriage: Divorce: Contraception is more widely available and made it safer to have sex Christianity lost its influence as less people went to church where they were encouraged not to have sex outside of marriage The media presented sex outside marriage as normal In 1969 new laws made divorce cheaper and easier to get. Women are more independent now and more financially stable and will leave a husband that treats them badly. A hundred years ago, many men could expect to have more than one wife as so many women died in child birth. Most marriages therefore lasted around 10 years. The average divorce nowadays also occurs after around 10 years. Family Life: There are more families where parents are unmarried The increase in divorce has led to an increase in re-marriage and more re-constituted families An increase in divorces and acceptance of unmarried mothers has led to an increase in single parents. Homosexuality: The changes in the law on homosexuality have made it easier to be openly homosexual. Medical research has shown that homosexuality is most likely genetic rather than a choice. This means it is normal and people began to accept equal rights for homosexuals. 32 P a g e

33 The increased openness of gay celebrities has led to greater acceptance of gay people. TASK: Summarise the information above into the table below. Cohabitation and Marriage How have attitudes changed? Summarise the key changes Reasons for change Divorce Family Life Homosexuality Practice exam questions: b) Do you think homosexuals should be allowed to marry? Give two reasons for your point of view (4) c) Explain why attitudes to marriage and divorce have changed (8) d)'there s no difference between living with a partner and being married to them.' Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion (3) Give reasons why people may disagree with you (3) 33 P a g e

34 Christian attitudes to sex outside marriage All Christians believe that having sex without love or with different partners is wrong. The Bible calls this sexual immorality. It is also known as promiscuity or fornication. All Christians believe it is wrong to have sex with someone else after you are married. This is called adultery and is breaking the promises the promises that were made in the wedding ceremony and one of God s Ten Commandments. Strict Christians Roman Catholics and Evangelical Christians believe that sex should only take place between a man and woman married to each other. Sex was given to humans by God for the creation of children and children should be brought up in a Christian family so sex should only take place in marriage. Having sex before you are married (pre-marital) is wrong. They say that Christians should get married before they have sex and so living together without being married is wrong. You shall not commit adultery (Exodus 20:14) I, take you, to be my wedded wife/husband. To have and to hold, from this day forward, for better, for worse, for richer, for poorer, in sickness or in health, to love and to cherish 'till death do us part. And hereto I pledge you my faithfulness. (Wedding Vows) Anyone who looks at a woman lustfully has already committed adultery with her in his heart. Matthew 5:28 The sexual act must take place exclusively within marriage. Outside marriage it always constitutes a grave sin. The Catechism [official teachings] of the Catholic Church Less Strict Christians Church of England Christians, however, say that it is all right for Christians to live together (cohabit) before they marry as long as they love each other and intend to get married. Cohabiting couples should be welcomed and supported by the Church, recognising that for many this is a step along the way to the fuller commitment of marriage. A report by the Church of England on cohabitation, 1995 Practice exam questions: b) Do you think Christians should be allowed to have sex before marriage? Give two reasons for your point of view. (4) c) Explain why most Christians are against sex outside marriage (8) d)'christians should never have sex outside marriage.' Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion (3) Give reasons why people may disagree with you (3) 34 P a g e

35 What does Islam have to say about sex outside marriage? Sex should only take place between a married man and woman. Islam bans all sex outside marriage as the Qur an clearly states it is wrong. It regards sex before marriage as the same as adultery. This means that Muslims do not agree with cohabitation. The primary purpose of sex is to have children and children should only be born into a family with a married mother and father. TASK: Read through the passage and add the missing words. All sex outside of is totally in Islam. The only place for sexual relationships is within marriage. All Muslims are encouraged to and enjoy sex (which is a gift from ). Muslims should remember the purpose of sex is. Children should only be born in marriage. Premarital sex and adultery are and carry severe punishments according to Sharia Law. Couples must be married before living together: is not allowed. In order to follow the teachings, Muslims try to avoid. For example, upon reaching, girls and boys are often separated and do not mix with the opposite sex, apart from close family members. Men and women should dress and should not wear tight-fitting clothes. Many Muslims women cover their hair and wear loose clothes to avoid drawing attention to their bodies. forbidden marry procreation Cohabitation puberty marriage Allah forbidden temptation modestly Key Teachings to Support Muslim attitudes Say to the believing men that they should lower their gaze and guard their modest: that will make for greater purity for them. Surah 24:30, Qur an Teaching The woman and man guilty of adultery, flog each of them with a hundred stripes: don t be compassionate towards them. Surah 24:2, Qur an And say to the believing women that they should draw their veils over their bosoms, and not display their beauty except to their husbands, their brothers or their womenfolk. Surah 24:31, Qur an 35 P a g e

36 Practice exam questions: a) Do you think sex outside of marriage is wrong? Give two reasons for your point of view (4) b) Choose one religion other than Christianity and explain why its followers are against sex outside marriage (8) Remember sex outside marriage can mean adultery as well as sex before marriage What does Christianity teach about divorce? Christians disapprove of divorce because it breaks the marriage vows. However, there are different attitudes to divorce. Most Church of England Christians think divorce is wrong, but allow it if the marriage has broken down because: Jesus allowed divorce in Matthew 19:9 for a partner s adultery If people make a mistakes they should be allowed another chance as long as they are sorry Christianity teaches that God forgives sins. It can be the Lesser of two evils If a marriage has really broken down then the effects of the couple not divorcing would be a greater evil than the evil of divorce itself. The Roman Catholic Church does not allow divorce or re-marriage. Even if a couple legally end their marriage they believe that in the eyes of God they are still married. They believe this because: Marriage is a sacrament (a ceremony that happens in the presence of God) and a promise made before God that only God can end The vows promised to God and your partner Till death do us part mean only death can end a marriage. Jesus said in Mark 10 that anyone divorcing and re-marrying is committing adultery However, the Roman Catholic Church does allow annulment. This means that the marriage wasn t a proper one and never really took place and can only be granted by the Church. What does Islam teach about divorce? Divorce and re-marriage are allowed in Islam but there are different attitudes to it amongst Muslims. 1. Most Muslims believe divorce should be allowed if the marriage cannot work because; The Qur an clearly allows divorce. It states a three month waiting period should occur to try and sort out problems first. The Sharia (Muslim law) allows divorce In some situations it is the lesser of two evils Marriage is a contract and contracts have clauses about what will happen if the couple divorce 36 P a g e

37 2. Some Muslims think divorce is wrong because; Muhammad said it is the most hated of all lawful (allowed) things. If marriages are arranged divorce affects all families Muslims will be judged on the last day on how they have treated their children. Divorce could harm them Practice exam questions: Do you think divorce is wrong? Give two reasons for your point of view (4) Choose one religion other than Christianity and explain why some of its followers allow divorce, but others are against it (8) No religious person should ever get divorced Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion (3) Give reasons why people may disagree with you (3) What is family life important for Christians? 1. Family is at the heart of Christian society. The purpose of a Christian marriage is to procreate and bring children up in a secure and loving Christian environment. 2. Family life is where parents should teach their children about what is right and wrong. 3. Family life should include worship, going to church services, and learning more about the religion. 4. Children should show respect to their parents. Parents should be loving to their children What does Islam teach about family life? 1. The Qur an teaches family is the heart of Islam, family is Allah s creation. 2. The family should reflect the life and teachings of Muhammad. 3. Family life should include teaching children to be a good Muslim, so how to pray/understand the Quran/dress modestly/eat halal food 4. The family should build the community of Islam (Ummah). Practice exam questions: Do you think families need a mother and father who are married? Give two reasons for your point of view (4) Explain why family life is important to Christians (8) Choose one religion other than Christianity and explain why family life is important in that religion (8) Family life is more important for religious people than non-religious people Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion (3) Give reasons why people may disagree with you (3) 37 P a g e

38 Christian Attitudes to Homosexuality 1) The Roman Catholic attitude: Being homosexual is not a sin but having homosexual sexual relationships is. Catholics expect homosexuals to live without sex. However, they also believe it is wrong to criticise homosexuals or attack their behaviour. Catholics have this attitude because; The bible condemns homosexual sex Sex should be about having children (procreation) and homosexuals can t do this Key teachings: "Do not lie with a man as one lies with a woman; that is detestable." Leviticus 18:22 "Neither the sexually immoral... nor homosexual offenders...will inherit the Kingdom of God." 1 Corinthians 6: ) The Evangelical protestant attitude: They are totally against homosexuality and think it is a sin. They believe there should be no homosexual Christians and hold prayer meetings to try and get homosexuals to change their sexual orientation. 3) Less Strict Christians (including many in Church of England) Lifelong homosexual relationships are acceptable and homosexuals are welcomed into the church. Some churches also provide blessings for civil partnerships. They have this attitude because: Anti-homosexual texts in the Bible are just a reflection on the culture and ideas of that time. These are now out dated. Christians believe in love and acceptance of all people. Jesus taught people to love their neighbours and that loving others is the greatest commandment of all. Christians shouldn t hate gay people. Muslim Attitudes to Homosexuality Most Muslims believe homosexuality is wrong because: Homosexuality is condemned by the Qur an. (Allah destroys a town where the people of Lot are having gay sex.) Muhammad condemned homosexuality one hadith said kill the one that is doing it and also kill the one that it is being done to. Sharia Law says gay sex is punishable by death The only lawful form of sex according to the Qur an is between a man and a woman. The primary aim of sex is to have children and homosexuals can t naturally do this. 38 P a g e

39 A minority of Muslims believe homosexuality is acceptable because: Islam is a religion of tolerance and not hate so Muslims should be tolerant of homosexuals. God created all people and loves them as he created them. Scientific evidence about homosexuality means that people are born homosexual; therefore God must have made them homosexual as God wants them to be like that. Practice exam questions: b) Do you think homosexuals should have equal rights? Give two reasons for your point of view (4) c) Explain why some Christians accept homosexuality and some do not (8) c) No Muslims should be homosexual Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion (3) Give reasons why people may disagree with you (3) Christian & Muslim attitudes to Contraception The Roman Catholic attitude: Artificial contraception is wrong because sex was made for procreation. There should always be the chance to get pregnant from sex; this is what God made sex for. Reasons: In Genesis, God told people to be fruitful and multiply. Contraception stops people from doing this so is wrong. The purpose of a Christian marriage is to have children. Catechisms (official teachings) and messages from the Pope have all said artificial contraception is wrong. The Church of England attitude: It is fine to use contraception within a marriage. Often contraception is needed to control family sizes. Reasons: Within a marriage, contraception can be used to properly plan and manage a family. Christianity is about love and justice for all; contraception improves women s health and makes children have a better life as family sizes are smaller. It helps combat AIDs and HIV There is nothing in the Bible that says contraception is wrong. 39 P a g e

40 Most Muslims: Most Muslims believe that it is fine to use contraception to limit family size and prevent harm to the health of the mother. Reasons: If pregnancy would lead to the mother s death, not using contraception would be like a form of suicide, and this is banned in the Quran. Within a marriage, contraception can be used to properly plan and manage a family. There are some Hadith which say the Prophet said it was OK to use contraception [in particular the withdrawal method]. Some strict Muslims: Some Muslims who are very strict believe that contraception goes against the will of God and should never be used by Muslims. Reasons: Sex was given by Allah for procreation. Contraception has allowed promiscuity and sexual diseases to spread. We have a duty to have large families to grow the Ummah (global community of Islam). In the Qur an it says do not kill your children. Contraception is a form of murder. Practice exam questions: b) Do you think contraception should be used? Give two reasons for your point of view (4) c) Explain why some Christians allow artificial methods of contraception and some do not(8) d) Christians should never use contraceptives Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion (3) Give reasons why people may disagree with you (3) 40 P a g e

41 Topic 3: End of Revision Quick-fire Quiz 1. What is a nuclear family? 2. What is cohabitation? 3. What is a re-constituted family? 4. Give a Bible verse against adultery 5. Which group of Christians think cohabitation is OK if you are going to get married? 6. What is a sacrament? 7. Which church thinks marriage is a sacrament? 8. What is the Muslim view on cohabitation? 9. Give one quote from the Bible that SUPPORTS divorce and one that is AGAINST it. 10. What is the Catholic Church s view on divorce? 11. How long does a divorce take in Islam? 12. Give one reason a woman can divorce her husband 13. Give one reason why family life is so important in Islam. 14. How does the book of the Bible called Leviticus describe gay sex? 15. Which Christian group thinks it s OK to be but not to have gay sex? 16. Which Christian group thinks that being gay is a sin and gays can be changed? 17. Give one piece of evidence from the Qur an to support Muslim view against homosexuality 18. What is the punishment for gay sex under sharia law? 19. Which group in Christianity is against artificial contraception? 20. What is the majority Muslim view on contraception? 41 P a g e

42 The Revision Check-list: Unit 1: Religion and Life Topic 4: Religion and Community Cohesion Can you explain? RED AMBER GREEN 1. How and why attitudes to the roles of men and women have changed in the UK 2. Different Christian attitudes to equal rights for women in religion and the reasons for them. 3. Different attitudes to equal rights for women in religion in one religion other than Christianity and the reasons for them. 4. The nature of the UK as a multi-ethnic society, including the problems of discrimination and racism. 5. Government action to promote community cohesion in the UK, including laws on equal rights for ethnic minorities and religions. 6. Why Christians should help to promote racial harmony. 7. Why Muslims should help to promote racial harmony. 8. Evidence that the UK as a multi-faith society, including the benefits of living in a multi-faith society. 9. Issues raised for religion by a multi-faith society conversion, bringing up children, interfaith marriages. 10. Ways in which religions work to promote community cohesion in the UK. 11. How an issue arising from religion and community cohesion has been presented in one form of the media, and whether the treatment was fair to religious beliefs and religious people. Key Words community cohesion interfaith marriages prejudice religious freedom discrimination multi-ethnic society racial harmony religious pluralism ethnic minority multi-faith society racism sexism 42 P a g e

43 TASK: Cover up column 1 and read the definition. Say the key word and check you are right. When you have got all the key words right, cover up column 2. Give the definition for each key word. Don t stop until you know all these words perfectly! Key words are worth 8% of your GCSE. community cohesion common vision and shared sense of belonging for all groups in society discrimination ethnic minority interfaith marriages treating people less favourably because of their ethnicity/gender/colour/sexuality/age/class a member of an ethnic group (race) which is much smaller than the majority group marriage where the husband and wife are from different religions multi-ethnic society many different races and cultures living together in one society multi-faith society many different religions living together in one society prejudice racial harmony racism believing some people are inferior or superior without even knowing them different races/colours living together happily the belief that some races are superior to others religious freedom the right to practise your religion and change your religion religious pluralism accepting all religions as having an equal right to coexist sexism discriminating against people because of their gender (being male or female) 43 P a g e

44 How have attitudes to women changed in the UK? Women used to be seen as the weaker sex. Their role was to stay at home and look after the children. TASK: Look at the adverts below and label some traditional stereotypes about women. How women are treated more equally now. Only 15% of women worked outside the home 100 years ago Women can now vote / stand for election Have equal rights in law Have equal rights in employment Pay gap has narrowed Examples of how women are still not treated equally men still earn 17% more on average Women now more accepted to go out and work BUT 68% of women say they do all the housework Women still not in positions of power they has only ever been 1 female prime minister Reasons for changing attitudes to men and women: World wars women had to do the work of men in factories because the men had gone to fight in wars. This made people see women could do those jobs. Laws gave equal rights All women given right to vote and stand as MPs. Could have an active role in society : Equal Pay Act (same pay for equal work) and Sex Discrimination Act (illegal not to give a woman a job just because she s a woman. Made women have to be valued in the workplace. Decline in religion (secularisation) has led to changing attitudes and values 44 P a g e

45 What are Christian attitudes to the role of women? Strict Christians (fundamentalists, Evangelical Christians) Men and women have separate and different roles Women should bring up the children, men should work Women should not speak in the church They should follow orders from their Husband BUT WHY? Jesus only had male apostles Women should remain silent in the churches 1 Corinthians 14:34 Eve was the first person to sin Roman Catholic Christian Men and women are equal and have equal rights Only men can be priests because a priest represents Jesus in church, who was a man BUT WHY? Genesis 1:27 says that God created men and women both in the image of God Jesus only chose men as apostles so priests and bishops have to be men The Church teaches that men and women are equal and should have equal rights Church of England Christians Women are allowed to be priests Men and women are equal and should have equal rights BUT WHY? There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus Galatians 3:26-28 Jesus always treated women as his equals There is some evidence that in the early church women were bishops Christianity is about love! Treat women fairly! What are Muslim attitudes to the role of women? Most Muslims believe. Men and women are equal. Women should be about to be educated equally. However, men and women have separate roles. Women should raise the children and men should work. Only men have to pray in the mosque. Women can only inherit half what the men get. BUT WHY? The Quran says that all people are equal as the teeth of a comb Allah made men stronger so they could do the work outside the home 45 P a g e

46 What evidence is there that the UK is multi-ethnic? 8% of the UK is from ethnic minorities. The UK has been traditionally formed from many different cultures, from the Romans 2000 years ago, through the Saxons and Normans. After the Second World War there was a shortage of workers in the UK and this led to Britain recruiting workers from the Commonwealth. This meant that many ethnic minorities came to the UK from the West Indies, Africa, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Hong Kong. Recently there has been large scale immigration from Eastern European countries when they joined the EU particularly Poland. Past exam questions: b) Do you think the UK has always been a multi-ethnic society? Give 2 reasons for your point of view (4) TASK: Make a key and identify advantages and disadvantages of a multi-ethnic community. A D Advantages of living in a multi-ethnic society Disadvantages of living in a multi-ethnic society Life is more interesting with a much greater variety of food, music, fashion and entertainment. It can make some people support racist groups like the BNP and EDL, who try to stir up racial hatred. When there is high unemployment, people sometimes blame immigrants for taking British jobs. This can cause resentment. A multi-ethnic society helps people to see that different ethnic groups are all part of the human race and we have more in common than differences. There is less chance of war because people of different nationalities will get to know and like each other. If our society was not multiethnic were would be no chance for conflict in local communities between different groups. It can cause racism and racial discrimination. It brings new people with fresh ideas. It can cause problems for traditional parents if their child meets and wants to marry someone from a different race. How has the government tried to promote community cohesion? Community cohesion means that people in our society stick together. Even though we have groups from different races / countries / religions, we all feel British and do not turn against each other. Community cohesion is a good thing that needs to be encouraged by government, schools, religions and individuals. The United Kingdom believes that a multi-ethnic society needs to promote community cohesion in order to overcome the problems of prejudice, discrimination and racism. The British Government promotes community cohesion by: Commission for Racial Equality set up to educate the public and deal with racist complaints. 46 P a g e

47 Race Relations Act 1976 made it illegal to discriminate against anyone because of their race in employment, housing, education. It was also made illegal to stir up racial hatred. The introduction of the Britishness Test made sure all immigrants could speak English and have a knowledge of British life. Crime and Disorder Act Allowing higher maximum penalties to be given to those crimes that show evidence of racial or religious motivation or hostility Practice exam questions: b) Do you think the government should spend money promoting community cohesion? Give 2 reasons for your point of view (4) c) Explain how the government is trying to promote community cohesion (8) d) Promoting community cohesion is the most important thing a government can do a multi-ethnic society. (i) Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion (3) (ii) Give reasons why some people may disagree with you (3) Why should Christians promote racial harmony? The New Testament is totally against racism. Christians should be against racism because. All races are created in the image of God (Genesis 1:27) There is neither Jew nor Greek you are all one in Christ (Galatians 3:29) The Good Samaritan teaches us that we should love our neighbour as ourselves even if that person is from a different racial group. Jesus in his lifetime associated himself with people from different races. Religious leaders like Desmond Tutu fought against racism in South Africa in a non-violent way. He asked for forgiveness, not punishment, afterwards. Why should Muslims promote racial harmony? The example of the Prophet Mohammad is that you should accept people from different races. His prayer caller was African. His last sermon taught that no race is superior to another. Prayer is a sign of equality between all races all speak the same language, face the same direction and stand shoulder to shoulder. All believers are brothers and sisters part of the Ummah, no matter what race you are from. Hajj is a sign of equality. All wear white and follow the same rituals, side by side. Malcolm X was inspired by Hajj not to be racist towards white people. Practice exam questions (continued onto next page) b) Do you think Christians should promote racial harmony? Give 2 reasons for your point of view (4) 47 P a g e

48 c) Explain how the teachings of Islam may help to promote racial harmony. (8) d) Religion stops people being racist. (i) Do you agree? Give reasons for your opinion (3) (ii) Give reason why some people may disagree with you ( What evidence is there that the UK is multi-faith? In the 1960sand 1970s immigration from Indian Pakistan and Bangladesh brought people who were Hindus, Muslims and Sikhs to the UK The 2001 census showed there are lots of different faiths in the UK: What issues are caused by the UK being multi-faith? When different faiths live side by side, some might try to convert others. This can cause conflict Interfaith marriages can cause problems, in particular for the families. The couple will also have to decide which religion to raise their child as. Raising children: if you are very religious it might be hard to raise your child in a multi-faith society. They will come across different religions and might start to question the family faith. Violence between religions: there have been clashes between different religions. How do religions try to promote community cohesion? The lamps are different but the light is the same (A Muslim monk) Most religions believe that they are different ways of worshipping the same god. Religions look to see what they have in common (for example, Christianity and Islam share a lot of the same prophets like Moses, Abraham / Ibrahim etc.) Many different religious groups offer multi-faith wedding ceremonies for interfaith couples How are issues of community cohesion presented in the media? Make Me a Muslim (BBC 3) This warm documentary follows the highs and lows of five girls as they embrace their new faith. From adapting to a religion that allows a man to marry up to four wives to the acceptance of friends and family, it isn't always easy This documentary let Muslim women speak for themselves about their religion. It showed all the benefits of joining Islam. It broke stereotypes about Muslim women been shy / meek / bossed around. 48 P a g e

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