In what language(s) is the text on the right written? Is it all in the same language? If not, where is the shift? Why?
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1 - The Telling of the Story מגיד (תשס"ח) 1st Night with the Bickarts This is the bread of affliction ה א ל ח מ א ע נ י א 1) In what language(s) is the text on the right written? Is it all in the same language? If not, where is the shift? Why? ה א ל ח מ א ע נ י א ד י א כ ל ו א ב ה ת נ א ב א ר ע א This is the bread of affliction that our ancestors ate in ד מ צ ר י ם. כ ל ד כ פ ין י ית י ו י כ ול, כ ל ד צ ר יך י ית י the land of Egypt. All who are hungry, let them come and eat, whoever is in need, let him come and do Pe- ד י ש ר א ל. ה ש ת א ע ב ד י, ל ש נ ה ה ב א ה ב נ י Israel. sach! This year, here, next year in the land of ו י פ ס ח. ה ש ת א ה כ א, ל ש נ ה ה ב א ה ב א ר ע א This year slaves; next year- free people! ח ור ין: 2) Telling the Story. A Midrash: מכילתא דרבי שמעון בר יוחאי יג:ח Ex. 13:8 Mehilta of Rabbi Shimon b. Yochai ו ה ג ד ת ל ב נ ך ב י ום ה ה וא ל אמ ר "And you shall tell your child on that day, saying, This is ב ע ב ור ז ה ע ש ה י הו ה ל י ב צ את י done because of that which the Lord did to me when I came מ מ צ ר י ם אף על פי שלא שאלך. אין לי forth out of Egypt." This means: you should tell your child אלא בזמן שיש לו בן בינו ל[בין] עצמו even if the child doesn't ask. But this only tells me if I have a ובינו לבין אחרים מנין ת"ל והגדת child, what about telling the story if one is with others? the Torah states: "And you shall tell" לבנך. Let's make our own Midrash! Is there anything awkward or interesting in the way the following verse is written? Exodus 10:2 שמות י :ב ול מ ע ן ת ס פ ר ב א ז נ י ב נ ך וב ן ב נ ך א ת "In order that you may tell your child and your grandchild א ש ר ה ת ע ל ל ת י ב מ צ ר י ם ו א ת א ת ת י the things I have done in Egypt, and the signs I have done א ש ר ש מ ת י ב ם ו יד ע ת ם כ י א נ י י דו ד Lord." among them that Ya'll may know that I am the Howdo we tell the story? תלמוד בבלי מסכת פסחים דף קטז ע"א תנו רבנן: חכם בנו - שואלו, ואם אינו חכם - אשתו שואלתו. ואם לאו - הוא שואל לעצמו. ואפילו שני תלמידי חכמים שיודעין בהלכות הפסח - שואלין זה לזה: "מה נשתנה הלילה הזה מכל הלילות..." If his child is wise, he asks him. And if he is not a sage, his wife asks him. And if not, he asks himself. And even two disciples of the sages that know the laws of Pesah, they ask each other: What makes this night different from all [other] nights? תוספתא מסכת פסחים פרק י הלכה יא חייב אדם לעסוק בהלכות הפסח כל הלילה אפלו בינו לבין בנו אפלו בינו לבין עצמו אפלו בינו לבין תלמידו One is obligated to engage in the study of the laws of Pesah all night, even between him and his child, even by himself and even between him and his student. What is different in the above parallel texts? 3) The 4 difficulties. קושיה Nechama Leibowitz 1 liked to refer to the four questions to demonstrate the difference between a ארבע ("question"). The four questions, she pointed out, are referred to as the שאלה ("difficulty") and a 1. Hagadat Neḥamah, Studies on the Haggadah from the teachings of Nechama Leibowitz; edited by Yitshak Reiner and Shmuel Peerless. (New York; Jerusalem: Urim Publications, [2002] p
2 This is based on the way in which the questions are framed. Each of.ארבע שאלות rather than the קושיות the four questions follows the same format: On all other nights we, but tonight we. שאלה ("difficulty") as opposed to the simple קושיה According to Nechama, this format represents a ("question") format which would be: Why on this night do we? The שאלה is a simple informational question. The קושיה on the other hand, takes note of something that deviates from the norm, reflecting a contrast or seeming contradiction to what we know, and would expect, based on previous knowledge or experience. It is thus a sharper question that requires a more specific answer. The קושיה is the fundamental pedagogic instrument of both the Pesach Seder and of Jewish exegesis. Nechama's insight turns what many think of as the child's part ofthe Seder ritual into a sophisticated paradigm for Torah learning. Mishnah Pessachim 10:4 They fill a second cup for him. At this point the child questions the parent. If the kid is unintelligent, the parent teaches him to ask [the folowing questions] What makes this night different from all [other] nights? On all nights we eat chametz or matzah, and on this night only matzah. On all nights we eat any kind of vegetables, and on this night maror! The Haggadah What makes this night different from all [other] nights? On all nights we eat chametz or matzah, and on this night only matzah. On all nights we eat any kind of vegetables, and on this night maror! On all nights we eat all different kinds of meat, roasted, stewed, or grilled, on this night, roasted only! On all nights we dip only once, on this night we do so twice! AND ACCORDING TO THE SON'S INTELLI- GENCE HIS PARENT INSTRUCTS HIM. HE COMMENCES WITH SHAME AND CON- CLUDES WITH PRAISE; AND EXPOUNDS FROM My father was a wandering Aramean UNTIL HE COMPLETES THE WHOLE paragraph. On all nights we need not dip even once, on this night we do so twice! On all nights we eat sitting upright or reclining, and on this night we all recline!
3 2. Ibid p. 43 2
4 4) The Answer: Babylonian Talmud - Pessachim 116a HE COMMENCES WITH SHAME AND CONCLUDES WITH PRAISE. What is WITH SHAME? Rav said: "originally our ancestors were idolaters"; while Samuel said: "We were slaves..." תלמוד בבלי מסכת פסחים דף קטז ע"א מתחיל בגנות ומסיים בשבח מאי בגנות? רב אמר: מתחלה עובדי עבודת גלולים היו אבותינו. ושמואל אמר: עבדים היינו. How does this text fulfill the what the Mishnah says to do? Whose ooinion does it follow? We were slaves to Pharaoh in Egypt, and the Lord, our God, took us out from there with a strong hand and with an outstretched arm. If the Blessed Holy One had not taken our ancestors out of Egypt, then we, our children and our children's children would have remained enslaved to Pharaoh in Egypt. Even if all of us were wise, all of us understanding, all of us knowing the Torah, we would still be obligated to discuss the exodus from Egypt; and everyone who discusses the exodus from Egypt at length is praiseworthy. ע ב ד ים ה י ינ ו ל פ ר ע ה ב מ צ ר י ם. ו י וצ יא נ ו י י א ל ה ינ ו מ ש ם, ב י ד ח ז ק ה וב ז ר וע נ ט וי ה, ו א ל ו ל א ה וצ יא ה ק ד ו ש ב ר וך ה וא א ת- א ב ות ינ ו מ מ צ ר י ם, ה ר י א נ ו וב נ ינ ו וב נ י ב נ ינ ו, מ ש ע ב ד ים ה י ינ ו ל פ ר ע ה ב מ צ ר י ם. ו א פ יל ו כ ל נ ו ח כ מ ים, כ ל נ ו נ ב ונ ים, כ ל נ ו ז ק נ ים, כ ל נ ו י וד ע ים א ת-ה ת ור ה, מ צ ו ה ע ל ינ ו ל ס פ ר ב יצ יא ת מ צ ר י ם. ו כ ל ה מ ר ב ה ל ס פ ר ב יצ יא ת מ צ ר י ם, ה ר י ז ה מ ש ב ח: How does this text fulfill the what the Mishnah says to do? Whose ooinion does it follow? In the beginning our ancestors served idols; but now the Omnipresent One has brought us close to His service, as it is said [in Joshua 24: 2-4]: "Joshua said to all the people: Thus said the Lord, the God of Israel, 'Your ancestors used to live on the other side of the river - Terach, the father of Abraham and the father of Nachor, and they served other gods. "And I took your father Abraham from beyond the river, and I led him throughout the whole land of Canaan. I increased his seed and gave him Isaac, and to Isaac I gave Jacob and Esau. To Esau I gave Mount Seir to possess it, and Jacob and his sons went down to Egypt." 5) The Answer: מ ת ח ל ה ע וב ד י ע ב וד ה ז ר ה ה י ו א ב ות ינ ו. ו ע כ ש ו ק ר ב נ ו ה מ ק ום ל ע ב וד ת ו. ש נ א מ ר: ו י אמ ר י ה ו ש ע א ל- כ ל-ה ע ם. כ ה א מ ר י י א ל ה י י ש ר א ל, ב ע ב ר ה נ ה ר י ש ב ו א ב ות יכ ם מ ע ול ם, ת ר ח א ב י א ב ר ה ם ו א ב י נ ח ור. ו י ע ב ד ו א ל ה ים א ח ר ים: ו א ק ח א ת-א ב יכ ם א ת-א ב ר ה ם מ ע ב ר ה נ ה ר, ו א ול ך א ות ו ב כ ל-א ר ץ כ נ ע ן. ו א ר ב ה א ת-ז ר ע ו, ו א ת ן ל ו א ת-י צ ח ק: ו א ת ן ל י צ ח ק א ת-י ע ק ב ו א ת- ע ש ו. ו א ת ן ל ע ש ו א ת-ה ר ש ע יר, ל ר ש ת א ות ו. ו י ע ק ב וב נ יו י ר ד ו מ צ ר י ם: The Haggada It happened that Rabbi Eliezer, Rabbi Yehoshua, Rabbi Elazar ben Azaryah, Rabbi Akiva and Rabbi Tarphon were reclining [at a seder] in B'nei Berak. They were discussing the exodus from Egypt all night long, until their students came and told them: "Yo Masters! The time has come for saying the Shema!" Rabbi Eleazar ben Azaryah said: "I am like seventy years old, yet I did not succeed in proving that the exodus from Egypt must be mentioned at night-until Ben Zoma explained it: "It is said, 'That you may remember the day you left Egypt all the days ofyour life;' now 'the days of your life' refers to the days, [and the additional word] 'all' indicates the inclusion of the nights!" The sages, however, said: "'The days ofyour life' refers to the present-day world; and 'all' indicates the inclusion of the days of the Messianic redemption." הגדה של פסח מ ע ש ה ב ר ב י א ל יע ז ר, ו ר ב י י ה ו ש ע, ו ר ב י א ל ע ז ר ב ן-ע ז ר י ה, ו ר ב י ע ק יב א, ו ר ב י ט ר פ ון, ש ה י ו מ ס ב ין ב ב נ י-ב ר ק, ו ה י ו מ ס פ ר ים ב יצ יא ת מ צ ר י ם, כ ל-א ות ו ה ל י ל ה, ע ד ש ב א ו ת ל מ יד יה ם ו א מ ר ו ל ה ם: ר ב ות ינ ו, ה ג יע ז מ ן ק ר יא ת ש מ ע, ש ל ש ח ר ית: א מ ר ר ב י א ל ע ז ר ב ן-ע ז ר י ה. ה ר י א נ י כ ב ן ש ב ע ים ש נ ה, ו ל א ז כ ית י, ש ת א מ ר י צ יא ת מ צ ר י ם ב ל יל ות. ע ד ש ד ר ש ה ב ן ז ומ א. ש נ א מ ר: ל מ ע ן ת ז כ ר א ת י ום צ את ך מ א ר ץ מ צ ר י ם כ ל י מ י ח י יך. י מ י ח י יך - ה י מ ים. כ ל י מ י ח י יך - ה ל יל ות. ו ח כ מ ים א ומ ר ים: י מ י ח י יך - ה ע ול ם ה ז ה. כ ל י מ י ח י יך - ל ה ב יא ל ימ ות ה מ ש יח :
5 6) The 4 Children: Blessed is the Omnipresent One, blessed be He! Blessed is He who gave the Torah to His people Israel, blessed be He! The Torah speaks of four children: One is wise, one is wicked, one is simple and one does not know how to ask. ב ר וך ה מ ק ום. ב ר וך ה וא. ב ר וך ש נ ת ן ת ור ה ל ע מ ו י ש ר א ל. ב ר וך ה וא כ נ ג ד א ר ב ע ה ב נ ים ד ב ר ה ת ור ה. א ח ד ח כ ם, ו א ח ד ר ש ע, ו א ח ד ת ם, ו א ח ד ש א ינ ו י וד ע ל ש א ול: The wise one, what does he say? "What are the testimonies, the statutes and the laws which the L-rd, our G-d, has commanded you?" You, in turn, shall instruct him in the laws of Passover, [up to] `one is not to eat any dessert after the Passover-lamb.' The wicked one, what does he say? "What is this service to you?!" He says `to you,' but not to him! By thus excluding himself from the community he has denied that which is fundamental. You, therefore, blunt his teeth and say to him: "It is because of this that the L-rd did for me when I left Egypt"; `for me' - but not for him! If he had been there, he would not have been redeemed!" The simpleton, what does he say? "What is this?" Thus you shall say to him: "With a strong hand the L-rd took us out of Egypt, from the house of slaves." As for the one who does not know how to ask, you must initiate him, as it is said: "You shall tell your child on that day, `It is because of this that the L-rd did for me when I left Egypt.'" ח כ ם מ ה ה וא א ומ ר? מ ה ה ע ד ת ו ה ח ק ים ו ה מ ש פ ט ים, א ש ר צ ו ה י י א ל ה ינ ו א ת כ ם? ו א ף א ת ה א מ ר-ל ו כ ה ל כ ות ה פ ס ח: א ין מ פ ט יר ין א ח ר ה פ ס ח א פ יק ומ ן: ר ש ע מ ה ה וא א ומ ר? מ ה ה ע ב ד ה ה ז את ל כ ם? ל כ ם ול א ל ו. ול פ י ש ה וצ יא א ת-ע צ מ ו מ ן ה כ ל ל, כ פ ר ב ע ק ר. ו א ף א ת ה ה ק ה ה א ת- ש נ יו, ו א מ ר-ל ו: ב ע ב ור ז ה, ע ש ה י י ל י, ב צ את י מ מ צ ר י ם, ל י ו ל א-ל ו. א ל ו ה י ה ש ם, ל א ה י ה נ ג א ל: ת ם מ ה ה וא א ומ ר? מ ה ז את? ו א מ ר ת א ל יו: ב ח ז ק י ד ה וצ יא נ ו י י מ מ צ ר י ם מ ב ית ע ב ד ים: ו ש א ינ ו י וד ע ל ש א ול, א ת פ ת ח ל ו. ש נ א מ ר: ו ה ג ד ת ל ב נ ך, ב י ום ה ה וא ל אמ ר: ב ע ב ור ז ה ע ש ה י י ל י, ב צ את י מ מ צ ר י ם: Exodus 12:26-27 ו ה י ה כ י י אמ ר ו א ל יכ ם ב נ יכ ם מ ה ה ע ב ד ה ה ז את ל כ ם ו א מ ר ת ם ז ב ח פ ס ח ה וא ל יקו ק א ש ר פ ס ח ע ל ב ת י ב נ י י ש ר א ל ב מ צ ר י ם ב נ ג פ ו א ת מ צ ר י ם ו א ת ב ת ינ ו ה צ יל ו י ק ד ה ע ם ו י ש ת ח ו ו And it shall come to pass, when your children shall say to you, What do you mean by this service? That you shall say, It is the sacrifice of the Lord s Passover Exodus 13:8 ו ה ג ד ת ל ב נ ך ב י ום ה ה וא ל אמ ר ב ע ב ור ז ה ע ש ה י קו ק ל י ב צ את י מ מ צ ר י ם And you shall tell your son in that day, saying, This is done because of that which the Lord did to me when I came forth out of Egypt. Exodus 13:14 ו ה י ה כ י י ש א ל ך ב נ ך מ ח ר ל אמ ר מ ה ז את ו א מ ר ת א ל יו ב ח ז ק י ד ה וצ יא נ ו י קו ק מ מ צ ר י ם מ ב ית ע ב ד ים And it shall be when your child asks you in time to come, saying, What is this? that you shall say to him, By strength of hand the Lord brought us out from Egypt, from the house of slavery. Deuteronomy 6:20 כ י י ש א ל ך ב נ ך מ ח ר ל אמ ר מ ה ה ע ד ת ו ה ח ק ים ו ה מ ש פ ט ים א ש ר צ ו ה י קו ק א ל ק ינ ו א ת כ ם And when your child asks you in time to come, saying, What do the testimonies, and the statutes, and the judgments, mean, which the Lord our God has commanded you? Then you shall say to your son, We were Pharaoh s slaves in Egypt; and the Lord brought us out of Egypt with a mighty hand; Draw lines from the children of the הגדה to their verses (if you can...)! Exodus 12:26-27 חכם Exodus 13:8 רשע Exodus 13:14 תם Deuteronomy 6:20 אינו יודע לשאול
6 7) The Answer (continued:) Mishnah- Tractate Sotah- 7:1-2 The following may be said in any language: The text regarding the adulterous wife, the confession made when presenting the Tithe, The Shema, the "Standing Prayer," the grace after eating, the oath concerning testimony, and the oath concerning a deposit משנה מסכת סוטה פרק ז: א-ב אלו נאמרין בכל לשון פרשת סוטה ווידוי מעשר קריאת שמע ותפלה וברכת המזון ושבועת העדות ושבועת הפקדון: But the the following must be said in the Holy Tongue: The declaration regarding the first fruits, the text of Halitza, The "Blessing and curses," The priestly blessing... The " declaration regarding the first fruits" Deuteronomy 26: When you enter the land that the Lord your God is giving you as a heritage, and you possess it and settle in it, 2 you shall take some of every first fruit of the soil, which you harvest from the land that the Lord your God is giving you, put it in a basket and go to the place where the Lord your God will choose to establish His name. 3 You shall go to the priest in charge at that time and say to him, "I acknowledge this day before the Lord your God that I have entered the land that the Lord swore to our fathers to assign us." 4 The priest shall take the basket from your hand and set it down in front of the altar of the Lord your God. 5 You shall then recite as follows before the Lord your God: "My father was a wandering Aramean. He went down to Egypt with meager numbers and sojourned there; but there he became a great and very populous nation. 6 The Egyptians dealt harshly with us and oppressed us; they imposed heavy labor upon us. 7 We cried to the Lord, the God of our fathers, and the Lord heard our plea and saw our plight, our misery, and our oppression. 8 The Lord freed us from Egypt by a mighty hand, by an outstretched arm and awesome power, and by signs and portents. 9 He brought us to this place and gave us this land, a land flowing with milk and honey. 10 Wherefore I now bring the first fruits of the soil which You, O Lord, have given me." You shall leave it before the Lord your God and bow low before the Lord your God. 11 And you shall enjoy, together with the Levite and the stranger in your midst, all the bounty that the Lord your God has bestowed upon you and your household. ואלו נאמרין בלשון הקודש מקרא בכורים וחליצה ברכות וקללות ברכת כהנים וברכת כהן גדול ופרשת המלך ופרשת עגלה ערופה ומשוח מלחמה בשעה שמדבר אל העם: Deuteronomy: Chapter 26: 1-10 ו ה י ה כ י ת ב וא א ל ה א ר ץ א ש ר י קו ק א ל ק יך נ ת ן ל ך נ ח ל ה ו יר ש ת ה ו י ש ב ת ב ה ו ל ק ח ת מ ר א ש ית כ ל פ ר י ה א ד מ ה א ש ר ת ב יא מ א ר צ ך א ש ר י קו ק א ל ק יך נ ת ן ל ך ו ש מ ת ב ט נ א ו ה ל כ ת א ל ה מ ק ום א ש ר י ב ח ר י קו ק א ל ק יך ל ש כ ן ש מ ו ש ם וב את א ל ה כ ה ן א ש ר י ה י ה ב י מ ים ה ה ם ו א מ ר ת א ל יו ה ג ד ת י ה י ום ל יקו ק א ל ק יך כ י ב את י א ל ה א ר ץ א ש ר נ ש ב ע י קו ק ל א ב ת ינ ו ל ת ת ל נ ו ו ל ק ח ה כ ה ן ה ט נ א מ י ד ך ו ה נ יח ו ל פ נ י מ ז ב ח י קו ק א ל ק יך ו ע נ ית ו א מ ר ת ל פ נ י י קו ק א ל ק יך א ר מ י א ב ד א ב י ו י ר ד מ צ ר י מ ה ו י ג ר ש ם ב מ ת י מ ע ט ו י ה י ש ם ל ג וי ג ד ול ע צ ום ו ר ב ו י ר ע ו א ת נ ו ה מ צ ר ים ו י ע נ ונ ו ו י ת נ ו ע ל ינ ו ע ב ד ה ק ש ה ו נ צ ע ק א ל י קו ק א ל ק י א ב ת ינ ו ו י ש מ ע י קו ק א ת ק ל נ ו ו י ר א א ת ע נ י נ ו ו א ת ע מ ל נ ו ו א ת ל ח צ נ ו ו י וצ א נ ו י קו ק מ מ צ ר י ם ב י ד ח ז ק ה וב ז ר ע נ ט וי ה וב מ ר א ג ד ל וב א ת ות וב מ פ ת ים ו י ב א נ ו א ל ה מ ק ום ה ז ה ו י ת ן ל נ ו א ת ה א ר ץ ה ז את א ר ץ ז ב ת ח ל ב וד ב ש ו ע ת ה ה נ ה ה ב את י א ת ר א ש ית פ ר י ה א ד מ ה א ש ר נ ת ת ה ל י י קו ק ו ה נ ח ת ו ל פ נ י י קו ק א ל ק יך ו ה ש ת ח ו ית ל פ נ י י קו ק א ל ק יך ו ש מ ח ת ב כ ל ה ט וב א ש ר נ ת ן ל ך י קו ק א ל ק יך ול ב ית ך א ת ה ו ה ל ו י ו ה ג ר א ש ר ב ק ר ב ך Working Towards Redemption American Jewish World Service Sudan Relief and Advocacy Fund "As Jews, we have a particular moral responsibility to speak out and take action against genocide. We must respond and save as many lives as we can." Encounter is an educational organization dedicated to providing Jewish Diaspora leaders from across the religious and political spectrum with exposure to Palestinian life.
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