1. What is Jewish Learning?
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1 1. PURPOSES Lesson 1: TEXTS Text 1 Babylonian Talmud, Berakhot 61b [Midrash Compilation of teachings of 3-6 th century scholars in Babylonia (Amoraim); final redaction in the 6-7 th centuries] Our Rabbis taught: Once the wicked [Roman] Government issued a decree forbidding the Jews to study Torah. Pappos ben Judah came and found Rabbi Akiva publicly bringing gatherings together and studying Torah. He said to him: Akiva, are you not afraid of the Government? He replied: I will explain to you with a parable To what is this comparable? To a fox that was walking alongside of a river and saw fish swimming in swarms from one place to another. He said to them: From what are you fleeing? They replied: From the nets cast for us by men. He said to them: Would you like to come up on to the dry land so that you and I can live together in the way that my ancestors lived with your ancestors? They replied: Are you the one that they call the cleverest of animals? You are not clever, but foolish! If we are afraid in the element in which we live, how much more so in the element in which we would die! So it is with us. If such is our condition when we sit and study the Torah, of which it is written, For that is your life and the lengthening 1
2 PURPOSES 20 of your days (Deut. 30:20), if we go and neglect it how much worse off we shall be! Lesson 1: It is related that soon afterwards Rabbi Akiva was arrested and thrown into prison. ת ל מוד ב ב ל י, מ ן כ ת ב ר כ ות ד ף סא ע םוד ב ת נו ר ב נ ן נ ע ם אח ת ג ז ר ה מ ל כות ה ר ש ע ה ש ל א י ע ס קו י ש ר א ל ב ת ור ה ב א נ נ וס ב ן י הוד ה ומ צ א ו ל ר בי ע ק יב א ש ה י ה מ ק ה יל ק ה ל ות ב ר ב ים ו ע וס ק ב ת ור ה א מ ר ל יה ע ק יב א א י את ה מ ת י ר א מ נ נ י מ ל כות אמ ר ל ו א מ ש ול ל ך מ ש ל ל מ ה ה ד ב ר ד ומ ה ל שוע ל ש ה י ה מ ה ל ך ע ל ג ב ה מ ה ר ו ר אה ד ג ים ש ה יו מ ת ק ב צ ים מ ם ק ום ל מ ק ום אמ ר ל ה ם מ נ נ י מ ה את ם ב ור ח ים אמ רו ל ו מ נ נ י ר ש ת ות ש ם ביא ין ע ל ינו ב נ י אד ם אמ ר ל ה ם ר צ ונ כ ם ש ת ע לו ל י ב ש ה ו נ דור א נ י ו את ם כ ש ם ש ד רו א ב ות י ע ם א ב ות יכ ם אמ רו ל ו את ה הוא ש א ומ ר ים ע ל יך נ ק ח ש ב ח י ות ל א פ ק ח את ה א ל א ט נ ש את ה ומ ה ב מ ק ום חיות נו אנו מ ת י ר א ין ב מ ק ום מ ית ת נו ע ל אח ת כ ם ה ו כ ם ה אף א נ ח נו ע כ ש יו ש אנו י וש ב ים ו ע וס ק ים ב ת ור ה ש כ תוב ב ה כ י הוא ח י יך ו א ור ך י מ יך כ ך א ם אנו ה ול כ ים ומ ב ט ל ים מ ם מ ה ע ל אח ת כ ם ה ו כ ם ה אמ רו ל א ה יו י מ ים מוע ט ים ע ד ש ת פ סוהו ל ר ב י ע ק יב א ו ח ב שוהו ב ב ית ה א סור ים... Text 2 Avot DeRabbi Natan 6: 2 [English: The Fathers According to Rabbi Nathan. A commentary on the Mishnaic tractate Avot (Ethics of the Fathers), incorporates teachings of many Tanna'im] What were the beginnings of Rabbi Akiva? It is said: When he was forty years of age he had not yet studied a thing. One time he stood at the mouth of a well. "Who hollowed out this stone?" he wondered. He was told: "It is the water which falls upon it every day, continually." It was said to him: "Akiva, do you not read [the verse as saying], 'water wears away stone' (Job 14: 19)?" Thereupon, Rabbi Akiva drew the inference with regard to himself: if what is soft wears down the hard, all the more shall the words of the Torah, which are as hard as iron, 2
3 10 hollow out my heart, which is flesh and blood! Immediately he returned to the study of Torah. PURPOSES 1 He went together with his son and they appeared before an elementary school teacher. Said Rabbi Akiva to him: "Master, teach me Torah." Rabbi Akiva took one end of the tablet and his son the other end of the tablet. The teacher wrote down aleph bet and he learned it; (aleph tav, and he learned it; the book of Leviticus, and he learned it). He went on studying until he learned the whole Torah. Lesson 1: אב ות ד ר ב י נ ת ן ו:ב מ ה ה י ה ת ח ל ת ו ש ל ר ב י ע ק יב א. אמ רו ב ן אר ב ע ים ש נ ה ה י ה ו ל א ש נ ה כ לום. נ ע ם אח ת ה י ה ע ומ ד ע ל נ י ה ב א ר אמ ר מ י ח ק ק א ב ן ז ו אמ רו ל ו ה ם י ם ש ת ד יר ]נ ופ ל ים[ ע ל יה ב כ ל י ום אמ רו ]ל ו[ ע ק יב א א י את ה ק ור א א ב נ ים ש ח קו מ י ם. מ י ד ה י ה ר ב י ע ק יב א ד ן ק ל ו ח ומ ר ב ע צ מ ו מ ה ר ך נ ס ל א ת ה ק ש ה ד ב רי ת ור ה ש ק ש ה כ ב ר ז ל ע ל אח ת כ ם ה ו כ ם ה ש י ח ק קו א ת ל ב י ש הוא ב ש ר ו ד ם. מ י ד ח ז ר ל ל מ וד ת ור ה. ה ל ך הוא וב נ ו ו י ש בו א צ ל מ ל ם ד י ת ינ וק ות אמ ר ל ו ר ב י ל ם ד נ י ת ור ה אח ז ר ב י ע ק יב א ב ר אש ה לו ח וב נ ו ב ר אש ה לוח כ ת ב ל ו אל ף ב ית ול מ ד ה. ) אל ף ת יו ול מ ד ה ת ור ת כ ה נ ים ול מ ד ה(. ה י ה ל ומ ד ו ה ול ך ע ד ש ל מ ד כ ל ה ת ור ה כול ה. Text 3 a. Deuteronomy (Devarim) 33: 4 Moses commanded us a law (Torah), the heritage of the congregation of Jacob. ד ב ר ים לג: ד ת ור ה צ ו ה ל נו מ ש ה מ ור ש ה ק ה ל ת י ע ק ב. 3
4 PURPOSES Lesson 1: b. Sifrei 34 [Midrash Halakhah to the book of Deuteronomy (Devarim); compilation of teachings of Tanna im; edited in 3-4 th century Eretz Yisrael] A parable. To what may this be compared? To a king's son who, at a young age, was taken away into captivity to a country across the sea. Should he seek to return even after a hundred years, he is not embarrassed to return, because he [can] say, I am returning to my heritage. ס פ ר י, שמה מ ש ל ל מ ה ה ד ב ר ד ומ ה ל ב ן מ ל כ ים ש מ ש ב ה כ ש הוא ק ט ן ל מ ד ינ ת ה י ם. א ם מ ב ק ש ל ח ז ור א פ ילו ל אח ר מ אה ש נ ה א ינ ו ב וש ל ח ז ור מ נ נ י ש הוא א ומ ר ל יר ש ת י א נ י ח וז ר. Text 4 Mishnah, Avot 4: 1 [Compilation of teachings of 3 rd century BCE 3 rd century CE scholars in Eretz Yisrael (Tanna im); compiled and edited by Rabbi Yehudah HaNasi] Ben Zoma said: Who is wise? Someone who learns from every person. מ ש נ ה, אב ות ד:א ב ן ז ו מא א ומ ר א יז הו ח כ ם ה ל ומ ד מ כ ל אד ם. Text Professor Barry Holtz, From Life to Text, From Text to Life [Professor of Education at The Theological Seminary] I believe that anyone who studies the works of the past must begin with a kind of faith assumption. It may differ from that of our ancestors, but it is serious nonetheless. Simply put, it is this: We believe that there is, to use an old-fashioned word, wisdom to be found 4
5 in this library. The texts of the past can teach us something, can speak to our lives. PURPOSES 10 1 It seems to me that this "teaching" can occur in two different ways. First, there are times when we will read a text and discover within it an idea or insight which we had simply never thought about before. Perhaps it's a matter of finding a personal connection to a text that is well known to us. Or perhaps it is a new discovery altogether. But even when that does not happen, there is a second way that a text can give us understanding it is a reminder of that which we knew but had forgotten or put aside. And it brings with it the authority and weight of an ancient tradition as well.that one's own thoughts are confirmed or supported by an older wisdom can be a powerful anchorage in an individual's life. Lesson 1: 20 So we begin with a commitment to give the texts their due. [Holtz, B.W. Finding Our Way: Texts and the Lives We Lead Today. N.Y.: Shocken Books, 1990, pp. -9]
6 PURPOSES Lesson 1: A LIST OF KEY NAMES AND KEY TERMS (See Glossary in the Supplementary Materials for a brief description of each Key Name/Term) Rabbi Akiva son of Joseph (ben Yosef). Avot DeRabbi Natan. Ben Zoma. Halakhah. Holtz, Barry W. Morashah. Pappos son of Judah (Ben Yehudah). Holtz, Barry W. Talmud Torah. Tannaim. SUGGESTED READINGS Ginzberg, L. The Rabbinical Student. Students, Scholars and Saints. Philadelphia: JPS, 198. pp Goldman, I. Lifelong Learning Among Jews. New York: Ktav Publishing House, 197. Grant, D., Schuster, D. T., Woocher, M., Cohen, S. M. A Journey of the Heart and Mind: Transformative Learning in Adulthood. New York: JTS, Holtz, B. (Ed.). Back to the Sources. New York: Summit Books, Holtz, B. Finding Our Way, Texts and the Lives We Lead Today. New York: Schocken Books,
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