World Religions. Part 7: Islam Session 2: From the First Successors to the Three Great Empires. Dirk s Contact Info

Transcription

1 Slide 1 World Religions Part 7: Islam Session 2: From the First Successors to the Three Great Empires Dirk s Contact Info Phone: (Bethany Church s main number) drodgers@bethanychurch.com Facebook Page: Pastor Dirk Rodgers Tumblr: Dirk s Web Site: Bethany Church Web Site:

2 Slide 2 This Session 1 Traditions: Hadith, Sunnah and Medieval Biography 2 Succession Issues 3 Dynasties and Empires 4 Sharia Law

3 Slide 3 Part 7.2: From the First Successors to the Three Great Empires 1 TRADITIONS: HADITH, SUNNAH AND MEDIEVAL BIOGRAPHY

4 Slide 4 Arabic, to report Record of the sayings and traditions of Muhammad Passed down orally until the 8 th and 9 th centuries Various levels of authority within the Hadith are debated, based on transmission Sunni count 6 collections; Shia count 4 collections The Hadith Calligraphic representation of Muhammad's name, from gates in The Mosque of the Prophet, Medina Image Source: By Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0,

5 Slide 5 A Sample Hadith Narrated 'Aisha: (the mother of the faithful believers) Al-Harith bin Hisham asked Allah's Messenger O Allah's Messenger! How is the Divine Inspiration revealed to you?" Allah's Messenger replied, "Sometimes it is (revealed) like the ringing of a bell, this form of Inspiration is the hardest of all and then this state passes off after I have grasped what is inspired. Sometimes the Angel comes in the form of a man and talks to me and I grasp whatever he says." 'Aisha added: Verily I saw the Prophet being inspired divinely on a very cold day and noticed the sweat dropping from his forehead (as the Inspiration was over). Source: Sahih al-bukhari 2

6 Slide 6 Arabic, path; habitual practice Authoritative law and practice emerging from tradition. Hadith serve as the foundation of Sunna, although sometimes the terms are used synonymously Sunnah become sources for Sharia Law The Sunna The name Muhammad written in Thuluth, a script variety of Islamic calligraphy. Image Source: By Morgan Phoenix - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0,

7 Slide 7 Ibn Ishaq (704 c. 761) Ibn Hisham (d. c.827) Al-Tabari ( ) Biographies

8 Slide 8 Part 7.2: From the First Successors to the Three Great Empires 2 SUCCESSION ISSUES

9 Slide 9 Muhammad s Successor Two Primary Possibilities Abu Bakr, his father-inlaw though his marriage Aisha Ali ibn Abi Talib, his cousin and son-in-law (married his daughter, Fatima) Image Source: By Mark Ahsmann - Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, media.org/w/index.ph p?curid= Image Source: By José Luiz Bernardes Ribeiro /, CC BY-SA 3.0, edia.org/w/index.php?c urid=

10 Slide 10 The Rashidun ( Rightly Guided ) Caliphate Abu Bakr ( ) Umar ( ) Uthman ( ) Ali ( ) Caliph : from Arabic ḵalīfa meaning deputy, as opposed to sheikh, based on Arabic šayḵ old man, Rashidun Caliphate at its greatest extent, under Caliph Uthman's rule Image Source: By Mohammad adil at the English language Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0,

11 Slide 11 The Siege of Jerusalem, Umar travels to Jerusalem to accept the surrender of the Byzantine Patriarch, Sophronius Image Source:

12 Slide 12 Ali s Caliphate Begins, 656 Ali s Caliphate supported by the Egyptian soldiers who assassinated Uthman Aisha opposed Ali s Caliphate in the Battle of the Camel Ali himself assassinated by former supporters in 661 Succeeded by Muawiyah, a relative of Uthman Ali and Aisha at the Battle of the Camel Image Source: By Mohammad adil at the English language Wikipedia, CC BY-SA 3.0,

13 Slide 13 Battle of Karbala, 680 Who will succeed Muawiyah to the Caliphate? Yazid I, son of Muawiyah, vs. Husayn, son of Ali Husayn killed/ martyred Finalizes the split between Shia (who support Husayn and the line of Ali), and Sunni (who support the community s decisions for Muawiyah and Yazid) Battle of Karbala by Abbas Al-Musavi Image Source: By Abbas Al-Musavi - Online Collection of Brooklyn Museum; Photo: Brooklyn Museum, 2010, _PS2.jpg, Public Domain,

14 Slide 14 Shia: Three Most Prevalent Branches Ithna Asharis (Twelvers or Imamis) There were 12 imams following Muhammad in Ali s line; the last imam disappeared and will return one day Shi'i phrase 'Ali is the vicegerent of God, in Arabic Zaidis - Also believe in 12 succeeding imams, but disagree on the identity on one of them Ismailis ( Seveners ) - Believe in 7 succeeding imams Image Source: Mahmoud Ibrahim - Library of Congress[1], Public Domain,

15 Slide 15 Part 7.2: From the First Successors to the Three Great Empires 3 DYNASTIES AND EMPIRES

16 Slide 16 Two Early Dynasties Umayyad: , Damascus, Syria , Cordoba, Spain Abbasid: , Bagdad, Persia Image Source> By Gabagool - Own work, CC BY 3.0, By Gabagool - Own work, CC BY 3.0,

17 Slide 17 Saladin Retakes Jerusalem, 1187 Crusaders had held the city since 1099 Image Source: Alphonse-Marie-Adolphe de Neuville - François Guizot ( ), The History of France from the Earliest Times to the Year 1789, London : S. Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, 1883, p. 435, Public Domain,

18 Slide 18 The Golden Age, Cordoba, Spain A Flowering of Culture Muslim conquest, 756 Reached high point in 10 th & 11 th century Image Source:

19 Slide 19 House of Wisdom, Baghdad Medieval Abbasid Library reported to be world s largest in its day Established, 9 th century Destroyed following the the Mongol Siege of Baghdad in 1258 Image Source: By Zereshk - Own work, Public Domain,

20 Slide 20 Sufisim Sufism or tasawwuf, as it is called in Arabic, is generally understood by scholars and Sufis to be the inner, mystical, or psycho-spiritual dimension of Islam. Today, however, many Muslims and non- Muslims believe that Sufism is outside the sphere of Islam. Source: Alan Godlas, University of Georgia, in Rumi Sufi mystic, 13 th founder of the Whirling Dervishes Public Domain,

21 Slide 21 Al-Ghazali, c Scholar and Sufi Mujaddid, Renewer of the Faith Sought to reconcile orthodoxy and mysticism Incoherence of the Philosophers, rejects Aristotle & Platonic influences in Islam Deliverance From Error, an autobiography Last page of Al-Ghazali's autobiography in MS Istanbul Image Source: Abū Hāmid al-ghazzālī, Public Domain,

22 Slide 22 Ibn Rushd (Averroes), Sought to reconcile orthodoxy and Aristotle Called the Commentator by Aquinas and others, for his commentary on Aristotle Incoherence of the Incoherence, in opposition to Al-Ghazali Image Source: Public Domain,

23 Slide 23 Three Early Modern Empires Ottoman Empire, , Constantinople/Istanbul, Turkey (as of 1453) - Sunni Safavid Empire, , Tabriz, Qazvin & Isfahan, Persia Shia Mughal Empire, , , Various cities in India (and what is modern Pakistan) Image Source:

24 Slide 24 Fall of Constantinople, 1453 Image Source: Bertrandon de la Broquière in Voyages d'outremer - Public Domain, ndex.php?curid=564233

25 Slide 25 Part 7.2: From the First Successors to the Three Great Empires 4 SHARIA LAW

26 Slide 26 Arabic term meaning a clear, well-trodden path to water What is Sharia? Hyatt Moore Path to Water Image Source:

27 Slide 27 A Broad Definition Shariah is the Islamic Law the disciplines and principles that govern the behavior of a Muslim individual towards his or herself, family, neighbors, community, city, nation and the Muslim polity as a whole, the Ummah. Similarly Shariah governs the interactions between communities, groups and social and economic organizations. Shariah establishes the criteria by which all social actions are classified, categorized and administered within the overall governance of the state. Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani Source: accessed, 5/

28 Slide 28 Conflicting Definitions Now a great problem today is that a new movement within Islam, the Islamist movement, has innovated a non-traditional approach to Shariah which vitiates all of the past approaches and establishes a rigid, hardline and non-pragmatic approach which vitiates all semblance of humaneness, sanity, moderation and decorum which constituted Islamic Law s traditional implementation over the past 14 centuries of history. Shaykh Muhammad Hisham Kabbani Source: accessed, 5/

29 Slide 29 Three Dimensions of Sharia Religious worship and ritual. These include acts of worship such as the five daily prayers (salat), fasting during Ramadan (sawm), and pilgrimage to Mecca (hajj). This area also includes some lifestyle practices, such as diet (no pork or alcohol) and wearing modest dress (ie. hijab). Private social interactions. These are mainly family issues (marriage, divorce, inheritance, etc) and marketplace affairs (respect for private property, rules for giving to charity and the community, ethical investments, contracts, etc). Public law issues. These are issues such as criminal law, and some general principles of constitutional government. Source: accessed, 5/

30 Slide 30 Sources of Sharia Authoritative collection of Islamic laws emerging from: Quran Hadith/Sunnah Ijma (unanimous consensus)* Qiyas (analogy)* Istihsan (public interest)* Urf (custom)* Fiqh (Interpretation/ Juisprudence) *Muslim jurists debate the extent to which these elements should determine Sharia

31 Slide 31 Muslim Countries and Sharia Law Countries and members of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation where sharia plays no role in the judicial system Countries where sharia applies in personal status issues (such as marriage, divorce, inheritance, and child custody) Countries where sharia applies in full, covering personal status issues as well as criminal proceedings Countries with regional variations in the application of sharia. Image Source: By 2013_Freedom_House_world_map.svg: *2011_Freedom_House_world_map.svg: *2010_Freedom_House_world_map.svg: *2009_Freedom_House_world_map.svg: *derivative work: Voland77 (talk)freedom_house_world_map_2009.png: Voland77 - This file was derived from 2013 Freedom House world map.svg:, Public Domain,

32 Slide 32 Different Sharia Schools

33 Slide 33 Source:

34 Slide 34 Sharia in America: The Debate A Continuum of Opinion Normal, Necessary Dangerous, Should be Banned

35 Slide 35 Sharia in America: Recent Stories Maryland, Custody, 1996 New Jersey, Marital Relations, 2009; reversed 2010 Oklahoma: Save Our State Amendment o Passed by 70% Voters, 2010 o Temporary Injunction, Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals, 2012 o Injunction upheld US District Court, 2013 Similar Measures passed in Alabama, North Carolina, Arizona, South Dakota, Kansas, Louisiana and Tennessee; proposed in several other states

36 Slide 36 Sharia in America: Recent Stories Dearborn, Michigan Federal Judge awards fees and costs to Christians who were arrested for disturbing the peace by sharing the gospel during Arab festival, 2014 Spoof article, City in Michigan First to Fully Implement Sharia Law, 2013 Dallas/Ft Worth Texas, Islamic Tribunal The need for a mediation and non-binding arbitration firm that adheres to Islamic principles in the Muslim community has been a long time in the making. Source: accessed 5/13/2016