7 th Century Arabian Peninsula (before Mohammed)
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1 Shi ah vs Sunni
2 Mecca
3 Old Ka aba
4 7 th Century Arabian Peninsula (before Mohammed)
5 Religion A form of paganism (henotheism) Allah is the Creator, the same god as Yahweh Daughters of Allah; Allat, al-uzza & Manat Many other gods, represented by idols placed inside & outside of Ka aba, including Abraham & Jesus Kahins: the link between humans and the divine Other religions accepted Annual pilgrimage
6 During Mohammed s Life Childhood Declaring Islam In Yathrib Abu Bakr, Aisha, Ali Mohammed s Death Mohammed s succession in question
7 Expansion of Islam until 750 C.E.
8 Mohammed s Succession ( ) Abu Bakr (Khalifat Rasul Allah) ( ) Omar (Amir Al Mouminin) ( ) Othman (Khalifate Allah) ( ) Ali (Amir Al Mouminin) Sunni Faith accepts these Caliphates, while Shi ia consider Ali the rightful successor
9 Ali as a Caliph (Amir Al Mouminin) Mu awiyah bin Abi Sufyan The Battle of the Camel Moving the Capital to Kufa The Battle of Siffin Death of Ali Banu Hashim
10 Amawyat Dynasty 661 to C.E. Mu awyah proclaims Caliph in Jerusalem Capital moved to Damascus Caliphate transformed into a Monarchy Kufa in revolt Birth of Shi atu Ali 680 C.E. The Karbala Massacre
11 680 C.E. The Karbala Massacre Hassan s Agreement with Mu awiyah Hassan dies in 669 c.e. Mu awiyah died in 680 c.e. Appoints his son Husain urged to come to Kufa Husain summoned in Medina Confronted by Umayyad Army Rebellion Erupts in Kufa, Mecca, Medina
12 Expansion of Islam until 750 C.E.
13 Abbasid Dynasty 750 to 1062 Rallied Support from Shi ite factions Moved capital to Baghdad Massacred Umayyad Clan Shi ite rejected Abbasid s legitimacy Fatimids Rule 909 to C.E., The occultation of the 12 th Imam
14 Safavid Dynasty King (Shah) Ismail conquers Iran Proclaims Twelver s Shi ism the official religion Claimed to be the Mehdi Battle with the Ottoman (sunni) Empire
15 Branches of Islam SUF FI
16 Shi ia Succession Mohammed Ali Fatima Hassan Hussain Ali Alawites Zaidis Zaid Mohamed Ja afar Mussa Ismael Ali Ismailis Mohammed Hassan Mohammed Jaafari (12 ers)
17 What Distinguishes Shi ia 1. Muhammed s succession of faith 2. Salvation through Mehdi (Messiah) 3. Governing (Khomaini.) 4. Religious Establishment 5. Rationalists, vs Traditionalists 6. Husain s martyrdom (680AD)
18 Wahabism & Shi ia Founded M. Abd al-wahhab ( ) Puritan, fundamentalist, strict movement Pact with M. Ibn Saud in Dariya Conquering of Mecca & Medina Attack on Karbala (1802) Egyptian Army battle (1818) Return in 1920 s as The Saudi Kingdom Oil Discovery Fountain of Fundamentalists and Jihadists
19 Sunni-Shi ia Conflicts Shi ite minorities in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Kuwait Clashes in SE Asia 20 th Century Intimidations during Hajj Sunni Alawites conflict in Syria Sunni Shi ite conflict in Lebanon Sunni Shi ite conflict in Yemen Saudi Iranian tension
20 Reconciliation Period 1938 unity against imperialism 1959 Al-Azhar Univ. recognizes Shi ism as the 5 th branch of Islam 1979 Khomaini forbids cursing of the Caliphates, designates an Islamic Unity Week
21 Iraq s Ethnic & Religious distribution
22 Iraq s Sunni & Shiite Amawyat rule & division with Ali Shi ia School born in Kufa, Iraq Abbasid rule oppressed Imams of Shi ia Ottomans & Saffavids (1514 AD) Kingdom under Faisal gave some freedom Diffusion of Sectarianism due to Nationalist movements Saddam marginalized and prosecuted Shi ites Iran-Iraq War fuels sectarianism Sunni s feel threatened in the new regime
23 Conclusions Religious conflicts are often fueled by economics and domination reasons Divisions become dangerous when one side vilifies the other side Religion & culture are intertwined and shape each other with the passage of time The tenant of all major religions is social justice. People take different path to implementation.
24 I have learned so much from God that I no longer can call myself a Christian, a Muslim, a Hindu, a Budhist, a Jew. ~ Hafez
25
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