5/10/2018. The Islamic Civilization. A Study of the Faith / Empire / Culture. Mecca / Makkah. Isolated Peninsula. Southwestern = Fertile

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1 The Islamic Civilization A Study of the Faith / Empire / Culture Mecca / Makkah 1 Isolated Peninsula Southwestern = Fertile Remainder = Arid Plains / Desert Agriculture along the coastal areas Bedouin Tribes / Nomadic / Sheikh Crossroads of trade Oasis Towns emerge Makkah / Mecca Kaaba Polytheistic 2 Mohammed Born 570 Mecca Orphaned Lives with uncle Become a Merchant Travels throughout the Middle East Marries Khadija (15 yrs. older) Influenced by Christianity and Judaism The Flight of Mohammed Hijrah (Hegira) Start of the Islamic Calendar 622 A.D. Medina Compact Political Capital of Islam 3 1

2 During Mohammed s Life Expansion of Islam After Mohammed s Death Mohammed Enters Mecca 630 A.D. Fought to re-establish power of Rightly Guided Caliphs Kaaba becomes place of worship tied to Abraham Mohammed dies at Medina in 632 A.D. 4 The Kaaba Exterior Interior 5 Islam = Submission to the Will of God Koran / Quran ( Recital ) Written in Arabic Final authority in matters of faith and lifestyle God s messages revealed to Mohammed Old Testament Stories Specific Rules Alcohol Shari ah Quran / Sayings of Mohammed Islamic moral principles Public / Private Life 6 2

3 7 Building the Islamic Empire through military conquest 8 The Spread of Islam The Early Islamic Warrior 9 3

4 Expansion of Islam Caliph = Successor Mohammed left no clear line of succession Rightly Guided Caliphs (Rashidun Caliphs) A.D. 661 A.D. Four immediate successors of Mohammed All knew, lived, followed Mohammed jihad begins Islam Fragments 661 Death of Ali --- Muawiyah (Governor of Syria) Establishment of the Umayyad Dynasty ( A.D.) Damascus established as capital city instead of Medina Greatest Period of Islamic Expansion Divisions in the Islamic Faith Emerge Umayyad s Political Leaders Sunni Muslims 90% in the World Fatima Mohammed s Descendants Religious Leaders Shiite Muslims 10% in the World Further divided into smaller sects Settle in North Africa (Fatimid's) 11 The Umayyad Dynasty in Power Overthrown in A.D. Continues Dynasty in Spain Emirate / Caliphate of Cordoba ( ) Spread Arabic Language Minted 1 st Arabic Currency Built Roads

5 The Umayyad Political World Expansion into Europe (Spain) A.D. Defeat the Catholic Visigoths Internal Civil War Arab / Muslim Expansion into Europe Charles Martel & Eudes Meet 732 A.D. Franks = 20 30,000 Troops Arabs = 15 20,000 Troops Summer 732 A.D. Arab Raids into France

6 16 Eight Centuries Muslim Focus on Spain Begins Distinct Culture Combination of Europe / N. Africa / Middle East Cordoba / Cordova Umayyad Capital 70 Libraries 500,000 books Granada Alhambra

7 Rise of the Abbasid Dynasty A.D. Baghdad becomes capital of the Islamic Empire Islamic Culture emerges as being distinct and unique Height of Islamic Culture reached under early Abbasid rulers Abbasid dynasty rules Dissatisfaction with Umayyad's Discrimination among non-arabs / Others Shiite opposition join Rebel in areas to east Iraq / Persia Descendant of Mohammed comes to power Baghdad becomes new Abbasid capital Tigris River Trade Routes 19 Height of Islamic Culture Caliph Harun al-rashid ( ) Baghdad Flourishes Corresponds with Charlemagne Charlemagne sent illuminated manuscripts & bales of furs Harun al-rashid sent fabrics, perfumes and an elephant named Abu- Lababah ( Father of Intelligence ) Baghdad center of trade routes Population 20 Fatimid s Emerge in North Africa and Egypt Rule Cairo is capital city Shiite Islam Will control nearly all of North Africa Internal Divisions / Will Face the Crusades Fall to Ayyubid Dynasty / Rise of Saladin 21 7

8 Mamluks of Egypt Halt Mongols Horse Archers Similar Tactics Only Mongol Defeat Save Islam for Middle East? Agriculture: Irrigation / Fruit Orchards Trade: Crossroads Bazaars / Marketplaces / Urban Centers

9 The Numbers House of Wisdom -- Baghdad Ma mun 830 Intellectual Center Research / Science Translation of earlier literature Greek / Persian / Indian 26 Cultural - Scholarship Mathematics: Arabic Numerals India Chemistry & Medicine: Art and Architecture: al-razi / Classify Substances Ibn Sina / Canon of Medicine Calligraphy / Elegant Handwriting Arabesques / Geometric Designs Literature: Omar Khayyam / Rubaiyat 27 9

10 Cultural - Scholarship Mathematics: Arabic Numerals India Chemistry & Medicine: Art and Architecture: al-razi / Classify Substances Ibn Sina / Canon of Medicine Calligraphy / Elegant Handwriting Arabesques / Geometric Designs Literature: Omar Khayyam / Rubaiyat Arabian Nights Tales 28 Cultural - Scholarship Chemistry & Medicine: Art and Architecture: al-razi / Classify Substances Ibn Sina / Canon of Medicine Calligraphy / Elegant Handwriting Arabesques / Geometric Designs Literature: Omar Khayyam / Rubaiyat Arabian Nights Tales Philosophy & History: Averroes (Ibn-Rushd) & Moses Maimonides Corresponds with ideas of St. Thomas Aquinas

11 Examples of Islamic Architecture 31 Last Test of the Year = 17 May 32 11

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