Metaphysics and Philosophy of Mind. About Philosophy Chapter 3
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1 Metaphysics and Philosophy of Mind About Philosophy Chapter 3
2 What is Metaphysics Aristotle- First Philosophy ta meta ta physika biblia : the books which come a@er the physics Metaphysics- the study of the most fundamental principles of the nature of things Examples of Metaphysical QuesEons Basic More complex
3 Idealism, Materialism, Dualism Three dominant posieons in metaphysical debate Idealism- theory that minds or spirits are all that exist Materialism- theory that physical objects in space are the only things that exist Dualism- theory that there are two fundamentally different kinds of things in the world bodies and minds neither of which can be reduced to, or analyzed into, the other
4 Thomas Hobbes England, Grew up in the age of Shakespeare and Queen Elizabeth Exiled himself to Paris (1640) during English Civil Leviathan Return to England (1651)- royalists and revolueonaries viewed him with suspicion
5 Hobbes and Materialism Described the world as made up of very Eny atoms constantly moving, constantly bumping into one another What about man s will? Vital vs. voluntary moeon Desire/love vs. Aversion/hate DeliberaEon
6 Consciousness ObjecEon One of the principal objeceons to Hobbes Consciousness- being aware of one s self Self- Consciousness- awareness of one s own awareness Think Descartes Cogito, ergo sum. Man is a thinking being, he is conscious of his thoughts, feelings, desires, etc. Hobbes/Materialist response If mind is not made up of mader, what is it? When do we gain consciousness, self- consciousness?
7 Free Will and Determinism Free will- voluntary choice or decision Determinism- theory that acts of the will are causally determined by preceding events or natural laws Hobbes Free will as we generally understand it is an illusion Freedom- according to Hobbes, the absence of opposieon A Free- Man, is he, that in those things, which by his strength and wit he is able to do, is not hindered to doe what he has a will to Those inclinaeons are sell causally determined
8 Response by Hume and Kant David Hume- in general agreement with Hobbes causal judgments Immanuel Kant Causal determinaeon is an appearance Freedom of the conscious person exists in reality
9 Mind- Body Problem The problem of explaining the exact relaeonship between our minds and physical bodies in space Do minds and bodies causally interact with one another? Can I gain knowledge about bodies? What is the special relaeonship between my mind and my body? Substance Essence of a thing, that which remains the same throughout all changes in its characterisecs and properees that which can exist by itself and needs nothing else for existence
10 Descartes and the Mind- Body Problem Minds/souls and bodies are two different kinds of substance Bodies/material substance has measurable physical properees Fundamental property of a mind is thinking, mind is indivisible and has no measurable physical properees DualisEc interaceonism- Mind and body are disenct, but interact in a cause and effect relaeonship
11 Answers to the Cartesian Problem Parallelism- material and mental realms never causally interact, but operate in tandem Leibniz- pre- established harmony Occasionalism- moment in physical history provides an occasion for God to bring about an appropriate event in a person s mental history (or vice- versa)
12 Monism and the Cartesian Problem Materialism Idealism Double- aspect theories- universe consists of one underlying substance, mind and body are manifestaeons of said substance Epiphenomenalism- view that mental states are causal by- products of physical processes
13 Modern answers to the Cartesian Problem Gilbert Ryle- Descartes and others are making a category mistake Minds and bodies are different logical types Mental processes and physical processes are not the same sort of thing Philosophical Behaviorism- analyzing mental processes and states in terms of capaciees and disposieons IdenEty Theory- every mental phenomenon is idenecal to some physical phenomenon ConEngent IdenEty- when two terms describe the same thing or phenomenon
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