COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ARCHITECTURAL STYLE OF SHWE-NANDAW KYAUNG MONASTERY IN MYANMAR AND LIKE THOSE IN KOREA

Transcription

1 FINAL REPORT COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ARCHITECTURAL STYLE OF SHWE-NANDAW KYAUNG MONASTERY IN MYANMAR AND LIKE THOSE IN KOREA Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture Field School of Archaeology YIN NYEIN AYE TUTOR, FIELD SCHOOL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND NATIONAL MUSEUM, MINISTRY OF RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS AND CULTURE (2017)

2 Acknowledgement I would like to express my appreciation to Director General, Directors and the programmer of ACPCS, Asia Corporation Program on Conservation Science, under government of National Research Institute of Cultural Heritage for kindly invitation and sharing knowledge to me. I also many thanks to my research mentor, Dr. Tahk Kyung Baek, Senior Researcher of Research Division of Architectural Heritage for his guidance and sharing knowledge to emerge this report. My thanks go to ACPCS Team, Ms. Jeong So Young, Ms. Lee Bonnie, Ms. Choi T. J., Mr. Ryoo Kwang Hyung and Ms. Jeong Boram Restoration Technology Division for their kinds and helps to convenience for survive in Korea to us and staffs of Research Division of Architectural Heritage and Safety and Disaster Prevention Division for their helps. And people who are sharing many knowledge to our ACPCS participants. Last, I would like to thank all my colleagues and friends in Korea who helped me conduct this report of my research. Yin Nyein Aye Tutor Field School of Archaeology, Pyay Department of Archaeology and National Museum Ministry of Religious Affairs and Culture, Myanmar i

3 Introduction I have a desire that is to find a link of countries which have the people who are receive Buddhism and I interested the ancient architectural structure. Besides that, I am luckily obtained a chance to study in ACPCS and to choose the architectural style of Korean ancient wooden structure. So I would like to share of the architectural style of Myanmar wooden monastery to Korea and the architectural style of Korean wooden monastery and conservation techniques to my country. To compare Myanmar and Korea wooden architecture will need to know about of cultural sequence of each. Myanmar Cultural Sequence Myanmar, a country in Southeast Asia has very rich cultural heritage both tangible and intangible cultural properties. Myanmar prehistoric sites and stone tools were found throughout Myanmar. Myanmar history begins with Pyu period and founding of ancient Pyu cities near Ayeyarwaddy or tributaries of Ayeyarwaddy River. Pyu ancient cities were found and flourished from 1 st - 9 th century C.A.D. After Pyu period, the prominent historical period such as Bagan period 2 nd 13 th C.A.D, Pinya and Inwa period 14 th 17 th C.A.D, Hantharwady - Toungu period 16 th 17 th C.A.D, and lastly, Konbaung period 18 th 19 th C.A.D can be observed in Myanmar history. The earliest cultural heritage monuments which still exist from Pyu period are Bawbawgyi, Phayagyi, Phayamar stupas, Bebe, Lemyetnar, Yahandar, Zegu temples and many others in Sriksetra ancient city. These monuments belong to 4 th C.A.D. Apart from existing monuments, there are many structural remains found by excavation and maintained by the Department of Archaeology. In many other Pyu ancient cities remain of city-walls, religious buildings, ritual buildings, palatial buildings and residential buildings were unearthed by excavation. In Bagan ancient city, 2230 ancient Buddhist monuments can still be seen on the west bank of the Ayeyarwaddy River in an area of 19 square miles. All monuments (except three) were built of bricks. The stupas were beautifully decorated with stucco carvings. However, the temples were decorated with mural paintings inside and stucco carvings outside. Buddha images made of bronze, stone etc. of various sizes were placed inside for worship. Moreover, Buddha relics, Buddha images and jewelry were enshrined inside the relic chamber either in stupas or temples. ii

4 At Inwa ancient city, a few numbers of stupas were existed in fair state of preservation. The Department of Archaeology is undertaking timely measures of conservation to the monuments in danger. The prominent cultural heritage monuments of Konebaung period (18th - 19th centuries A.D) were the wooden monasteries which were decorated with beautiful wooden carvings of floral designs and Jataka stories. Among these Konbaung period monasteries, I would like to mention of Shwe- nandaw Kyaung monastery. The Shwenandaw Monastery, today located at the Atumashi Monastery compound in the north eastern part of Mandalay, was initially one of the many pavilions of the royal palace of Mandalay built in 1857 by King Mindon, the penultimate king of Myanmar. After Mindon s death in 1878 which occurred precisely in this pavilion, the structure is dismantled, reconstructed at its present location outside the city ramparts, and refurbished. It is also renamed Shwenandaw Monastery as the monastery both outside and inside is lacquered and gilt. Korea Cultural Sequence Korea is a peninsula surrounded by three seas and 80% of it covered by mountain, so Korea has a very rich natural landscape in its natural states and human resided since prehistoric time. According to the chronology, cultural sequence of Korea can be identified as Stone age (Jeulmun pottery period (Neolithic) BCE), Bronze age (Mumun pottery period (1500/ BCE), Iron Age (Samhan/ Proto three kingdoms period (Goguryeo, Silla and Baekje) (100 BCE 668CE), North and South Korea period ( CE), Unitary dynastic period (Goryeo, Joseon, Korean empire) ( CE). Upon the chronology of Korea, can be seen existence of many cultural remains such as stone tools, potteries, bronze tools, gold ornaments, calligraphy, palaces, tombs, stone pagodas, temples, traditional houses and traditional techniques of structure. Among cultural heritages in Korea, I emphasized of three wooden buildings in Bongjeonsa, Buseoksa and Sudeoksa temples in Goryeo period. iii

5 According to cultural sequence, the construction era of Myanmar wooden monastery is Konbaung period (18-19 CAD) and the wooden architectural buildings which are I studied in Korea are Goryeo period (9-14 CAD). Fig. 1 Map of Myanmar Fig. 2 Map of Korea iv

6 Contents Acknowledgement Introduction 1. History of Shwe- nandaw Monastery in Myanmar 1 2. Architectural style of Shwe- nandaw Monastery Study of wooden building architecture in Korea Geungnskjeon of Bongjeongsa Temple Muryangsujeon of Buseoksa Temple Daeungjeon of Sudeoksa Temple Others Conclusion Bibliography Figure List v

7 1. Shwe- nandaw Kyaung Monastery in Myanmar History In Myanmar history locates the wooden pavilion which has on the platform of the former palace of Mandalay between the nantha- nandaw, fragrant royal pavilion to its north and the hman- nanhsaung, glass palace, to its south. The timber elements of that wooden pavilion were used for building the Shwe- nandaw Kyaung monastery. The pavilion is also referred to in Myanmar writings dating from the early 20 th century under atleast two terms: shwenandaw, golden palace, or shwenan- hsaung, pavilion of the golden palace. Later sources also describe the pavilion used as a storage room for royal textile in the western part and as a leisurely space in the eastern part. It is in this pavilion that, on October 1, 1878, King Mindon ( ) dies, the 10 th king of the Konbaung Dynasty (18-19) CAD. Soon after, when his son, Thibaw, ascends the throne, the pavilion is relocated to a new location outside the palace. And then as the popular tradition goes, that the spirit of the dead king might be inauspicious. The pavilion is therefore dismantled and put together again outside of the city ramparts east of the Atumashi Monastery, its current location. The refurbishment of the structure is completed on 18 November 1883 and celebrated donation to the monks by the court soon after. The building was reconstructed over the course of five years at its present site as a monastery dedicated as a work of merit to the memory of King Mindon. Moreover, the ashes of King Mindon s royal attire are incorporated in the making of the Buddha image which now stands on the pedestal of the eastern chamber of Shwe-nandaw Kyaung. Two years later, the Kingdom is annexed by the British army and the monarchy collapses. From that time on, the history of the Shwe-nandaw Kyaung Monastery is tied to colonial history and more precisely to British efforts to preserve royal built heritage until the country s independence in Since its relocation to the present site, the Shwe-nandaw Kyaung has endured many vicissitudes. The Shwe-nandaw Kyaung escaped the major fires of 1890 and 1984 that devastated parts of the city. The 1890 fire destroyed the Atumashi Monastery located nearby but the Shwe-nandaw Kyaung miraculously escaped a similar fate: the walled compound separating the two buildings certainly helped protect the Shwe-nandaw Kyaung from destruction. During World- war II, the Shwe-nandaw Kyaung was occupied by the Japanese army and oral history has that carved panels were used by the soldiers as firewood. Also, at the end of World- war II, allied bombings against Japanese destroyed most of the city ramparts, including the royal palace. Although they didn t destroy the Shew-nandaw Kyaung, their impact and the dust that they created must have damaged the structure to a certain degree. Unfortunately, some of wooden ornamentations were already damaged

8 2. Architectural style of Shwe- nandaw Kyaung Monastery The Konbaung monastery type is raised on pilings and consists of a single, long building having several rooms that rest on a wooden platform which extends outward from the exterior walls, thus creating a terrace around the entire structure. Massive staircase made of brick and stucco give access to the main platform and serve to buttress the super- structure that was made entirely of wood. The monastery itself had several rooms or spaces that were in linear alignment from east to west. The first room, Pyathat- saung, is a room where Buddha images and sacred texts are stored. This important space is marked by a tall tower, Pyathat and is linked to the main hall by a transitional, Sanu- saung, lower space where the head monk resides. The most important part of the building is located at its symbolic center and is a large rectangular hall, Marabin- saung or Saung- ma- gyi, divided into two square rooms by a partitioning wall. The room nearest the eastern entrance is a public apace where a Buddha image is displayed and rituals involving both monks are involved. To the west beyond the main hall, a storeroom,bawga- saung, is situated that may be attached or unattached to the main structure. The entire structure is visually unified by the continuous horizontal terraces and eaves of the various roofs. The exterior walls of the monastery as well as the terraces were lavishly decorated with wood carving often depicting Jataka tales in high relief. The multiple levels of the roof were also profusely adorned with fine carvings of flora, fauna, minor deities and human. Fig. 3 Linear Composition of Konbaung Monastery - 2 -

9 The Shwe- nandaw Kyaung monastery does not feature the tall tower which has slender wooden seven- tired roof, referred to in the Myanmar language as Pyathat, which is often constructed by three or five or seven or eleven tiered roof and so distinctive of royally- sponsored monasteries of Konbaung period. The monastery measures 12 bays east to west and 7 bays north to south (35meters 21meters), and is surrounded by a veranda that is 1 bay wide (2.5meters). The four-layered eaves of the roof and main ridge are embellished with delicate wooden relief carvings that depict themes from the Jataka. Fig. 4 Floor Plan Fig. 5 Shwe- nandaw Kyaung Monastery has not tall tower The structure at the ground level is supported on150 teak posts. Teak beams are tied into the posts using mortise and tenon and teak joists are tied into the beams in a similar fashion. The posts are surrounded at the bottom with a cylindrical lotus in a lotus motif. The base is composed of carved stone at the perimeter posts and concrete at the interior posts. Fig. 6 Tenon Joist Fig. 7 Cylindrical Lotus - 3 -

10 The terms of ornamentation and iconography of the Shwe- nandaw Kyaung monastery are the Jatakas carved on wood panels and depicting the previous lives of Buddha and the wood figures affixed to the outside walls of the structure and the inner partition dividing the main hall into the eastern and western sections. Traditionally, paneled walls of teak monasteries were decorated with geometric patterns of glassmosaic and wood carvings in other hand, these decorations directly carved on panels. Fig. 8 Wood- carvings from outer wall Fig. 9 Buddha s previous lives The ornamentation of Shwe- nandaw Kyaung Monastery Another outstanding feature of the Shwe-nandaw Kyaung monastery was the entire gilding of the structure, now visible only inside and in small patches on the upper parts of the outside walls. The gilding of the building (exception of the roof) attested to its royal status. As evidence by a preliminary survey undertaken on lacquer conservation, the gilding was applied on top of two lacquer layers, a black layer and then a red one. Fig. 10 Inner Gilding Fig. 11 Small patches of gilding on the outer wall So Shwe-nandaw Kyaung remains as one of Myanmar s most significant buildings, partly because it is the sole remaining wood palatial structure built by King Mindon. The monastery, built in the traditional Burmese architectural style, is also known for its teak carvings of Buddhist myths, which adorn its walls and roofs

11 3. Study of wooden building architecture in Korea I had a chance to learn Korean cultural heritages together with members of Architectural Division and Safety and Disaster Prevention Division, as a special chance and I had much knowledge concern with its. According to the records, I studied the buildings, which are generally built in Goryeo period (9 th - 14 th CAD). During the Goryeo period Buddhist architecture continued to flourish. Buddhism reached its peak of political power. The temples competed in wealth and luxurious decoration. However, Mongol tribes invaded Korea and destroyed many cities. Many architectural masterpieces were burnt down. Following each invasion an active reconstruction of the ruined temples was undertaken. The oldest wooden structures in Korea survive from that period. During the Goryeo period along with diversification of the Buddhist schools, Buddhism began to assimilate local beliefs. Therefore, the temples began to include shrines dedicated to Mountain Spirits and these shrines were built of modest size and placed behind the main halls. The other specific feature of Buddhist temples architecture of the Goryeo period is that the bell pavilion was often placed on the main axis of the temple. Built of two stories, it became an intermediate gate. A set of musical instruments (bell, drum, wooden fish, and gong) were hung on the second floor. But sometime, we can see this pavilion in anywhere of temple as single storey. The architectural masterpieces, which are Bongjeongsa temple, Buseoksa temple and Sudeoksa temple, were survived from Goryeo period. So I would like to emphasize and express their brief history and its architectural styles. According to my field trips, I found the case that is the Korean temples were composited with many buildings and gates. I would like to express those as I know they are the Buddha hall in Korean Sachal, the Vairocana hall, the Bhaisajyaguru hall, the Amitabha hall, the hall of 1,000 Buddha, the hall of all- pervading light, the jeweled palace of tranquil extinction, the spirit mountain hall and the eight aspects hall, the Bodhisattva hall, the Avalokitesvara hall, the Maitreya hall, the Ksitigarbha hall, the Manjusri hall, two storey universal salvation hall, the other shrines, the lecture hall, the monks hall, the Sutra treasury, the bell, the fish, drum and gong pavilion, dining facility room and store room and gates are the one pillar gate, the four Guardians gate and nonduty gate

12 Fig. 12 General Plan of temple located on mountain from Goryeo to Joseon period 3.1 Geungnakjeon of Bongjeongsa Temple Bongjeongsa temple is located on the slop of Mt. Cheondeung, Andong, Gyeongsangbuk- do. It was built in the reign of King Sinmun (?- 692 AD). According to the legend, the great Buddhist monk Uisang ( AD) was launched a paper- bird from Buseoksa temple and landed on this spot. According to an inscription which found during a restoration of Geungnakjeon state that Neungin Daedeuk, a disciple of monk Uisang, established this building in 1363 AD the last major reconstruction took place. Fig. 13 Linear composition of Bongjeongsa temple - 6 -

13 Architectural Style of Geungnakjeon (Nirvana Hall) of Bongjeongsa temple Bongjeongsa temple s Geungnakjeon (Nirvana hall) is the oldest wooden building in Korea and it occupied the oldest wooden architectural style. The hall is smaller than other building and 3 by 4 bays building, roof structure is 7 purlins and the floor plan features a simple arrangement of exterior columns linked by crossbeams. The two columns of from left and right is higher than others to create a more open interior space as a technique was popular during the Goryeo period and possess simple bracket style and decorative with double flame shaped timber post style. Now can be see colorful painting on the timber beam, brackets, ceiling. Fig. 14 Plan of Geungnakheon (Nirvana Hall) of Bongjeongsa temple Fig. 15 Geungnakjeon (Nirvana Hall) of Bongjeongsa temple - 7 -

14 Fig. 16 Bracket style and painting on Geungnakjeon (Nirvana Hall) Fig. 17 Double flame shaped timber post style Fig. 18 Three- storey stone pagoda in front of Geungnakjeon (Nirvana Hall) - 8 -

15 3.2 Muryangsujeon of Buseoksa Temple Buseoksa temple is located at 345, Buseoksa-ro, Buseoksa-myeon, Yeongju, Gyeongsangbuk- do, and Muryangsujeon is the 2 nd oldest building in Korea. Buseoksa temple is also well known as the temple of floating stone, it was built in 676 AD reign of King Munmu ( AD), by the founder Uisang ( AD) after being received orders from the King, and then the Goryeo Dynasty ( AD) was in the reign of King Hyeoinjong ( AD) and great Buddhist monk Wonyung ( AD) renovated main building (Muryangsujeon). It was renovated several times afterwards. Fig. 19 Linear composition of Buseoksa Temple Architectural Style of Muryangsujeon (Main Hall) of Buseoksa Temple Buseoksa temple s main hall is a good example of the emphases placed on the facade performed in temple courtyard as Buddhist architectural building in Goryeo period. Because there is a ceremonial worship stone (Baerye- seok), which is the small courtyard on front of the main hall indicating that religious ceremonies used to celebrate there. Its main hall is larger than other buildings and landscape is refreshing and beautiful. The column of the main hall is designed by traditional technique called baehuellim (entasis) a slight convex curvature introduced into the shaft of a column for aesthetic reasons, or to compensate for the illusion of concavity, was used on its front seven columns, giving - 9 -

16 each a slightly convex curvature from the base to two- third up the column. Corner column leaned forward the inside of the building. Columns gradually increased in height from the center to the end so this roof style also called gable and hipped roof (half hipped roof) (Paljak- jibung) and its eave is single layered roof (hot- cheoma) and the brackets are simple bracket style (Jusimpo- sik). Fig. 20 Plan of Muryangsujeon of Buseoksa temple Fig. 21 Muryangsujeon of Buseoksa temple

17 Fig. 22 Simple bracket style and remaining wall painting Fig. 23 Stone lantern Fig. 24 Three- storey stone pagoda at east of Muryangsujeon

18 3.3 Daeungjeon of Sudeoksa Temple Sudeoksa temple is located at the south of Mount of Toksung, 79 Sacheon 2-gil, Deoksan- myein, Yesan- gun, Chungcheongnam- do Provience. The scholars generally agree that is the monastery was built during the reign of King Widok ( CE). But according to historic record, Goryeo palaces and temples had three stories pagodas and towers. In Sudeoksa temple has three stories pagodas so the scholars say that it may be built in Goryeo period. Fig. 25 Linear composition of Sudeoksa Temple Architectural Style of Daeungjeon (Main Hall)Sudeoksa Temple Main hall of Sudeoksa temple is 3 by 4 bays building and its interior is larger than main hall of Bongjeonsa temple. It was constructed with 18 timber columns and among these 16 is cylindrical shape and 2 is rectangular shape. The columns are linked to the surrounding interior columns by side crossbeams (toe- ryang). Main hall of Sudeoksa was specialized by the high columns, large crossbeams and cow tail shaped crossbeams (umi- ryang) and built with simple brackets style (set only on column) and those are decorative curved. The roof style is gable roof style and it has not left decorative paintings as other buildings

19 Fig. 26 Plan of Daeungjeon (Main Hall) Sudeoksa temple Fig. 27 Daeungjeon (Main Hall) of Sudeoksa temple

20 Fig. 28 Cow- tail shaped cross- beams Fig. 29 Simple bracket style of Daeungjeon (Main Hall) of Suseoksa Fig. 30 Three- storey stone pagoda in front of Daeungjeon (Main Hall)

21 3.4 Others I have other submits that are concerned with investigation and conservation of cultural heritages and trips by ACPCS team. Firstly, I would like to express of trips which are arranged by ACPCS team. As first I visited to Mireuksaji temple site and I clearly knew about of restoration and conservation of stone heritages. And then I visited to Seoul to study National Museum of Korea, National Palace Museum and Gyeongbokgung Palace. From this trip I knew the composition of Joseon dynasty palace and exhibition technique and history of two museums. Besides that I visited to Gungnamji pound (a beautiful garden with different scenery in each season) from Buyeo, which display magnificent landscape architecture of Baekje and also Muryangsa temple, Magoksa temple, Muryeongwangnung Tomb and Gongju Museum from Gongju. And then I visited to Gangneung Daedohobu Government House with Architectural Division for study of traditional architectural style which left from Goryeo period. Besides that I studied about the monitoring and investigation of stone cultural heritages of stone standing Buddha statue in Yesan, Flagpole support in Hongseong, two stone pagodas in Haeinsa temple and four stone pagodas and two stone bridges in Gangwon province and also studied of termite investigation in Seongjuhyanggyo local Confucian school and Hangae village. From these trips I get a lot of experiences and I knew the techniques of conservation, restoration and prevention of Korean cultural heritages

22 Fig. 31 study of stone pagoda restoration in Miruksaji Temple Fig. 32 Study in National museum of Korea in Seoul Fig. 33 Study in Gyeongbokgung Palace and National palace museum

23 Fig. 34 Study in Muryangsa temple and Magoksa temple Fig. 35 Study in Gongju Museum and Muryeongwangnung Tomb Fig. 36 Study in Gungnamji pound

24 Fig. 37 Study of traditional construction technique in Gangneung Daedohobu government house Fig. 38 Study of stone investigation in stone standing pagoda and flagpole support Fig. 39 Study of regular monitoring in Suwon Hwaseong fortress

25 Fig. 40 Study of regular monitoring of stone pagoda in Haeinsa Fig. 41 Study of termite investigation in Seongjuhyanggyo local Confucian school Fig. 42 Study of termite investigation in Hangae village

26 Fig. 43 Study of regular monitoring of stone heritages in Gangwon province Fig. 44 Study of regular monitoring of stone heritages in Gangwon province Fig. 45 Study of regular monitoring of stone heritages in Gangwon province

27 4. Conclusion Myanmar and Korea are Asia countries and they adopted Buddhism from former time to until now so they belong to Buddhist cultural materials and structures. According to their socio- culture and geo- culture, construction technique of ancient structures and using materials are different. In Myanmar, mostly used of ancient materials are brick, sandstone, laterite, teak and hardwood. In Korea, can be seen brick, limestone, granite, pine, walnut and zelkova (a kind of tree in the family of elm family). In Myanmar, Buddhist monasteries were started built in the former time e.g. Pyu period ( 1 st - 9 th CAD) and Bagan period (10 th - 13 th CAD) and then the later people were adopted as long tradition and changed styles from monastic complex to single monastery. In Bagan ancient city, can be study the style of monastic complex (e.g. Sin-phyu-shin monastic complex), which were constructed since (13 th - 14 th CAD). In Korea, the temples/ monasteries were started built in three kingdom period (57 BC- 668 AD). Korean Buddhism temples/ monasteries are complex structures (e.g. Beomeosa Temple like Bagan monastic complex. That we can see below: Fig. 46 Plan of Korean temple/monastery and Bagan monastic complex But I emphasized the wooden monastery is not ancient as much as Bagan monastic complex and Korean wooden temples/ monasteries. Why I emphasized it, it possesses not only the long history and famous monastery in Myanmar and also profusely adorned with fine carvings of flora, fauna, minor deities and human. But it is not a complex style only single one and long building having several rooms that rest on a wooden platform which extends outward from the exterior walls, thus creating a terrace around the entire structure. Massive staircase made of brick and stucco give access to the main platform and serve to buttress the super- structure that was made entirely of wood. I defined detail about of the single monastery in 2. Architectural style of Shwe- nandaw Kyaung Monastery

28 In Korea, I choose the three temples are complex style and oldest wooden buildings. Korean temples were built by complex and contained large halls and small buildings, these are dedicated for Buddha and Bodhisattvas and the front gates include one- pillar gate, four guardians gate and non- duality gate are way to the main hall and the halls are support as dining hall and monastic residences where the monks and nuns sleep (of course each other residence) and practice meditation. Every building possesses their individual function and mostly arranged along an axis (East- West or South- North). In one temple can see either one or two stone pagodas. Myanmar monastery was built traditional style of columns, beams, purlin and roof and decorative with Buddha s previous life, floral and arabesques. Korean temples are made of a complex structural system of columns, beams, purlins, brackets and supports for the curving roof and floor heating system and decorative with colorful paintings. However difference between them, the people were built for Buddha and monks, they are religiosity by Buddhism people as certainty. Eventually I compared and explanation, Myanmar monastery and Korean temples/ monasteries have to be compared with hypothetical approaches to complete architectural and construction techniques

29 Bibliography 1. Heo Gyun, 2000, Korean Temple Motifs, Beautiful Symbols of the Buddhist Faith, translated by Timothy V. Atkinson, Paju: Pajubooksity Wikipedia.org/ wiki/history of Korea 3. Wikipedia.org/ wiki/bongjeonsa 4. Wikipedia.org/ wiki/buseoksa 5. Wikipedia.org/ wiki/sudeoksa 6. Kelly, Stephen, Professor, 2014, Structural Assessment of Shwe- nandaw Kyaung 7. Kim Dong- uk, 2013, History of Korean Architecture, translated by Lim Jong- hyun, edited by Gregory A. Tisher, Suwon: University of Kyonggi press. 8. Survey Report on the Protection of Cultural Heritage in Republic of the Union of Myanmar, 2011, International Cooperation Japan Consortium for International Cooperation in Cultural Heritage 9. Tainturier, Francois, Dr. 2014, Historical Study Report of Chronological Narrative of the Shwenandaw Kyaung structure 10. Tian, Valeri Form and Philosophy in Korean Buddhist Temple, Landscape and Architecture 11. www. Factsanddetails.com/ southeast asia/ Myanmar/ Burmese Architecture

30 Figures List Fig. 1 Map of Myanmar Fig. 2 Map of Korea Fig. 3 Linear Composition of Konbaung Monastery Fig. 4 Floor Plan Fig. 5 Shwe- nandaw Kyaung Monastery has not tall tower Fig. 6 Tenon Joist Fig. 7 Cylindrical Lotus Fig. 8 Wood- carvings from outer wall Fig. 9 Buddha s previous lives Fig. 10 Inner Gilding Fig. 11 Small patches of gilding on the outer wall Fig. 12 General Plan of temple located on mountain from Goryeo to Joseon period Fig. 13 Linear composition of Bongjeongsa temple Fig. 14 Plan of Geungnakheon (Nirvana Hall) of Bongjeongsa temple Fig. 15 Geungnakjeon (Nirvana Hall) of Bongjeongsa temple Fig. 16 Bracket style and painting on Geungnakjeon (Nirvana Hall) Fig. 17 Double flame shaped timber post style Fig. 18 Three- storey stone pagoda in front of Geungnakjeon (Nirvana Hall) Fig. 19 Linear composition of Buseoksa Temple Fig. 20 Plan of Muryangsujeon of Buseoksa temple Fig. 21 Muryangsujeon of Buseoksa temple Fig. 22 Simple bracket style and remaining wall painting Fig. 23 Stone lantern Fig. 24 Three- storey stone pagoda East of Muryangsujeon

31 Fig. 25 Linear composition of Sudeoksa Temple Fig. 26 Plan of Daeungjeon (Main Hall) Sudeoksa temple Fig. 27 Daeungjeon (Main Hall) of Sudeoksa temple Fig. 28 Cow- tail shaped cross- beams Fig. 29 Simple bracket style of Daeungjeon (Main Hall) of Suseoksa Fig. 30 Three- storey stone pagoda in front of Daeungjeon (Main Hall) Fig. 31 study of stone pagoda restoration in Miruksaji Temple Fig. 32 Study in National museum in Seoul Fig. 33 Study in Gyeongbokgung Palace and National palace museum Fig. 34 Study in Muryangsa temple and Magoksa temple Fig. 35 Study in Gongju Museum and Muryeongwangnung Tomb Fig. 36 Study in Gungnamji pound Fig. 37 Study of traditional construction technique in Gangneung Daedohobu government house Fig. 38 Study of stone investigation in stone standing pagoda and flagpole support Fig. 39 Study of regular monitoring in Suwon Hwaseong fortress Fig. 40 Study of regular monitoring of stone pagoda in Haeinsa Fig. 41 Study of termite investigation in Seongjuhyanggyo local Confucian school Fig. 42 Study of termite investigation in Hangae village Fig. 43 Study of regular monitoring of stone heritages in Gangwon province Fig. 44 Study of regular monitoring of stone heritages in Gangwon province Fig. 45 Study of regular monitoring of stone heritages in Gangwon province Fig. 46 Plan of Korean temple/monastery and Bagan monastic complex