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1 ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION text in green is for notes Voorhees

3 ERA III UNIT 9 WHI.9 ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION M WORDS: M is for Muhammad, Muslim, Monotheistic, Mecca, Medina, Mosaics, Minaret, and Mosque

4 THE STUDENT WILL APPLY SOCIAL SCIENCE SKILLS TO UNDERSTAND THE ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION FROM ABOUT 600 TO 1000 A.D. (C.E.) BY a) describing the origin, location, beliefs, traditions, customs, and spread of Islam, with emphasis on the Sunni-Shi a division and the Battle of Tours; b) assessing the influence of geography on Islamic economic, social, and political development, including the impact of conquest and trade; c) explaining the cultural and scientific contributions and achievements of Islamic civilization.

5 FROM BYZANTINE EMPIRE TO ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION Constantine transferred capital to Byzantium 324 Byzantine Empire lasted approx years (306 AD to 1453 AD) Muslims conquer Constantinople in 1453 So who were these Muslims? Where did they come from?

6 MUSLIM EXPANSION:

7 WHERE DID ISLAM ORIGINATE? Islam originated on the Arabian Peninsula; Saudi Arabia

9 LARGEST DESERTS OF THE WORLD: Desert Location sq km sq mi Sahara northern Africa 9,100,0 00 Gobi Mongolia/northeastern China 1,300,0 00 3,500, ,000 Patagonian Argentina 670, ,000 Rub' al Khali southern Arabian peninsula 650, ,000 Great Sandy northwestern Australia 390, ,000 Great Victoria southwestern Australia 390, ,000 Chihuahuan Mexico/southwestern United States 360, ,000 Takla Makan northern China 360, ,000 Sonoran Mexico/southwestern United States 310, ,000 Kalahari southwestern Africa 260, ,000 Kyzyl Kum Uzbekistan 260, ,000 Thar India/Pakistan 260, ,000 Simpson Australia 100,000 40,000 Mohave southwestern United States 52,000 20,000

ARABIAN PENINSULA The people living there were nomads called Bedouins who lived in tribes or clans They developed fierce fighting skills and took pride in

11 ARABIAN PENINSULA The people living there were nomads called Bedouins who lived in tribes or clans They developed fierce fighting skills and took pride in their ability to defend their families Most of the area was desert so they moved around and eventually settled in one of the few farming communities or a market town

12 ARABIA- CROSSROADS OF TRADE Arabia is located between Asia (to the east), Europe (to the north), and Africa (to the west) Goods moving from one area to the other passed through Arabia and allowed the Muslim Arabs to establish a wealthy empire

13 TRADE MAKES ISLAM WEALTHY!

14 WHAT RELIGION WAS PRACTICED BEFORE ISLAM? Before Islam the Arabic peoples practiced a polytheistic religion so most believed in many gods Some people believed in one God called Allah Some people practiced Christianity or Judaism

15 ISLAM: THE BASICS Muhammad= prophet who founded Islam Allah= the one true God of Islam Islam= submission to the will of Allah Muslim= one who submits to Allah

16 BLUE MOSQUE- IN THE TOWN OF MAZĀR-E SHARĪF, AFGHANISTAN

17 MUHAMMAD THE PROPHET prophet= contacted by God and chosen to deliver a message

18 MUHAMMED c C.E. Muhammad was born in Mecca into the Quraysh clan (one of the Arabic families that ruled Mecca) Orphaned at a young age Muhammad grew up on the fringes of Arab society

19 MUHAMMED c. 610 C.E. Muhammad s First Revelation After becoming a successful merchant Muhammad began focusing on the study of religion He frequently wandered the hills around Mecca meditating and according to Islamic tradition was visited by the angel Gabriel

20 DOME OF THE ROCK Islamic architecture Rock where Mohammed ascended to heaven

21 MUHAMMAD c. 620 C.E. The Night Journey According to Islamic belief Muhammad was transported to Jerusalem by the angel Gabriel and then ascended to heaven to confirm his role as the prophet of Allah

23 MUHAMMAD 622 C.E. Hijra (Hegira): Muhammad s flight to Yathrib Muhammad s public message of social justice and criticism of the wealthy merchants of Mecca force him to flee to Yathrib In Yathrib Muhammad establishes the first mosque and Islamic community ( umma ); Yathrib is renamed Medina ( City of the Prophet ) This event begins the Islamic calendar (Year One)

MAJOR CITIES OF ISLAM MECCA AND MEDINA Mecca is the city where Muhammad was born and where he founded Islam It is the center of Islam Medina is the city where

24 MAJOR CITIES OF ISLAM MECCA AND MEDINA Mecca is the city where Muhammad was born and where he founded Islam It is the center of Islam Medina is the city where Muhammad and his first followers fled to because they were forced out of Mecca After Muhammad and his followers gained power they went back and took over Mecca

25 WHAT IS THE HOLY BOOK OF ISLAM? The Qur an

26 WHAT IS THE HOLY BOOK OF ISLAM? WHAT ARE THE MAJOR BELIEFS? The Qur an (Koran) is the holy book of Islam Islam is monotheistic Muslims believe everyone must take personal responsibility for their actions and that there will be a final judgment and people will go either to heaven or hell based on their actions Muslims must follow the Five Pillars

27 QUR AN/ KORAN revealed to the prophet Muhammad The angel Gabriel is said to have spoken Allah s words into the Prophet's ear According to Muslim tradition, after this ecstatic experience Muhammad was able to recite exactly what he had been told The Koran is written in Arabic

28 QUR AN/ KORAN see primary document hand-out

29 THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM Islamic Faith:

WHAT ARE THE FIVE PILLARS? 1. Faith-Muslims must testify that there is only one God (Allah) and that Mohammed is the last prophet 2. Prayer-Muslims must pray five times per day facing Mecca 3.

30 WHAT ARE THE FIVE PILLARS? 1. Faith-Muslims must testify that there is only one God (Allah) and that Mohammed is the last prophet 2. Prayer-Muslims must pray five times per day facing Mecca 3. Alms-Muslims must support the poor through a special alms tax 4. Fasting-Muslims must fast during the holy month of Ramadan (they only eat one meal at sundown) 5. Pilgrimage-Muslims must travel to Mecca at least once in their lifetime if they are able

31 THE FIVE PILLARS OF ISLAM 1) Testament of Faith (Shahada) There is one God, There is no God but God His name is Allah And His ultimate Prophet is Mohammed 2) Daily prayer (Salah) must face Mecca call to prayer 5 times a day

32 SALAH

33 3) FASTING DURING THE MONTH OF RAMADAN (SAWM)

34 RAMADAN- MONTH OF FASTING/ HOLY TIME

4) ALMSGIVING (ZAKAT) Required of those who have wealth beyond a certain amount to meet their basic needs The amount of money paid in Zakat depends on the amount and type of wealth one possesses, but

35 4) ALMSGIVING (ZAKAT) Required of those who have wealth beyond a certain amount to meet their basic needs The amount of money paid in Zakat depends on the amount and type of wealth one possesses, but is usually considered to be a minimum of 2.5% of a person's "extra" wealth. The specific calculations of Zakat are rather detailed and dependent on individual circumstances, so zakat calculators have been developed to assist with the process.

36 5) PERFORMING, AT LEAST ONCE IN A LIFETIME, THE MAJOR PILGRIMAGE TO MECCA (THE HAJJ)

38 HOW DOES RELIGION AFFECT THE DAILY LIVES OF MUSLIMS? The Five Pillars and the Muslim law (called the shiri a) dictate what people do: when to pray how to pray how to dress what to eat

39 HOW IS ISLAM RELATED TO JUDAISM AND CHRISTIANITY? All three are monotheistic They are all religions of the book because they all have holy books They believe in the prophet Abraham They also all believe in a final judgment and heaven and hell Jerusalem is a holy city to all three Dome of the Rock (famous mosque) built in Jerusalem at the site of Muhammad s ascension

40 THE EARLY MUSLIM WORLD caliphs and caliphates conquering the split; Sunni and Shia

41 THE EARLY MUSLIM WORLD A caliph is the Muslim leader. It means successor or deputy The Rightly Guided Caliphs were the first four ELECTED caliphs who had known and supported Muhammad Caliph= Muslim leader Adana, an ancient city in south central Turkey, contains the ruins of a fortress built by Abbasid Caliph Harun ar- Rashid in 782.

42 THE EARLY MUSLIM WORLD The Muslim world eventually included Arabia (including the conquest of Jerusalem), Syria, lower Egypt (which was part of the Byzantine Empire), parts of the Persian Empire It covered around 6000 miles from the Atlantic (next to Spain) to the Indus river

43 WHY WAS THE SPREADING OF ISLAM SO SUCCESSFUL? Islam spread so successfully because of the military which was very well-trained and also very faithful When they conquered people they were examples of the Islamic religion

45 TREATMENT OF CONQUERED PEOPLES Muslims allowed conquered peoples to keep their own religion but if they converted to Islam they didn t have to pay poll taxes Christians and Jews were able to pay to be exempt from military service Muslims did place various restrictions on the personal freedoms of their conquered peoples

46 Expansion under The Prophet Muhammad Expansion during the Rashidun caliphs Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate

47 ISLAMIC SECTS Sunni, Shia, and Sufi

MOHAMMED DIES- 632 Who should be successor?

Husayn ibn Ali (Ali s son) Shia s choice

48 MOHAMMED DIES- 632 Who should be successor? Abu Bakr- (advisor and father-in-law) (Sunni) first caliph- hereditary and chosen! Caliph Ali- (family) (Shia) Fourth caliph Husayn ibn Ali (Ali s son) Shia s choice (grandson of Mohammed) Massacred with others (martyr)

49 ISLAM; THE SPLIT; 2 BRANCHES Shi ite Shi a (Shiites) believed that caliphs should be related to Muhammad (hereditary) considers Ali, the cousin of Muhammad, and his descendants as Muhammad's true successors Sunni Sunnis the largest branch of Islam believes in the Sunna- the way (Muslim tradition) accepts the first four caliphs as rightful successors to Muhammad (elected)

50 ISLAM- 2 BRANCHES Shi ite 15% Sunni 85%

52 SUFISM Sufi: Muslim mystics (small sect) Islamic mysticism that began to develop in the 7th century By the 9th century AD the Sufis claimed to have methods of finding mystic knowledge of God, or Allah The Sufi mystic, described as a pilgrim on a journey, follows a path of seven stages: repentance, abstinence, renunciation, poverty, patience, trust in God, and acquiescence to the will of God Then, with the grace of God, a higher level of consciousness is attained, in which knowledge, the knower, and the known are realized as one

53 In the Middle Ages the great Sufi orders, which had several million adherents, were established about 100 orders still exist, many of them in Turkey and Iran One of the most influential founders of orders was the Persian poet Jalal al-din Muhammad Rumi WHIRLING DERVISHES

54 ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION

55 SHI ITE OR SHIA ISLAM Karbalā center of pilgrimage for Shia Muslims In the center of the city is the shrine of Husayn ibn Ali

in the year 680 The story of Hussein s martyrdom is told in

56 THE MARTYRDOM OF HUSSEIN IBN ALI Shiite martyr (What s a martyr?) Slain with his family and followers in the battle of Karbala in the year 680 The story of Hussein s martyrdom is told in parts during the first days of Muharram Shias gatherdressed in black

57 Ten days- hundreds of thousands of Muslims converge on Karbala and Najaf in Iraq (shrines of Hussein and his father) Others take to the streets- beating their chests and chanting the tragedy MUHARRAM

62 THE MARTYRDOM OF HUSSEIN 680 CE

63 Oh.. Hussein. May God curse the people who killed the son of their Messenger s daughter in such a mean way.

65 KARBALĀ

66 SHIA ISLAM

67 SHIA ISLAM

SUNNI ISLAM comprising up to 90% of the total Muslim population of the world "people of the tradition [of Muhammad] and the community The word "Sunni"

69 SUNNI ISLAM comprising up to 90% of the total Muslim population of the world "people of the tradition [of Muhammad] and the community The word "Sunni" comes from the term Sunnah, which refers to the words and actions or example of the Islamic prophet Muhammad Sunni Islam may be referred to as Orthodox Islam

70 SUNNI MUSLIM

71 CONFLICT Today the two branches are still an issue to be reckoned with Example: Iraq is Sunni Iran is Shi ite

72 DYNASTIES: Umayadds Abbasids Fatimids Despite the fact that there were different empires, they were still unified through their religion (Islam), their language (Arabic), trade, and the economy Different empires Unified through Islam

73 UMAYYADS ESTABLISH DYNASTY The last Rightly Guided caliph was murdered Civil war broke out among the Muslims The Umayyads took over They established hereditary rule (dynasty) instead of having elected rulers like the previous caliphs

74 UMAYYAD DYNASTY Moved the capital from Mecca to Damascus

75 * Mecca

76 UMAYYADS FALL TO ABBASIDS The Abbasids overthrew the Umayyads in 750 and took control of the Muslim Empire.

77 SPAIN UNDER THE MUSLIMS The Berbers took control of Spain and spread Islam into Europe for the first time The Muslim conquest of Europe was stopped at the Battle of Tours in France

79 DAMASCUS TO BAGHDAD The Abbasids moved the capital from Damascus to Baghdad solidified their power and control of the Persian Empire which they conquered in order to govern their growing empire they created a strong bureaucracy in order to support the bureaucracy they collected taxes

80 BAGHDAD, IRAQ

ABBASID DYNASTY Giant Friday Mosque landmark in Iraq Located on the Tigris River in Sāmarrā Capital and religious center for the Abbassid rulers In the late 9th century the Abbasid rulers moved

81 ABBASID DYNASTY Giant Friday Mosque landmark in Iraq Located on the Tigris River in Sāmarrā Capital and religious center for the Abbassid rulers In the late 9th century the Abbasid rulers moved to Baghdād, and Sāmarrā fell into decline The Great Friday Mosque and the Spiral Minaret, built in the 9th century, continue to draw visitors and are an important religious center for Shia Muslims

82 MUSLIM EMPIRES SPREAD The Fatimid Dynasty established power in Egypt, western Arabia, and Syria Despite the fact that there were different empires, they were still unified through their religion (Islam), their language (Arabic), trade, and the economy

MUSLIM CITIES Four important Muslim cities: Baghdad Damascus Cairo Cordoba The city of Baghdad was a magnificent city built within the protection of

83 MUSLIM CITIES Four important Muslim cities: Baghdad Damascus Cairo Cordoba The city of Baghdad was a magnificent city built within the protection of three circular walls. In the center of the city was the caliph s palace which was made of stone and marble and the great mosque which was used for worship

84 CORDOBA, SPAIN The Moorish history of the city of Córdoba in Spain dates from the 8th century, when the city became a Muslim caliphate

85 COURT OF THE LIONS, ALHAMBRIA, SPAIN

86 ISLAM SOCIAL CLASSES Upper Class Born Muslim Second Class Converts to Muslim Lower Class Non-Muslim Protected Peoples (Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians) Slaves

87 MUSLIM WOMEN were allowed to participate in public life and gain an education had more rights than the women in Europe at the same time were expected to be obedient to men but they still had certain rights concerning marriage, family, and property were responsible for raising the family

88 MUSLIM SCHOLARSHIP Muslims supported science and learning for practical purposes Physicians Directions (Mecca/prayer) The encouraged scholarship by encouraging scholars to collect and translate philosophical and scientific texts into Arabic House of Wisdom or House of Knowledge

89 MEDICAL ADVANCEMENTS Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-razi Muhammad ibn Zakariva ar- Razi (Rhazes) isolated many chemical substances, produced many medications, and described many apparatus.

90 MEDICAL ADVANCEMENT Al-Razi wrote the Comprehensive Book and Treatise on Smallpox and Measles "Rhazes was the greatest physician of Islam and the Medieval Ages. George Sarton

91 MUSLIM MATH AND SCIENCE ACHIEVEMENTS Muslims used scientific observation and experimentation in order to find solutions to problems Math such as Algebra (al-jabr) Optics (they were able to create telescopes and microscopes) They charted stars, comets, and planets

92 SCIENCE; ISLAM Arabic numerals and concept of zero (adapted from India) Al Jabr, known today as Algebra (Al Jabr) Medicine Blended Eastern (Asian) and Western (European) knowledge Established hospitals and medical schools Expansion of geographic knowledge Improved ships Perfected the astrolabe Made wide use of the compass (from China) Made the Age of Exploration and Discovery possible

93 ASTROLABE- PROBABLY USED FIRST BY THE GREEKS

94 PERSIAN ASTROLABE The astrolabe is an ancient instrument that measures the positions of heavenly bodies It was probably first used by the Greek astronomer Hipparchus in the 1st century BCE It was also popularly used by navigators until the sextant was invented in the 18th century

96 UNIVERSITIES; ISLAM Located in Cordoba, Spain and Baghdad (House of Knowledge); much later in Timbuktu and Mali (linked by trade networks) Preserved Greek and Roman learning while blending and improving on Persian and Indian discoveries

97 AL-AZHAR UNIVERSITY, CAIRO

98 MUSLIM LITERATURE AND POETRY Ideals: Bravery Love Generosity Hospitality A very famous and popular piece of Muslim literature is The Thousand and One Nights (Arabian Nights)

99 THOUSAND AND ONE NIGHTS (ARABIAN NIGHTS) Magic carpets appear in Persian mythology, most famously in the Arabian Nights

100 ARABIAN NIGHTS collection of Middle Eastern folktales and legends passed down for hundreds of years several of the tales, including those of Ali Baba, Aladdin, and Sindbad the Sailor, have become classics of children s literature

101 POETRY The Rubiyat, by Omar Khayyam SEE PRIMARY SOURCE

idolatry and only Allah can create The Muslims

102 ISLAMIC ART Islam forbids the depiction of life in art because the creation of life would amount to idolatry and only Allah can create The Muslims instead created: calligraphy woodwork ceramics textiles

103 ISLAMIC ART FORMS: Mosaics Calligraphy Geometric designs

104 ISLAMIC DESIGNS/ CERAMICS

105

106 DEPICTING MUHAMMAD-

107 MUSLIM EMPIRES THAT EMERGED LATER: Ottoman (Turkey) Safavid (Middle East/Iran) Mughal (India)

108

109 ISLAM Holy Places

110 Mosque- Muslim place of worship Minaret- towercall to prayer

111

112 HOLY SITES OF ISLAM: MECCA AND MEDINA Mecca Makkah Western Saudi Arabia Birthplace of Muhammad Pilgrimage to the Kaaba (the Hajj) the Kaaba, the Muslims believe, was built by Abraham and his son Ishmael 2 million pilgrims/year Medina Madinah almunawwara Muhammad emigrated from Mecca to Medina in 622 the Hegira Medina was the seat of the first four caliphs

113 MECCA

114 MECCA Black Stone Kab ah

115 MECCA

116 MEDINA

117

118

119 ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION review

120 THE HEGIRA MARKS MOHAMMED S FLIGHT FROM MECCA TO A B C D Damascus. Baghdad. Jerusalem. Medina.

121 WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT ONE OF THE PILLARS OF ISLAM? A B C D Giving charity Fasting during Ramadan Being baptized Making a pilgrimage

122 WHAT CITY IS IMPORTANT NOT ONLY TO MUSLIMS, BUT TO JEWS AND CHRISTIANS AS WELL? A B C D Mecca Jerusalem Constantinople Cairo

123 WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS TRUE ABOUT THE KORAN? A B C D It was written by Mohammed. It has been changed over time. It was recorded by Mohammed s followers. It includes the Old and New Testament.

124 WHO OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT REGARDED AS A PROPHET BY MUSLIMS? A B C D Jesus Paul Abraham Mohammed

125 AN IMPORTANT CULTURAL CONTRIBUTION OF THE MUSLIMS IS THE A B development of gunpowder. preservation of ancient Greek and Roman texts. C D establishment of trade with Australia. building of churches throughout the empire.

126 AS TRADE EXPANDED IN THE ISLAMIC EMPIRE, MANY PEOPLE ADOPTED THE ARABIC LANGUAGE. THIS EVENT WOULD BE BEST CHARACTERIZED BY WHAT TERM? A B C D Acculturation Ethnocentrism Diffusion Xenophobia

127 WHEN MUSLIMS PRAY, THEY FACE A B C D the East. Mecca. Jerusalem. the nearest mosque.

128 WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING REPRESENTS THE CORRECT ORDER OF THE ISLAMIC DYNASTIES FROM THE SEVENTH TO THE THIRTEENTH CENTURIES? A B C D Umayyad, Abbasid, Seljuk Abbasid, Seljuk, Umayyad Abbasid, Shi ite, Sunni Umayyad, Shi ite, Abbasid

129 ALL OF THE FOLLOWING ARE SCIENTIFIC ACHIEVEMENTS OF THE MUSLIMS EXCEPT A B C D invention of the compass. Al Jabr or Algebra. adaptation of Arabic numerals. medicine.

130 WHERE DID ISLAM BEGIN? A B C D Iberian Peninsula Africa Arabian Peninsula Europe

131 WHO IS THE FOUNDER OF ISLAM? A B C D Mohammed Zoroaster Gautama Abraham

132 WHAT FAMOUS BATTLE HALTED THE SPREAD OF ISLAM INTO WESTERN EUROPE? A B C D Hastings Tours Salamis Agincourt

133 AT ITS HEIGHT, THE ISLAMIC EMPIRE EXPANDED FROM A B C D East Asia to Europe. the Indus River Valley to the Atlantic Ocean. the Nile River Valley to the Pacific Ocean. West Africa to Scandinavia.

134 WHERE DID TRADERS AND MERCHANTS SPREAD ISLAM? A B C D Northern Europe Southeast Asia Australia America

135 Dome of the Rock

Unit 8: Islamic Civilization

Unit 8: Islamic Civilization Standard(s) of Learning: WHI.8 The student will demonstrate knowledge of the Islamic civilization from about 600 to 1000 AD by a) Describing the origin, beliefs, traditions,