DRUGS AND ALCOHOL. 2 Pesachim 113a 3 Rashbam commentary, Pesachim 113a 4 Deuteronomy 4:9 5 Deuteronomy 4:15. 1 Avot 5:22

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1 DRUGS AND ALCOHOL According to many sociologists, the recent proliferation of drugs in western societies among all classes of people, not just the lower class, poses a national threat to each nation with this problem. Most crime is now believed to be drug related. Drug use not only affects the user, but also his or her family and society. It also has a scarring psychological effect upon the individuals involved and the general moral and physical climate of the community. Since the problem of drugs appears to be a relatively recent phenomenon that proliferated in the twentieth century, does traditional Judaism have a traditional view on this problem nonetheless? Another issue that needs exploring, but certainly not a recent phenomenon, is alcohol. According to many professionals, alcohol is considered today to be a drug. Since wine drinking is acceptable and even mandated in Judaism, would alcohol abuse be tolerated as well? Can Judaism morally allow Jews to ingest drugs? If one looks hard enough, one can find everything in Judaism. 1 The Talmud even discusses drug use. In one statement, 2 Rabbi Chiya tells his son not to take drugs. On this statement, Rashbam 3 gives two reasons for Rabbi Chiya's statement; 1) If you take drugs, you will become addicted ("develop a need for them at a certain time") and 2) you will squander away your money. These are two valid reasons that still apply today as well for not taking drugs. As a person becomes addicted, his or her life is overtaken by the single need to get the drug. This obsession destroys relationships and the social group of the user, as he or she begins to hang out only with other users. The habit, in addition, does ruin a person financially and often forces the user to turn to illegal means to support the habit. Apparently, even in the time of the Talmud or Middle Ages, the financial cost was very great. But this source is not brought down as Jewish law, merely good advice from father to son. Are there any reasons in Jewish law not to take drugs? The main reason why drugs would be immoral and against Jewish law is the health issue. There have been many studies done showing the effect of drugs. It is true that each drug has a slightly different effect and none of the findings are completely agreed upon by everyone. Yet, there is strong consensus that regular drug use causes damage to one's body, whether it be to the brain, liver of to the entire system. In Judaism, doing damage to one's body clearly violates many precepts. One Torah verse 4 states that a person should watch and guard himself. A second verse just six verse later 5 says virtually the same thing, but the word Meod, meaning "very much so is added. One therefore must protect one's body from harm "very much." Why is this so? Can't a person claim it's his life and his body and if he wishes to ruin it, that it is his choice? Judaism disagrees with this view. While we may use our bodies daily, like anyone who borrows an item from a friend for an extended period, our bodies do not belong to us. Each of our bodies belongs to God who 1 Avot 5:22 2 Pesachim 113a 3 Rashbam commentary, Pesachim 113a 4 Deuteronomy 4:9 5 Deuteronomy 4:15

2 2 "lends" it to us. 6 And like a borrowed item which must be properly watched even as it is allowed to be used and then returned intact, we have an obligation to watch our bodies and return them as intact as possible to God when we die. Therefore, we may not do anything which brings harm to our body. That is also why suicide is illegal in Jewish law -- it is not our body to do with as we wish. This is not just a philosophic idea. Maimonides 7 specifically rules that a person who has this attitude, i.e. "I do not care what people say, I can do what I want to my body" is punished. Therefore, taking drugs, which does harm to the body would not be permitted. Rabbi Akiva 8, in an earlier century, ruled that a person may not intentionally cause damage to his or her body. There is another verse and Mitzvah about avoiding harm. 9 The Torah forbids someone to construct a roof without a fence around it. The Torah was afraid that someone might accidentally go up on the roof and fall off. If this were to happen, then the house owner would be responsible. The Talmud 10 extends this concept to all forms and situations of safety and potential harm. One may not do anything dangerous. Thus, the Jew must not only watch out and not inflict danger on his own body, but the Jew must also be conscious not to bring potential harm to himself or anyone else. Maimonides 11 writes that one who puts or allows anything dangerous to remain around violates both a positive and negative Torah commandment. Both of these concepts are codified by the Shulchan Aruch. 12 Any kind of danger or situation which may lead to danger is forbidden. The additional comments of the Rema on this paragraph spells it out even more, stating as Jewish law the statement in the Talmud 13 that danger is treated even more severely than Jewish law. This means that a person must be more careful in a situation leading to possible danger than he or she must be with any type of Jewish law. Thus, even if the potential danger of a certain behavior is slight, one is not permitted to engage in this behavior. Taking drugs certainly falls under this category. Therefore, even if the danger to harming one's body is small, one still would not be permitted to take drugs from a Jewish perspective. There is another reason why Judaism says one would not be permitted to take drugs, even if they posed no harm whatsoever. In those areas where Torah is silent, but the local government imposes a law, a Jew must uphold the law from a Jewish perspective. This is called Dina Demalchuta Dina, the law of the land is law (in Judaism). 14 Therefore, as long as drugs are illegal, Judaism would say that they may not be taken. (Of course, if a government law violated a Torah law, one should not abide by that government law). 6 Maimonides, Hilchot Rotze'ach 1:4 7 Maimonides, Hilchot Rotze'ach 11:5 8 Bava Kama 90b 9 Deuteronomy 22:8 10 Bava Kama 15b 11 Maimonides, Hilchot Rotze'ach 11:4 12 Shulchan Aruch, Yoreh De'ah 116:5 13 Chullin 10a 14 Gittin 10b

3 3 A LEGAL JEWISH DRUG There is a reference to a drug in the Talmud which is not only legal but desirable for a Jew to take. The passage 15 states that Torah, when it is learned for its own sake, is a life drug. The phraseology and reference to a drug is not accidental or to be taken flippantly. What is the concept behind this statement? If the effect of a drug is to produce a high, a feeling a euphoria which alleviates pain and worries, then the goal of Torah learning is exactly the same, and it is also achievable. The difference is that a chemical drug achieves this result through artificial means, which is improper in Judaism. However, if one can achieve the same result through natural means of Torah study (or any other legitimate Jewish practice), that is a very noble and lofty Torah goal and ideal. This natural high also produces good feelings about oneself, gives a person meaning in life and a feeling of spirituality. A chemical drug accomplishes none of these. Thus, the Talmud is saying that if one learns Torah just for the pleasure of itself and has the right motivation, it is possible to reach this high whose effect can be lifelong and not temporary like a chemically induced drug whose effect is short lived. In addition, if one needs artificial means to induce this high, this will only hurt self-esteem, since a person realizes he or she cannot accomplish anything without resorting to artificial means. Another difference between the drug called Torah and chemical drugs that are artificial comes from another Talmudic passage. 16 All man-made drugs, says the Talmud, while causing enjoyment to one part of the body (the brain?), inevitably damages another part of the body (the liver?). Torah, on the other hand, called God's drug, is good for all parts of the body. WHY ISN'T ALCOHOL, A DRUG, BARRED BY THE TORAH? If indeed drugs are forbidden in Judaism because they are dangerous, because they are illegal and because the high induced is unnatural, why then is wine permitted and even used for ritual in Judaism? The truth is that the Jewish attitude toward wine is ambivalent. By examining the sources carefully, a consistent attitude may be achieved. In the scriptures and Rabbinic sources, there are actually many negative comments about the use of wine. The Torah 17 prohibits any priest from drinking wine prior to partaking in any aspect of the Temple service. Various statements in the Proverbs disparage drinking wine. Wine will make a person arrive late. 18 Wine will cause a person to mock others. 19 Drinking wine will cause a person to become poor (from a habit?). 20 Wine will pervert a person's judgment. 21 According to a number of opinions, the reason the sons of Aaron the High Priest were killed by God 22 was because they entered the Sanctuary drunk. 23 The Talmud 24 says that drinking ruins a person's bones. In a 15 Taanit 7a 16 Eruvin 54a 17 Leviticus 10: Proverbs 23:30 19 Proverbs 20:1 20 Proverbs 21:17 21 Proverbs 31: Leviticus 10: Midrash Vayikra Rabbah Niddah 24b

4 4 fascinating Midrash 25 the story of Noah's drunken episode, recorded in the Torah 26, is amplified. The Midrash records a dialogue between Noah and Satan about the positive and negative effects of wine. Satan slaughters a sheep, lion, pig and monkey in the vineyard and used their blood to grow the grapes. The Midrash ends by saying that when a person first starts to drink, he or she is like a sheep. Then as the drunk progresses, a person feels like a lion. A little later, the person is like a pig that wallows in the dirt. Finally, a person becomes like a monkey which dances foolishly before people. This is what occurred to Noah whom the Torah had earlier praised as a righteous person, indicating the negative influence of wine even on a righteous person. On the other hand, there are sources which indicate that wine is good for man. The Psalms says that wine gladdens the heart of man. 27 Wine has the ability to satisfy like a full meal. 28 After revealing to the brothers who he was Joseph sent back gifts to his father, one of the gifts sent, called "from the best of Egypt" 29 was wine. 30 Wine was even used as a medicine to heal. 31 What, then, is the true Jewish attitude to wine? It seems clear that Judaism is in favor of drinking wine if is done in moderation only. All the negative connotations are in reference to a person who goes beyond moderation and gets drunk. This is intolerable in Judaism. For example, a person who had imbibed a mild amount of wine should not pray, but if he or she did pray, the prayer is valid. Someone who is really drunk should not pray at all and his or her prayer is called disgusting before God. 32 Another passage states 33 that a person who has drunk wine is responsible for all business activity he or she has engaged in and the contracts are valid. Similarly, any damage one does in this state, one is liable for. However, if the drunkenness is so heavy like the drunkenness of Lot (whose daughters seduced him while he was drunk, in order to have children without his awareness), then a person is not legally responsible for what he or she does. Therefore, a clear distinction can be seen in Judaism between stages of drinking. While Noah and Lot got drunk and committed horrible acts which the Torah condemns (as noted above), Abraham drank wine with Malki Tzedek after defeating the four kings 34 and it seems form the Torah that there was nothing wrong. Apparently, Abraham's drinking was moderate and therefore not condemned. The Talmud records 35 that one of the three types of people that God loves is one who does not get drunk. 25 Midrash Tanchuma, Noach Genesis 9: Psalms 104:15 28 Berachot 35b 29 Genesis 45:23 30 Megillah 16b 31 Bava Batra 58b 32 Eruvin 64a 33 Eruvin 65a 34 Genesis 14:18 35 Pesachim 113b

5 5 WHAT ABOUT DRINKING ON PURIM? If indeed Judaism abhors getting drunk, why is one supposed to get drunk on Purim? If one looks at the actual source for this custom, 36 it indeed says that a person should drink enough on Purim so that he does not know the difference between Blessed be Mordechai and Cursed be Haman. However, immediately after that statement, it tells of an incident on Purim when Rabbah who got terribly drunk and killed Rabbi Zera! Only through a miracle was the Rabbi Zera brought back to life. The next Purim when the Rabbah wanted to drink, Rabbi Zera said we cannot tempt fate twice and did not let Rabbah (or himself) drink. This story following the statement shows what the real attitude is about drinking. And though many have adopted this custom on Purim, numerous codifiers say it is wrong Jewishly to get drunk on Purim, and one can satisfy the custom of not knowing the difference between blessing Mordechai and cursing Haman by merely taking one drink and then going to sleep, when, in that state, the person will not know the difference. 37 In truth, very few people are able to drink "for the sake of Mitzvah," and merely use the holiday as an excuse to get drunk. No one says this type of drinking is permitted on Purim. (It takes a person with a very special character and holiness to be able to get drunk solely for the purpose of Mitzvah). JEWISH NON-ALCOHOLISM Has the traditional Jewish attitude to wine achieved positive results in minimizing overindulgence in wine or alcohol? Although today alcoholism among Jews is on the rise, traditionally, Jews who have used wine ritually, in moderation, have had an exceedingly low alcoholism rate throughout the centuries. In observant homes, where two or three glasses of wine are drunk each week (for Kiddush on Friday night and Shabbat morning and for Havdalah), alcoholism has never been a major problem. Alcoholism among Jews is rising fastest in homes that no longer keep the traditions. It is interesting that some recent studies seem to indicate that a moderate amount of alcohol is actually healthier for the person than no alcohol at all. This is precisely the Jewish view. Therefore, while drugs would be prohibited in Judaism for the three reasons stated above, alcohol in moderation is tolerated. If too much alcohol is ingested, it is not only immoral Jewishly, but would present a health risk which would be prohibited in Jewish law for the same reasons stated above about drugs or any potential danger to the body. 36 Megillah 7b 37 Ramah, Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chaim, 695:2 and Mishnah Berurah, no. 5

6 6 1( אבות ה:כב בן בג בג אומר, הפך בה והפך בה, דכולא בה. 2( פסחים קיג. אמר ליה רב לחייא בריה לא תשתי סמא 3( פירוש רשב"ם על פסחים קיג. לא תשתי סמא - לא תלמד לשתות סמים, מפני שתקבע להון ווסת ויהא לבך שואלך ותפזר מעות, לישנא אחרינא לא תהא רגיל לשתות סממנים... 4( דברים ד:ט ר ק ה ש מ ר ל ך וש מ ר נ פ ש ך מ א ד פ ן-ת ש כ ח א ת-ה ד ב ר ים א ש ר-ר א ו ע ינ י ך ופ ן-י ס ור ו מ ל ב ב ך כ ל י מ י ח י י ך ו הו ד ע ת ם ל ב נ י ך ו ל ב נ י ב ני ך: 5( דברים ד:טו ו נ ש מ ר ת ם מ א ד ל נ פ ש ת יכ ם כ י לא ר א ית ם כ ל- ת מ ונ ה ב יו ם ד ב ר י הו ה א ל יכ ם ב ח ר ב מ תו ך ה א ש: 6( רמב"ם, הלכות רוצח א:ד ומוזהרין בית דין שלא ליקח כופר מן הרוצח ואפילו נתן כל ממון שבעולם ואפילו רצה גואל הדם לפטרו שאין נפשו של זה הנהרג קנין גואל הדם אלא קנין הקב"ה שנאמר )במדבר ל"ה ל"א ל"ג( ולא תקחו כופר לנפש רוצח 7( רמב"ם, הלכות רוצח יא:ה הרבה דברים אסרו חכמים מפני שיש בהם סכנת נפשות וכל העובר עליהן ואמר הריני מסכן בעצמי ומה לאחרים עלי בכך או איני מקפיד על כך מכין אותו מכת מרדות: 8( בבא קמא צ: החובל בעצמו אף על פי שאינו רשאי... ) 9 דברים כב:ח כ י ת ב נ ה ב י ת ח ד ש ו ע ש י ת מ ע ק ה ל ג ג ך ו לא- ת ש ים ד מ ים ב ב ית ך כ י-י פ ל ה נ פ ל מ מ נ ו : ) 11 בבא קמא טו: רבי נתן אומר מניין שלא יגדל אדם כלב רע בתוך ביתו ואל יעמיד סולם רעוע בתוך ביתו ת"ל לא תשים דמים בביתך 11( רמב"ם, הלכות רוצח יא:ד אחד הגג ואחד כל דבר שיש בו סכנה וראוי שיכשל בו אדם וימות כגון שהיתה לו באר או בור בחצירו בין שיש בהן מים בין שאין בהן מים חייב לעשות להן חוליה גבוהה עשרה טפחים או לעשות לה כסוי כדי שלא יפול בה אדם וימות וכן כל מכשול שיש בו סכנת נפשות מצות עשה להסירו ולהשמר ממנו ולהזהר בדבר יפה יפה שנ' )דברים ד' ט'( השמר לך ושמור נפשך ואם לא הסיר והניח המכשולות המביאין לידי סכנה ביטל מצות עשה ועבר על לא תשים דמים: 12( שולחן ערוך, יורה דעה קטז:ה צריך ליזהר מליתן מעות בפיו שמא יש עליהן רוק יבש של מוכי שחין ולא יתן פס ידו תחת שחיו שמא נגע ידו במצורע או בסם רע ולא יתן ככר לחם תחת השחי מפני הזיעה ולא יתן תבשיל ולא משקים תחת המטה מפני שרוח רעה שורה עליהם ולא ינעוץ סכין בתוך אתרוג או בתוך צנון שמא יפול אדם על חודה וימות

7 7 13( חולין י'. שמע מינה חמירא סכנתא מאיסורא שמע מינה 14( גיטין י': אמר שמואל דינא דמלכותא דינא 15( תענית ז. רבי בנאה אומר כל העוסק בתורה לשמה תורתו נעשית לו סם חיים 16( עירובין נד. אמר רב יהודה ברבי חייא בא וראה שלא כמדת הקדוש ברוך הוא מדת בשר ודם מדת בשר ודם אדם נותן סם לחבירו לזה יפה ולזה קשה אבל הקדוש ברוך הוא אינו כן נתן תורה לישראל סם חיים לכל גופו שנאמר ולכל בשרו מרפא 17( ויקרא י':ח-יא ו י ד ב ר sw א ל- אה ר ן ל אמ ר י י ן ו ש כ ר אל-ת ש ת א ת ה וב נ י ך א ת ך ב ב א כ ם א ל-א ה ל מו ע ד ו לא ת מ ת ו ח ק ת עו ל ם ל ד ר ת יכ ם: ול ה ב ד יל ב ין ה ק ד ש וב ין ה ח ל וב ין ה ט מ א וב ין ה ט הו ר: ול הו ר ת א ת-ב נ י י ש ר א ל א ת כ ל- ה ח ק ים א ש ר ד ב ר י הו ה א ל יה ם ב י ד-מ ש ה: 18( משלי כג:ל ל מ אח ר ים ע ל-ה י י ן ל ב א ים ל ח קו ר מ מ ס ך: 19( משלי כ:א ל ץ ה י ין ה מ ה ש כ ר ו כ ל-ש ג ה ב ו לא י ח כ ם: 21( משלי כא:יז א יש מ ח סו ר א ה ב ש מ ח ה א ה ב י י ן ו ש מ ן לא י ע ש יר: פ ן-י ש ת ה ו י ש כ ח מ ח ק ק ו יש נ ה 21( משלי לא:ד-ה אל ל מ ל כ ים ל מו א ל אל ל מ ל כ ים ש ת ו-י י ן ול רו ז נ ים א ו ]א י[ ש כ ר: ד ין כ ל-ב נ י-ע נ י: 22( ויקרא י':א-ב ו י ק ח ו ב נ י- אה ר ן נ ד ב ו א ב יה וא א יש מ ח ת תו ו י ת נ ו ב ה ן א ש ו י ש ימ ו ע ל יה ק ט ר ת ו י ק ר יב ו ל פ נ י sw א ש ז ר ה א ש ר לא צ ו ה א ת ם: ו ת צ א א ש מ ל פ נ י י הו ה ו ת אכ ל או ת ם ו י מ ת ו ל פ נ י :sw 23( מדרש, ויקרא רבה יב:א דתני רבי שמעון לא מתו בניו של אהרן אלא על שנכנסו שתויי יין לאהל מועד 24( נדה כד: השותה יין חי עצמותיו שרופין מזוג עצמותיו סכויין כראוי עצמותיו משוחין 25( מדרש תנחומא, נח יג ארז"ל כשבא נח ליטע כרם בא שטן ועמד לפניו א"ל מה אתה נוטע א"ל כרם א"ל מה טיבו פירותיו מתוקים בין לחים בין יבשים ועושין מהן יין המשמח לבבות דכתיב ויין ישמח לבב אנוש )תהלים קד( א"ל שטן בא ונשתתף שנינו בכרם זה א"ל לחיי מה עשה שטן הביא כבש והרגו תחת הגפן אח"כ הביא ארי והרגו ואח"כ הביא חזיר והרגו ואח"כ הביא קוף והרגו תחת הכרם והטיפו דמן באותו הכרם והשקוהו מדמיהן רמז לו שקודם שישתה אדם מן היין הרי הוא תם ככבש זו שאינה יודעת כלום וכרחל לפני גוזזיה נאלמה שתה כהוגן הרי הוא גבור כארי

8 8 ואומר אין כמותו בעולם כיון ששתה יותר מדאי נעשה כחזיר מתלכלך במי רגלים ובדבר אחר נשתכר נעשה כקוף עומד ומרקד ומשחק ומוציא לפני הכל נבלות הפה ואינו יודע מה יעשה וכל זה אירע לנח הצדיק מה נח הצדיק שהקב"ה פירש שבחו כך שאר בני אדם על אחת כמה וכמה 26( בראשית ט:כ-כד ו י ח ל נ ח א יש ה א ד מ ה ו י ט ע כ ר ם: ו י ש ת מ ן-ה י י ן ו י ש כ ר ו י ת ג ל ב תו ך אה לה: ו י ר א ח ם א ב י כ נ ע ן א ת ע ר ו ת אב יו ו י ג ד ל ש נ י-א ח יו ב ח וץ: ו י ק ח ש ם ו י פ ת א ת- ה ש מ ל ה ו י ש ימ ו ע ל -ש כ ם ש נ יה ם ו י ל כ ו א ח ר נ ית ו י כ ס ו א ת ע ר ו ת א ב יה ם ופ נ יה ם א ח ר נ ית ו ע ר ו ת אב יה ם לא ר א ו: ו י יק ץ נ ח מ י ינו ו י ד ע א ת א ש ר- ע ש ה לו ב נו ה ק ט ן: 27( תהילים קד:טו ו י י ן י ש מ ח ל ב ב -א נו ש ל ה צ ה יל פ נ ים מ ש מ ן ו ל ח ם ל ב ב-א נו ש י ס ע ד: 28( ברכות לה: והכתיב ויין ישמח לבב אנוש ולחם לבב אנוש יסעד וגו' נהמא הוא דסעיד חמרא לא סעיד אלא חמרא אית ביה תרתי סעיד ומשמח 29( בראשית מה:כג ול אב יו ש ל ח כ ז את ע ש ר ה ח מ ר ים נ ש א ים מ ט וב מ צ ר י ם ו ע ש ר א ת נ ת נ ש א ת ב ר ו ל ח ם ומ זו ן ל אב יו ל ד ר ך: 31( מגילה טז: ולאביו שלח כזאת עשרה חמורים נושאים מטוב מצרים מאי מטוב מצרים אמר רבי בנימין בר יפת אמר רבי אלעזר שלח לו יין )ישן( שדעת זקנים נוחה הימנו 31( בבא בתרא נח: מן דדרכיה למימת משקו ליה חמרא 32( עירובין סד. אמר רבה בר רב הונא שתוי אל יתפלל ואם התפלל תפלתו תפלה שיכור אל יתפלל ואם התפלל תפלתו תועבה 33( עירובין סה. שיכור מקחו מקח וממכרו ממכר עבר עבירה שיש בה מיתה ממיתין אותו מלקות מלקין אותו כללו של דבר הרי הוא כפיקח לכל דבריו אלא שפטור מן התפלה מאי יכולני לפטור דקאמר נמי מדין תפלה אמר רבי חנינא לא שנו אלא שלא הגיע לשכרותו של לוט אבל הגיע לשכרותו של לוט פטור מכולם 34( בראשית יד:יח ומ ל כ י-צ ד ק מ ל ך ש ל ם הו צ יא ל ח ם ו י י ן ו ה וא כ ה ן ל א ל ע ל יו ן: 35( פסחים קיג: שלשה הקדוש ברוך הוא אוהבן מי שאינו כועס ומי שאינו משתכר ומי שאינו מעמיד על מדותיו 36( מגילה ז: אמר רבא מיחייב איניש לבסומי בפוריא עד דלא ידע בין ארור המן לברוך מרדכי רבה ורבי זירא עבדו סעודת פורים בהדי הדדי איבסום קם רבה שחטיה לרבי זירא למחר בעי רחמי ואחייה לשנה אמר ליה ניתי מר ונעביד סעודת פורים בהדי הדדי אמר ליה לא בכל שעתא ושעתא מתרחיש ניסא

9 9 37( רמ"א על שולחן ערוך, אורח חיים תרצה:ב, ומשנה ברורה ס"ק ה )ש"ע: חייב איניש לבסומי בפוריא עד דלא ידע בין ארור המן לברוך מרדכי:( הגה: וי"א דא"צ להשתכר כ"כ אלא ישתה יותר מלימודו )כל בו( וישן ומתוך שישן אינו יודע בין ארור המן לברוך מרדכי( )מהרי"ל( ואחד המרבה ואחד הממעיט ובלבד שיכוין לבו לשמים משנה ברורה: וישן ומתוך שישן וכו' - וכן ראוי לעשות )פמ"ג(:

eriktology Torah Workbook Bereshiyt / Genesis [1]

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