Current Jewish Questions Pro-Life, Pro-Choice, and Torah

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1 Current Jewish Questions Pro-Life, Pro-Choice, and Torah I. Is Torah "Pro-Life?" A. Arguments Against Case of Difficult Birth 1a. M. Ohalot 7:6 If a woman is in hard travail, one cuts up the child in her womb and brings it forth member by member, because her life comes before that of [the child]. But if the greater part has proceeded forth, one may not touch it, for one may not set aside one person's life for that of another. 1. משנה אהלות ז:ו האשה שהיא מקשה לילד מחתכין את הולד במעיה ומוציאין אותו אברים אברים מפני שחייה קודמין לחייו יצא רובו אין נוגעין בו שאין דוחין נפש מפני נפש: 1b B. Sanhedrin 72b R. Huna said: A minor in pursuit may be slain to save the pursued. Thus he maintains that a pursuer, whether an adult or a minor, need not be formally warned. R. Hisda asked R. Huna: we learnt: Once his head has come forth, he may not be harmed, because one life may not be taken to save another. [This refers to a woman giving birth, whose life is endangered. Now, if the fetus put forth any limb but the head, it may be cut off, so as to facilitate delivery, and save the mother. But if his head issued, it is regarded as alive, and the mother may not be saved at his expense.] But why so? Is he not a pursuer? [I.e., in seeking to be born, he is as a pursuer. endangering his mother's life.] There it is different, for she is pursued by heaven.[i.e. An Act of God] תלמוד בבלי סנהדרין עב:ב אמר רב הונא: קטן הרודף ניתן להצילו בנפשו. קסבר: רודף אינו צריך התראה, לא שנא גדול ולא שנא קטן. איתיביה רב חסדא לרב הונא: יצא ראשו - אין נוגעין בו, לפי שאין דוחין נפש מפני נפש. ואמאי? רודף הוא! - שאני התם, דמשמיא קא רדפי לה. Fetus is a Limb of the Mother (Qualified) 2. B. Temurah 30b Rav: The issue of all animals which are disqualified for the altar are legitimate [for the altar]. And with reference to this it was taught that R. Eliezer forbids. R. Huna b. Hinena reported in the name of R. Nahman: The difference of opinion refers only in the case where they were pregnant and in the end were used for bestiality, R. Eliezer holding that a fetus is considered as the thigh of its mother, whereas the Rabbis hold that an fetus is not 2. בבלי תמורה ל:ב כל האסורים לגבי מזבח וכו'. אמר רב: כל האסורים לגבי מזבח ולדותיהן מותרים, ותני עלה: ורבי אליעזר אוסר. אמר רב הונא בר חיננא אמר רב נחמן: מחלוקת שעיברו ולבסוף Current Jewish Questions: Pro-Life, Pro-Choice, and Torah 1

2 considered as the thigh of its mother. But where they were used for beastiality and afterwards they became pregnant, it is the unanimous opinion of all the authorities that they [the issue] are legitimate [for the altar] נרבעו, דרבי אליעזר סבר עובר ירך אמו הוא, ורבנן סברי לאו ירך אמו הוא; אבל נרבעו ולבסוף עיברו - דברי הכל מותרין. Fetus is Property of the Father 3a. M. Arachin 1:4 If a woman is about to be executed, one does not wait for her until she gives birth: but if she had already sat on the birthstool, one waits for her until she gives birth. 5. משנה ערכין א:ד האשה שהיא יוצאה ליהרג אין ממתינין לה עד שתלד ישבה על המשבר ממתינין לה עד שתלד 3b. B. Arachin 7a But that is self-evident, for it is her body! [The embryo is part of her body, having no identity of its own and dependent for its life upon the body of the woman] It is necessary to teach it, for one might have assumed since Scripture says: According as the woman's husband shall lay upon him, that it [the unborn child] is the husband's property, of which he should not be deprived, therefore we are informed [that it is not so]. 4a. Numbers 31:11 Then you shall appoint cities to be cities of refuge for you, that the manslayer who kills any person accidentally may flee there. 4b. Exodus 21:22 If men fight, and hurt a woman with child, so that she gives birth prematurely, yet no harm follows, he shall surely be punished accordingly as the woman s husband imposes on him; and he shall pay as the judges determine. 4c. M. Bava Kamma 5:4 If an ox while charging another ox [incidentally] injures a woman who [as a result] miscarries, no compensation need be made for the loss of the embryos. But if a man while meaning to strike another man [incidentally] struck a woman who thus miscarried he would have to pay compensation for the loss of the fetuses. How is the compensation for [the loss of] embryos fixed? The estimated value of the woman before her miscarriage is compared with her value after miscarriage. R. Simeon b. Gamaliel said: if this is so, a woman after having given birth increases in value. It is therefore the value of the embryos which has to be תלמוד בבלי ערכין ז:א פשיטא, גופה היא! איצטריך, ס"ד אמינא: הואיל וכתיב +שמות כא+ כאשר ישית עליו בעל האשה, ממונא דבעל הוא ולא ליפסדיה מיניה, קמ"ל. 4. במדבר לה, יא ו ה ק ר ית ם ל כ ם ע ר ים ע ר י מ ק ל ט ת ה י ינ ה ל כ ם ו נ ס ש מ ה ר צ ח מ כ ה נ פ ש ב ש ג ג ה: שמות כא, כב ו כ י י נ צ ו א נ ש ים ו נ ג פ ו א ש ה ה ר ה ו י צ א ו י ל ד יה ו לא י ה י ה אסו ן ע נו ש י ע נ ש כ א ש ר י ש ית ע ל יו ב ע ל ה א ש ה ו נ ת ן ב פ ל ל ים: משנה בבא קמא ה:ד שור שהיה מתכוון לחבירו והכה את האשה ויצאו ילדיה פטור מדמי ולדות ואדם שהיה מתכוון לחבירו והכה את האשה ויצאו ילדיה משלם דמי ולדות כיצד משלם דמי ולדות שמין את האשה כמה היא יפה עד שלא ילדה וכמה היא יפה משילדה אמר רבן שמעון בן גמליאל אם כן משהאשה יולדת משבחת אלא שמין את הולדות כמה הן יפין ונותן לבעל ואם אין לה בעל נותן Current Jewish Questions: Pro-Life, Pro-Choice, and Torah 2

3 estimated, and this amount will be given to the husband. If, however, the husband is no longer alive, it would be given to his heirs. If the woman was a manumitted slave or a proselytess [and the husband, also a proselyte, is no longer alive], there would be complete exemption ליורשיו היתה שפחה ונשתחררה או גיורת פטור B. Arguments For Concept of "Ensouled" 5. B. Sanhedrin 91b Antoninus also said to Rabbi, 'When is the soul placed in man; as soon as it is decreed [that the sperm shall be male or female, etc.], or when [the embryo] is actually formed?' He replied, 'From the moment of formation.' He objected: 'Can a piece of meat be unsalted for three days without becoming putrid? But it must be from the moment that [God] decrees [its destiny].' Rabbi said: This thing Antoninus taught me, and Scripture supports him, for it is written, And thy decree hath preserved my spirit [i.e., my soul]. 5. תלמוד בבלי סנהדרין צא:ב ואמר לו אנטונינוס לרבי: נשמה מאימתי ניתנה באדם, משעת פקידה או משעת יצירה? - אמר לו: משעת יצירה. - אמר לו: אפשר חתיכה של בשר עומדת שלשה ימים בלא מלח ואינה מסרחת? אלא, משעת פקידה. אמר רבי: דבר זה למדני אנטונינוס, ומקרא מסייעו, שנאמר +איוב י'+ ופקדתך שמרה רוחי. Antoninus also enquired of Rabbi, 'From what time does the Evil Tempter hold sway over man; from the formation [of the embryo], or from [its] issuing forth [into the light of the world]?! 'From the formation,' he replied. 'If so,' he objected, 'it would rebel in its mother's womb and go forth. But it is from when it issues.' Rabbi said: This thing Antoninus taught me, and Scripture supports him, for it is said, At the door [i.e.,where the babe emerges] sin lieth in wait. 6. Genesis Rabba 94:9 R. Levi said in the name of R. Samuel b. Nahman: As soon as Jacob cohabited God called them [his potential children] souls ואמר לו אנטונינוס לרבי: מאימתי יצר הרע שולט באדם, משעת יצירה או משעת יציאה? - אמר לו: משעת יצירה. - אמר לו: אם כן בועט במעי אמו ויוצא! אלא: משעת יציאה. אמר רבי: דבר זה למדני אנטונינוס, ומקרא מסייעו שנאמר +בראשית ד'+ לפתח חטאת רבץ. 6. בראשית רבה ויגש פרשה צד:ט ור' לוי בשם ר' שמואל בר נחמן שימש אבינו יעקב מטתו והקב"ה קורא אותם נפשות Current Jewish Questions: Pro-Life, Pro-Choice, and Torah 3

4 Comparison with Gentiles 7. B. Sanhedrin 57b R. Jacob b. Aha found it written in the scholars' Book of Aggada: A heathen is executed on the ruling of one judge, on the testimony of one witness, without a formal warning, on the evidence of a man, but not of a woman, even if he [the witness] be a relation. On the authority of R. Ishmael it was said: [He is executed] even for the murder of a fetus On the authority of R. Ishmael it was said: [He is executed] even for the murder of an embryo. What is R. Ishmael's reason? Because it is written, Whoso sheddeth the blood of man within [another] man, shall his blood be shed. What is a man within another man? An embryo in his mother's womb 8. Rambam Melakhim 9:4 A gentile who slays any soul, even a fetus in its mother's womb, should be executed in retribution for its death 9. B. Sanhedrin 59a There is nothing permitted to an Israelite yet forbidden to a heathen. 7. תלמוד בבלי סנהדרין נז:ב אשכח רבי יעקב בר אחא דהוה כתיב בספר אגדתא דבי רב: בן נח נהרג בדיין אחד, ובעד אחד, שלא בהתראה, מפי איש ולא מפי אשה, ואפילו קרוב. משום רבי ישמעאל אמרו: אף על העוברין...משום רבי ישמעאל אמרו אף על העוברין. מאי טעמיה דרבי ישמעאל? - דכתיב +בראשית ט'+ שפך דם האדם באדם דמו ישפך, איזהו אדם שהוא באדם - הוי אומר זה עובר שבמעי אמו. 8. רמב"ם מלכים ט:ד בן נח שהרג נפש אפילו עובר במעי אמו נהרג עליו 9. בבלי סנהדרין נט:א ליכא מידעם דלישראל שרי ולנכרי אסור II. Is Judaism Really "Pro-Choice?" Restrictions on Eating 10a. Leviticus 11:1-2 The Lord said to Moses and Aaron, 2 "Say to the Israelites: Of all the animals that live on land, these are the ones you may eat: 3 You may eat any animal that has a divided hoof and that chews the cud. 10b. Leviticus 20:25 You must therefore make a distinction between clean and unclean animals and between unclean and clean birds. Do not defile yourselves by any animal or bird or anything that moves along the ground those that I have set apart as unclean for you 11. Exodus 12:15 For seven days you are to eat bread made without yeast. On the first day remove the yeast from your houses, for whoever 10. ויקרא יא:א-ב )א( ו י ד ב ר י ק ו ק א ל מ ש ה ו א ל אה ר ן ל אמ ר א ל ה ם: )ב( ד ב ר ו א ל ב נ י י ש ר א ל ל אמ ר ז את ה ח י ה א ש ר ת אכ ל ו מ כ ל ה ב ה מ ה א ש ר ע ל ה אר ץ: ויקרא כ:כה )כה( ו ה ב ד ל ת ם ב ין ה ב ה מ ה ה ט ה ר ה ל ט מ אה וב ין ה עו ף ה ט מ א ל ט ה ר ו לא ת ש ק צ ו א ת נ פ ש ת יכ ם ב ב ה מ ה וב עו ף וב כ ל א ש ר ת ר מ ש ה א ד מ ה א ש ר ה ב ד ל ת י ל כ ם ל ט מ א: 11. שמות יב:טו ש ב ע ת י מ ים מ צו ת ת אכ ל ו א ך ב יו ם ה ר אשו ן ת ש ב ית ו ש א ר מ ב ת יכ ם כ י Current Jewish Questions: Pro-Life, Pro-Choice, and Torah 4

5 eats anything with yeast in it from the first day through the seventh must be cut off from Israel. כ ל א כ ל ח מ ץ ו נ כ ר ת ה ה נ פ ש ה ה וא מ י ש ר א ל מ יו ם ה ר אש ן ע ד יו ם ה ש ב ע י: Restrictions on Intercourse 12. Leviticus 18:24 Do not defile yourselves in any of these ways, because this is how the nations that I am going to drive out before you became defiled. 13. Leviticus 18:19 Do not approach a woman to have sexual relations during the uncleanness of her monthly period. 12. ויקרא יח:כד אל ת ט מ א ו ב כ ל א ל ה כ י ב כ ל א ל ה נ ט מ א ו ה גו י ם א ש ר א נ י מ ש ל ח מ פ נ יכ ם: 13. ויקרא יח:יט ו א ל א ש ה ב נ ד ת ט מ את ה לא ת ק ר ב ל ג לו ת ע ר ו ת ה: Restriction on Tattoos 14. Leviticus 19:28 Do not cut your bodies for the dead or put tattoo marks on yourselves. I am the Lord. 14. ויקרא יט:כח ו ש ר ט ל נ פ ש לא ת ת נ ו ב ב ש ר כ ם וכ ת ב ת ק ע ק ע לא ת ת נ ו ב כ ם א נ י י ק ו ק Restriction on Self-Harm 15a. B. Avoda Zara 18a It was said that within but few days R. Jose b. Kisma died and all the great men of Rome went to his burial and made great lamentation for him. On their return, they found R. Hanina b. Teradion sitting and occupying himself with the Torah, publicly gathering assemblies, and keeping a scroll of the Law in his bosom. Straightaway they took hold of him, wrapt him in the Scroll of the Law, placed bundles of branches round him and set them on fire. They then brought tufts of wool, which they had soaked in water, and placed them over his heart, so that he should not expire quickly. His daughter exclaimed, 'Father, that I should see you in this state!' He replied, 'If it were I alone being burnt it would have been a thing hard to bear; but now that I am burning together with the Scroll of the Law, He who will have regard for the plight of the Torah will also have regard for my plight.' His disciples 15. תלמוד בבלי עבודה זרה יח:א אמרו: לא היו ימים מועטים עד שנפטר רבי יוסי בן קיסמא, והלכו כל גדולי רומי לקברו והספידוהו הספד גדול, ובחזרתן מצאוהו לרבי חנינא בן תרדיון שהיה יושב ועוסק בתורה ומקהיל קהלות ברבים וס"ת מונח לו בחיקו. הביאוהו וכרכוהו בס"ת, והקיפוהו בחבילי זמורות והציתו בהן את האור, והביאו ספוגין של צמר ושראום במים והניחום על לבו, כדי שלא תצא נשמתו מהרה. אמרה לו בתו: אבא, אראך בכך? אמר לה: אילמלי אני נשרפתי לבדי היה הדבר קשה לי, עכשיו שאני נשרף וס"ת עמי, מי שמבקש עלבונה של ס"ת הוא יבקש עלבוני. אמרו לו תלמידיו: רבי, מה Current Jewish Questions: Pro-Life, Pro-Choice, and Torah 5

6 called out, 'Rabbi, what seest thou?' He answered them, 'The parchments are being burnt but the letters are soaring on high.' 'Open then thy mouth' [said they] 'so that the fire enter into thee.' He replied, 'Let Him who gave me [my soul] take it away, but no one should injure oneself. 15b. Rambam Hovel U'Mazik 5:1 It is forbidden for a person to injure anyone, neither his own self nor another person. אתה רואה? אמר להן: גליון נשרפין ואותיות פורחות. אף אתה פתח פיך ותכנס ]בך[ האש! אמר להן: מוטב שיטלנה מי שנתנה ואל יחבל הוא בעצמו. רמב"ם חובל ומזיק ה:א אסור לאדם לחבול בין בעצמו בין בחבירו Restriction on Suicide 16a. Genesis 9:5 And for your lifeblood I will surely demand an accounting. I will demand an accounting from every animal. And from each human being, too, I will demand an accounting for the life of another human being. 16b. B. Bava Kamma 91b And surely your blood of your lives will I require [upon which] R. Eleazar remarked [that] it meant I will require your blood if shed by the hands of yourselves 16. בראשית ט:ה ו א ך א ת ד מ כ ם ל נ פ ש ת יכ ם א ד ר ש מ י ד כ ל ח י ה א ד ר ש נ ו ומ י ד ה אד ם מ י ד א יש אח יו א ד ר ש א ת נ פ ש ה אד ם: בבלי בבא קמא צא:ב ואך את דמכם לנפשותיכם אדרש - ר' אלעזר אומר: מיד נפשותיכם אדרש את דמכם Loss of Divine Image 17. B. Yevamot 63b It was taught: R. Eliezer stated, He who does not engage in propagation of the race is as though he sheds blood; for it is said, Whoso sheddeth man's blood by man shall his blood be shed, and this is immediately followed by the text, And you, be ye fruitful and multiply. R. Jacob said: As though he has diminished the Divine Image; since it is said, For in the image of God made he man, and this is immediately followed by, And you, be ye fruitful etc. Ben 'Azzai said: As though he sheds blood and diminishes the Divine Image; since it is said, And you, be ye fruitful and mutltiply. 17. בבלי יבמות סג:ב תניא, רבי אליעזר אומר: כל מי שאין עוסק בפריה ורביה - כאילו שופך דמים, שנאמר: שופך דם האדם באדם דמו ישפך, וכתיב בתריה: ואתם פרו ורבו. רבי יעקב אומר: כאילו ממעט הדמות, שנאמר: כי בצלם אלהים עשה את האדם, וכתיב בתריה: ואתם פרו וגו'. בן עזאי אומר: כאילו שופך דמים וממעט הדמות, שנאמר: ואתם פרו ורבו. Current Jewish Questions: Pro-Life, Pro-Choice, and Torah 6

7 Commandment to Choose Life 18. Deuteronomy 30:19 I call heaven and earth as witnesses today against you, that I have set before you life and death, blessing and cursing; therefore choose life, that both you and your descendants may live 18. דברים ל:יט ה ע ד ת י ב כ ם ה יו ם א ת ה ש מ י ם ו א ת ה אר ץ ה ח י ים ו ה מ ו ת נ ת ת י ל פ נ י ך ה ב ר כ ה ו ה ק ל ל ה וב ח ר ת ב ח י ים ל מ ע ן ת ח י ה א ת ה ו ז ר ע ך: Current Jewish Questions: Pro-Life, Pro-Choice, and Torah 7

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