World History I Mrs. Rogers Sem

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1 World History I Mrs. Rogers Sem Chapter 10 Study Guide: Muslim Civilizations Section 1: Rise of Islam Bedouins (bed-oh-ins): a tribe of nomads that lived in the desert of the Arabian peninsula and settled around water sources called an oasis (oh-a-sis). Mecca (mek-uh): Arabian market town that around 540 AD becomes the birthplace of Muhammad, the prophet of Later viewed as a holy city, the spiritual center for followers of Muhammad. Islam (is-lahm): religion based on the teachings of Muhammad. Related to the Jewish and Christian religions. Islam extends the beliefs found in the Old and New Testament of the Bible. Followers of Islam are called Muslims (muz-lumz). Medina (muh-die-nuh): Arab town that became home to Muhammad. After a period of conflict among Arab tribes, many accepted the teachings of Islam and followed the leadership of Muhammad. He later returned to Mecca and expanded the influence of Kaaba (kah-bah): Ancient temple in Mecca which became the first holy temple of Quran (koo-ran): The collection of teachings from Muhammad. The holy book of Mosque (mah-sk): Name given to a place of worship for Muslims. Haaj (hah-jz): Name of a trip Muslims are asked to make by traveling to Mecca, the home of Sharia (shuh-ree-uh): Set of laws/rules based on the life and teachings of Muhammad. Guides all aspects of life for Muslims. Jihad (gee-hahd): A challenge to believers to overcome personal weaknesses. Sometimes seen as a call for believers to defend Islam against any person or group failing to respect its teachings.

2 Key Ideas: 1. Muhammad believed in the earlier prophets Abraham, Moses, and Jesus. He was inspired by God to add to their teachings. 2. Basic Islamic beliefs: honesty, generosity, social justice. People breaking the teachings of Islam faced harsh punishment for their sin in this life. The required behavior of Muslims is outlined in Sharia law. 3. Five Pillars: Muslims are expected to follow five important practices of the religion. Declare the faith openly. Pray five times a day. Show charity (kindness) to the poor. Fast daily (go without food for a period of time) Make Haaj to Mecca during one s lifetime (a trip, or pilgrimage). Section 2: The Muslim Empire Abu Bakir (ah-boo bah-keer): First leader of Islam after Muhammad s death; given the title of caliph (kah-leef). After a struggle for power among various tribes, Abu united the Islamic world and expanded its influence into Persia and the eastern Mediterranean by conquering new lands. Shiites (she-ites): A group of Muslims who believed the leader of Islam should be a direct descendent of Muhammad. After an ongoing struggle with other Muslims, the Shiites become a minority. They are found today in Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, and Yemen. Sunnis (soo-neez): A group of Muslims who believed their spiritual leader only needed to be a male member of Muhammad s tribe. This group eventually represents the majority of Muslims, still true today. Sufis (soo-feez): A small group of Muslims who dedicate their lives to a monk-like relationship with God and to spreading the teachings of Islam to others. Umayyads (oo-my-adz): A series of Sunni caliphs who ruled the Muslim Empire until 750 AD. They extended control of lands from Arabia, across northern Africa, to Spain. The home of the Umayyad was Damascus, Syria. They are known for permitting Christians and Jews in conquered territories to live and practice their religions..

3 Abbasids (ab-uh-sids): Many Muslims became unhappy under Umayyad rule. Led by Shiite Muslims, a rebellion resulted in a new dynasty of caliphs called the Abbasids. They moved the capital to Baghdad. Over time it became a major Muslim city with great wealth and power. Minaret (min-uh-ret): Towers that are part of large mosques throughout the Muslim world. Purpose: call people to their daily prayers. Sultan (sull-tan): Title of the leader of the Seljuk Turks who conquered Baghdad in 1055 AD. Moslem caliphs remained in office but lost their power to the sultan. Key Ideas: 1. After Muhammad died, Muslims split into two groups who competed for power in the Muslim Empire, Sunnis and Shiites. The Sunnis became the majority and expanded Muslim rule throughout the Mideast, North Africa, and into Spain. Their leaders became known as Amayyads ruling the Muslim world from Syria. They allowed Jews and Christians to practice their religion in conquered Moslem lands. 2. In 750 AD, power in the Muslim Empire passed to Shiite leaders called Abbasids. They moved the seat of the empire from Damascus to Baghdad where Muslim culture expanded. Many Persian influences were kept adding variety to Muslim life. 3. Beginning in the 900s, foreign invaders moved into the Muslim Empire. The Seljuk Turks were the first to take power from the Abbasids. When the Turks refused to let Christians travel to Jerusalem, Pope Urban II organized the First Crusade in In 1216 Mongols from Central Asia invaded the Mideast. These relatives of Genghis Kahn controlled Baghdad taking all power from the remaining Abbasid caliphs. The Mongols later adopted Islam and became part of the local population. Mongol leaders further weakened the Muslim Empire by extending their control over even more Muslim lands.

4 Section 3: Muslim Culture and Civilization Social Mobility: Muslims could improve their position in society by religious, educational, or military achievements. Omar Khayyam (oh-mahr ky-am): famous Muslim poet and scholar. Wrote The Rubaiyat (roo- by-aht). Calligraphy (cal-ig-rah-fee): art of beautiful handwriting. Used to decorate mosques and other buildings. Firdawsi (fur-dow-see): wrote a history of the Persian empire in Arabic writing. Al-Khwarizmi (ahl-kwahr-iz-mee): a great Muslim mathematician who developed the study of algebra in the 800s. He translated a math textbook into Latin so it could be used in Europe. Ibn Sina (ih-bun-seen-uh): a famous doctor in the Muslim world. Wrote an encyclopedia for the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Key Ideas: 1. Muslim people made significant contributions to advances in human civilization. Located in the center of trade routes between Asia, Europe and Africa, Muslims were exposed to many different cultures. As a result they absorb ideas and developments from these cultures which became part of Muslim life. 2. Agricultural products including cotton, meat, wool, herbs, sugar cane, and flowers were widely traded producing wealth that led to other advances. Increased wealth helped build manufacturing. The Muslim world produced steel swords, leather goods, cloth, fine carpets, glassware, and furniture. Muslims also developed new ideas in business including use of paper currency, business loans, accounting methods, banking systems, and so on. 3. While Muslim society treated people from different backgrounds with respect and allowed for some upward social mobility, it also maintained the common practice of slavery. Slaves were taken from conquered lands and used as household servants, skilled artisans, and soldiers. Islam forbid making slaves of Muslims and provided a way for slaves to gain freedom.

5 4. Muslims made contributions to literature in the form of poetry and stories such The Thousand and One Nights, a collection of Arabic stories. Muslims produced their own styles of art and architecture. Islam does not allow human forms to be included in paintings or sculpture, so Muslims used free flowing script writing, called calligraphy, to decorate buildings. Architectural features of Muslim structures included use of arches and domes along with minarets on mosques. 5. Centers of learning developed in Cairo, Egypt, Cordoba, Spain, and Timbuktu, Africa. Muslim scholars made advances in philosophy, mathematics, astronomy and medicine. The knowledge and ideas from Greek, Persian, and Indian scholars were translated into Arabic and saved for future generations. These included works of history, science, and philosophy.

I. The Rise of Islam. A. Arabs come from the Arabian Peninsula. Most early Arabs were polytheistic. They recognized a god named Allah and other gods.

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