Ready, Set, Read Caesar!

Transcription

1 Ready, Set, Read Caesar! Materials for Caesar, de Bello Gallico. I.1-7 based on categorizing and coordinating components of the Latin language ACL 2012 Las Vegas, Nevada June 30, 2012 Barbara Hill University of Colorado (retired)

2 I. The Five Components of the Latin Language Phonology: Semantics: the sound system of a language: the sounds of vowels, consonants, syllables, and words. meanings of words and phrases; idioms. Morphology: word forms: noun, pronoun, and adjective declensions; verb conjugations. Syntax: the arrangement of words in sentences; word order; grammar rules, rules of tense and mood. Pragmatics: the rules of language usage necessary for communication.

3 II. Caesar: Multiple clauses per sentence and omitted words! De Bello Gallico I. 1 Gallia est omnis divisa (est) in partes tres quarum unam incolunt Belgae (quarum) aliam (incolunt) Aquitani (quarum) tertiam (incolunt) qui ipsorum lingua Celtae (appellantur) et (qui) nostra (lingua) Galli appellantur. Hi omnes lingua, institutis, (et) legibus inter se differunt. Gallos ab Aquitanis Garumna flumen (dividit) (et) (Gallos) a Belgis Matrona et Sequana dividit. Horum omnium fortissimi sunt Belgae propterea quod a cultu atque humanitate provinciae longissime absunt minimeque ad eos mercatores saepe commeant atque (mercatores) ea important quae ad effeminandos animos pertinent proximique sunt Germanis qui trans Rhenum incolunt quibuscum continenter bellum.

4 Qua de causa Helvetii quoque reliquos Gallos virtute praecedunt quod fere cotidianis proeliis cum Germanis contendunt, cum aut suis finibus eos prohibent aut ipsi in eorum finibus bellum gerunt. Eorum una pars... initium capit a flumine Rhodano; quam... dictum est Gallos obtinere (pars) continetur Garumna flumine. Oceano (et) finibus Belgarum; (pars) attingit etiam ab Sequanis et Helvetiis flumen Rhenum; (pars) vergit ad septentriones.

5 III. Caesar, De Bello Gallico 1.1 Proper Nouns Aquitania, Aquitaniae, f.: Aquitania (the southwest part of Gaul) Aquitani, Aquitanorum, m. (pl.): the Aquitani Belgae, Belgarum, m. (pl.): the Belgae (a warlike people of German and Celtic race) Celtae, Celtarum, m. (pl): the Celts (especially those of central Gaul) Gallia, Galliae, f.: Gaul (modern France) Galli, Gallorum, m. (pl.): the Gauls Garumna, Garumnae, f.: the Garumna (a river in Gaul; now the Garonne) Germani, Germanorum, m. (pl.): the Germani Helvetii, Helvetiorum, m. (pl.): the Helvetians (a people of the part of Gaul, which is now Switzerland) Hispania, Hispaniae, f.: Spain (the whole of the Spanish peninsula, including what is now Portugal) Matrona, Matronae, m.: the Matrona (a river in Gaul; now the Marne) Oceanus, Oceani, m.: the ocean Pyreneus, -a, -um: the Pyrenees (the mountains between Gaul and Spain) Rhenus, Rheni, m.: the Rhine Rhodanus, Rhodani, m.: the Rhone (a river in Gaul) Septentriones, Septentrionum, m. (pl.): the seven plow oxen; the seven stars of the Great Bear (Ursa Maior) or the Little Bear (Ursa Minor) constellation; the north Sequana, Sequanae, m.: the Sequana (a river in Gaul; now the Seine) Sequani, Sequanorum, m. (pl.): the Sequani (a tribe of Gauls)

6 Caesar, De Bello Gallico 1.2 Proper Nouns Gallia, Galliae, f.: Gaul Germani, Germanorum, m. (pl.): the Germani Helvetii, Helvetiorum, m. (pl.): the Helvetians Iura, Iurae, m.: a mountain chain along the northwest frontier of modern Switzerland. lacus Lemanus, lacus Lemani, m.: Lake Lemanus (a lake in the country of the Helvetii, now Lake Geneva) Orgetorix, Orgetorigis, m.: Orgetorix (leader of the Helvetians) Marcus Messalla, Marci Messalae, m.: Marcus Messalla, consul in 61 BCE Marcus Pupius Piso, Marci Pupii Pisonis, m.: Marcus Pupius Piso, consul in 61 BCE Rhenus, Rheni, m.: the Rhine Rhodanus, Rhodani, m.: the Rhone Sequani, Sequanorum, m. (pl.): the Sequani Caesar, De Bello Gallico 1.3 Aedui, Aeduorum, m.: the Aedui, a Gallic people living in modern Burgundy Casticus, Castici, m.: Casticus, son of Catamantaloedes, king of the Sequani Divitiacus, Divitiaci, m.: Divitiacus, brother of Dumnorix Dumnorix, Dumnorigis, m.: Dumnorix, leader of the Aedui Gallia, Galliae, f.: Gaul Helvetii, Helvetiorum, m. (pl.): the Helvetians Orgetorix, Orgetorigis, m.: Orgetorix Romani, Romanorum, m.: the Romans Sequani, Sequanorum, m. (pl.): the Sequani

7 IV. Vocabulary of Caesar, De Bello Gallico Words of War and Peace A adduco, -ducere, -duxi, ductum: to lead to, influence adventus, adventus, m.: arrival aedificium, -i, n.: building alius, alia, aliud: another alter, altera, alterum: one (of two); the other altus, -a, -um: deep, high amicitia, amicitiae, f.: friendship angustus, -a, -um: narrow arbitror, arbitrari, arbitratus sum: to say, decide, judge arma, armorum, n.: arms, weapons attingo, attingere, attigi, attactum: to touch, reach autem (adverb): however B bello, -are, -avi, -atum: to wage war bellum, belli, n.: war bellum gero, gerere, gessi, gestum: to wage war bellum infero, inferre, intuli, inlatum: to wage war upon C carrus, carri, m.: cart, wagon causa, causae, f.: cause, reason, case certior facio, facere, feci, factum: to inform (lit.: to make quite certain) civitas, civitatis, f.: tribe cliens, clientis, m.: client, dependent cogo, cogere, coegi, coactum: to bring together, compel, force commeo, -are, -avi, -atum: to visit frequently concilio, conciliare, conciliavi, conciliatum: to take in, bring together conficio, -ficere, -feci, -fectum: to finish, accomplish coniuratio, coniurationis, f.: conspiracy conor, conari, conatus sum: to try, attempt consilium, consilii, n.: plan, council constituo, constituere, constitui, constitutum: to decide, arrange contendo, contendere, contendi, contentum: to strive, try to reach continenter (adverb): continuously

8 copia, copiae, f.: supply; copiae, copiarum, f. pl.: troops cupiditas, cupiditatis, f.: greed cupidus, -a, -um: desirous (of), eager (for) D dies, diei, m.: day dits (ditis): (with comparative and superlative forms): rich dolor, doloris, m.: sorrow, grief domus, domus, f.: home dubium, dubii, n.: doubt duco, ducere, duxi, ductum: to lead E enuntio, -are, avi, -atum: to reveal, report eo, ire, ivi (ii), iturus: to go eripio, eripere, erepi, ereptus: to snatch away exeo, exire, exii: to go out exercitus, exercitus, m.: army exsequor, -sequi, -sectus sum: to follow up, enforce exuro, -ere, -ussi, -ustum: to burn up F facilis, facile: easy fere (adverb): almost fines, finium, m.: territory (lit. boundaries) finitimus, -a, -um: neighboring; finitimi, finitimorum, m.: neighbors firmus, -a, -um: strong fio, fieri, factus sum: to happen, occur flumen, fluminis, n.: river fortis, forte: brave, courageous fortitudo, fortitudinis, f.: bravery, courage frumentum, frumenti, n.: grain, corn G gloria, gloriae, f.: glory, fame I ignis, ignis, m.: fire imperium, imperii, n.: command, supreme power impero, -are, -avi, -atum: to command, order

9 incendo, incendere, incendi, incensus: to set fire to incito, -are, -avi, -atum: to arouse, incite indicium, indicii, n.: information, evidence induco, -ducere, -duxi, -ductum: to lead into, induce inimicus, inimici, m.: enemy inimicus, -a, -um: unfriendly, hostile initium, initii, n.: beginning inferior, inferius: lower (comparative of inferus, -a, -um) iniuria, inuriae, f.: injury, harm institutum, instituti, n.: custom intercedo, -cedere, -cessi, -cessum: to go between, intercede itemque (adverb): likewise iter, itineris, n.: journey, march iubeo, iubere, iussi, iussus: to order iugum, iugi, n.: yoke, ridge iumentum, iumenti, n.: draft animal ius, iuris, n.: right, justice, law ius iurandum, iuris iurandi: n.: oath L latus, -a, -um: wide legatus, legati, m.: lieutenant, ambassador legatio, legationis, f.: delegation, embassy legio, legionis, f.: legion (a division of the Roman army consisting of between 4200 and 6000 men) lex, legis, f.: law lingua, linguae, f.: language, tongue locus, loci, m.: place (in nom. and acc. Plural: loca) longus, -a, -um: long, far M maleficium, -i, n.: trouble, wrong doing maturo, -are, -avi, atum: to ripen, hurry mensis, mensis, f.: month mercator, mercatoris, m.: merchant, trader miles, militis, m.: soldier minimus, -a, -um: least, smallest mitto, mittere, misi, missum: to send morior, mori, mortuus sum: to die mons, montis, m.: mountain

10 mors, mortis, f.: death mos, moris, f.: custom; mores (pl.): customs, character multitudo, multitudinis, f.: multitude, crowd N nobilis, nobile: noble nondum (adverb): not yet numerus, numeri, m.: number nuntio, -are, -avi, atum: to report, announce nuper (adverb): recently O obaeratus, obaerati, m.: debtor occasus, occasus, m.: setting occido, occidere, occidi, occisum: to kill obtineo, obtinere, obtinui, obtentum: to hold, possess occupo, -are, -avi, -atum: to take possession of, seize, occupy omnino (adverb): altogether oppidum, oppidi, n.: town oppugno, -are, -avi, -atum: to attack, storm P pars, partis, f.: part patior, pati, passus sum: to allow, permit pax, pacis, f.: peace pello, pellere, pepuli, pulsum: to drive periculum, periculi, n.: danger, peril perpauci, -ae, -a (pl.): very few persuadeo, persuadere, persuasi, persuasum (+ dative): to persuade pertineo, pertinere, pertinui: to reach to, extend to poena, poenae, f.: punishment, penalty pons, pontis, m.: bridge possum, posse, potui: to be able, can potens (potentis): powerful potior, potiri, potitus sum: to get possession of, obtain (with ablative) praesto, praestare, praestiti, praestitum: to stand before, excel principatus, principatus, m.: first rank, pre-eminence proelium, proelii, n.: battle profectio, profectionis, f.: departure propterea (adverb): on that account, therefore

11 perficio, -ficere, -feci, factum: to accomplish, complete pro (+ ablative): for in proportion to proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum: to set out, depart prohibeo, prohibere, prohibui, prohibitum: to hold back, restrain provincia, provinciae, f.: province proximus, -a, -um: nearest, nearby quoque (adverb): also Q R recipio, recipere, recepi, receptum: to take back, receive reditio, -onis, f.: return regnum, regni, m.: rule, supremacy, kingdom reliquus, -a, um: the rest of, the remaining; reliqui (as substantive): the rest res, rei, f.: thing, affair, matter rescindo, -ere, -scidi, -scissum: to cut off, break down ripa, ripae, f.: river bank rogo, -are, -avi, atum: to ask S satis (adj.): enough sementis, sementis, f.: sewing; i.e. crop sequor, sequi, secutus sum: to follow, pursue socius, socii, m.: comrade, ally sol, solis, m.: sun spatium, spatii, n.: space, period spero, -are, -avi, -atum: to hope spes, spei, f.: hope subeo, subire, subii: to undergo, go under suffero, sufferre, sustuli, sublatum: to undergo, endure, remove suscipio, -are, -cepi, -ceptum: to undertake, undergo suus, sua, suum: his, her, its, their own (reflexive adjective) T tamen (adverb): nevertheless totus, -a, -um: all transeo, transire, transii, transiturus: to go across

12 U undique (adverb): from/on all sides utor, uti, usus sum (+ ablative): to use V vadum, vadi, m.: shallows, ford vagor, vagari, vagatus sum: to wander vicus, vici, m.: village vinculum, vinculi, n.: chain, bond virtus, virtutis, f.: courage, valor, virtue vis, f.: strength vix (adverb): barely, scarcely, with difficulty

13 V. Caesar, De Bello Gallico 1.1-7: Superlative Adjectives and Adverbs Adjective/Adverb Meaning Word modified 1. fortissimi adjective bravest Belgae longissime adverb furthest absunt minime adverb least (often) commeant proximi adjective nearest Belgae 2. nobilissimus ditissimus latissimo altissimos altissimo 3. maximum maximas maxime proximis plurimum potissimos firmissimos 6. altissimus 7. maximis maximum nobilissimos

14 VI. Caesar, De Bello Gallico 1.1-7: Perfect Passive Participles Nominative Perfect Passive Participles modifying a subject Word modified meaning of phrase 2 inductus Is (Orgetorix) He,.. (having been) induced 3 adducti (Helvetii) They, (having been) influenced permoti They, (having been) moved adducti (Helvetii) They, (having been) influenced 4 incitata civitas the tribe,... aroused 5 usi (Helvetii) They,... having used/using (from utor, uti, usus sum: to use; usi is a perfect active participle since it comes from a deponent verb; it is, however, passive in form.) Ablative Absolutes using Perfect Passive Participles 2 die constituta causae dictionis constituo, constituere, constitui, constitutus: to set, determine, decide on the day set for the discussion of his case 3 regno ccupato occupo, -are, avi, atum: to sieze after the kingship was seized 5 domum reditionis spe sublata suffero, suffere, sustuli, sublatum: to endure, remove with their hope of returning home (having been) taken away oppidis suis vicisque exustis exuro, exuere, exussi, exustum: to burn up with their towns and villages (having been) burned up 6 omnibus rebus ad profectionem comparatis comparo, comparare, comparavi, comparatum: to prepare with all things (having been) prepared for their departure data facultate per provinciam itineris faciendi do, dare, dedi, datum: to give with means of making a march through the province (having been) given

15 VII. ad + Accusative Gerunds and Gerundives to Show Purpose Chapter Latin Construction Meaning Gerund/ Gerundive 1.1 ad effeminandos animos for the purpose of making men s spirits weak/to make men s spirits weak Gerundive 1.3 ad proficiscendum for the purpose of setting out/ to set out Gerund 1.3 ad eas res conficiendas 1.3 ad eas res conficiendas 1.5 ad omnia pericula subeunda 1.7 ad deliberandum

16 VIII. Caesar s Indirect Statements: de Bello Gallico I.1-7 Governing verbs of cognition (verbs of the head) in chapters 1-7 arbitror, arbitari, arbitratus sum: to think, decide, judge confirm, -are, -avi, -atum: to assure, promise, confirm dico, dicere, dixi, dictum: to say duco, ducere, duxi, ductum: to consider existimo, -are, -avi, -atum: to think probo, -are, -avi, -atum: to prove, convince, demonstr puto, -are, -avi, -atum: to think spero, -are, -avi, atum: to hope memoria teneo, -ere, -ui, -tentum: to remember (lit. hold in memory) respondeo, -ere, respondi, responsum: to respond, answer, reply Chapter 1 quam Gallos obtinere dictum est which has been said that the Gauls hold Chapter 2 perfacile esse, cum virtute omnibus praestarent, totius Galliae imperio potiri that it was easy, since they surpassed all in courage, to take possession of the command of all Gaul angustos se finis habere arbitrantur they thought that they had narrow boundaries Chapter 3 biennium sibi satis esse duxerunt they consicered two years was enough for them perfacile factu esse illis probat conata perficere he convinced them that it was very easy to do to accomplish these attempts non esse dubium quin totius Galliae plurimum Helvetii possent that there was no doubt that the Helveitians were the most (powerful) of all Gaul se suis copiis suoque exercitu illis regna conciliaturum (esse) confirmat He assured that he would bring together the kingdoms for them with his (own) troops and his army

17 per tres potentissimos ac firmissimos populos totius Galliae sese potiri posse sperant they hoped that through the three most powerful and strong peoples they would take possession of all Gaul Chapter 5 Ubi iam se ad eam rem paratos esse arbitrati sunt When they now decided that they were prepared for this thing Chapter 7 Caesari cum id nuntiatum esset, eos per provinciam nostrum iter facere conari When it was announced to Caesar that they were trying to make a march through our province qui dicerent sibi esse in animo sine ullo maleficio iter per provinciam facere to say that they intended to make a march through the province without any trouble rogare, ut eius voluntate id sibi facere liceat they asked that they be allowed to do this with his permission Caesar, quod memoria tenebat L. Cassium consulem occisum (esse) exercitumque eius ab Helvetiis pulsum (esse) et sub iugum missum (esse) Caesar, because he remembered that the consul Lucius Cassius had been killed and his army beaten by the Helvetians and sent under the yoke (Caesar) concendum (esse) non putabat Caesar did not think that it should be granted (Caesar) homines inimico animo... tempturos (esse) ab iniuria et maleficio existimabat Caesar did not think that men with hostile feeling would try (to refrain from) injury and trouble-making (Caesar) legatis respondit diem se ad deliberandum sumpturum (esse) Caesar responded to the envoys that he would take time for deliberating

18 IX. Caesar s Indirect Commands: de Bello Gallico I.1-7 Governing verb in chapters 1-7: persuadeo, persuadere, persuasi, persuasum (+ dative): to persuade Introductory words: ut uti Chapter 2 (Orgetorix)... civitati persuasit ut de finibus suis cum omnibus copiis exirent (Orgetorix)... persuaded his tribe to go out from their territory with all their forces Chapter 3 (Orgetorix)... persuasit Castico... ut regnum in civitate sua occuparet (Orgetorix)... persuaded Casticus... to sieze the kingship in his own state (Orgetorix)... Dumnorigi Aeduo... ut idem conaretur persuadet (Orgetorix)... persuaded Dumnorix the Aeduan to try the same thing Chapter 5 Persuadent Rauracis et Tulingis et Latovicis finitimis suis uti eodem usi consilio... una cum eis profisciscantur. They persuaded the Rauraci and the Tulingi and the Latovici, their neighbors, to set out together with them using the same plan Chapter 6 Allobrogibus sese vel persuasuros (esse).. existimabant vel vi coacturos (esse) ut per suos fines eos ire paterentur. They thought that they would either persuade the Allobroges or compel them by force to allow them to go through their territory.