Chronology January Easter June December-April 1520 circa May 1 October 1489 (?) /13 (?)

Transcription

1 Chronology 1489 (?) /13 (?) 1514, 6 May 1515/ , Winter 1518/19 (?) 1519 January Easter June December-April 1520 circa May 1 October Müntzer born at 5tolberg (Harz) 5tudy at Leipzig (?) 5tudy at Frankfurt an der Oder Assistant teacher in Aschersleben and Halle. Forms 'league' against archbishop Ernest of Magdeburg Chantry priest at 5t Michael's, Brunswick Provost and schoolmaster at canonesses' house at Frose Attends lectures at Wittenberg Visits Rothenburg ob der Tauber In Leipzig Deputy preacher at Jüterbog Attends Leipzig disputation Confessor to Cistercian nunnery at Beuditz Death of Müntzer's mother Preacher at 5t Mary's, Zwickau Preacher at 5t Catherine's, Zwickau 187

2 April Spring June 1 November (November) 25 November December 1522 New Year Easter July (?) November Christmas 1523 March June (?) Summer (?) Summer 18 July September November Winter Winter-New Year 1524 Chronology Flight from Zwickau Visits Zatec (Saaz) Journey to Prague Prague Manilesto (shorter German version) Latin version Longer German version Flight from Prague In Erfurt Visits Stolberg In Nordhausen Attends disputation in Weimar Chaplaincy at St George's nunnery, Glaucha near Halle Pastor of St John's, Allstedt Marriage to former nun, Ottilie von Gersen First Allstedt league of 30 members German Church Service; German Evangelical Mass An Open Letter to his Dear Brothers in Stolberg First conflict with count Ernst von Mansfeld Disputation in Allstedt castle Order and Explanation 01 the German Church Service at Allstedt Protestation or Proposition; On Counterfeit Faith

3 Chronology March Easter 11 June 13 June 14 June 13 July 24 July 31 July-1 August July-August 3 August (?) 7 August mid-august early September (?) September 22/23 September (?) 27 September early October (?) October-N ovember (?) Destruction of Chapel at Mallerbach Birth of Müntzer's son Arrest of councillor, Ziliax Knaut Emergency defence ordinance in Allstedt Allstedt on the alert; Müntzer calls for league to defend the Gospel Sermon to the Princes (Interpretation of the Second Chapter of Daniel) Formation of Christian League or Covenant Interrogation of Müntzer and Allstedt councillors in Weimar A Manifest Expose of False Faith (abbreviated version as The Testimony of the First Chapter of the Gospel of Luke); A Highly Provoked Vindication and a Refutation of the Unspiritual Soft-Living Flesh in Wittenberg Enforced closure of printing-works in Allstedt and dissolution of Christian League Flight from Allstedt Arrival in Mühlhausen Müntzer's wife, son and clerk follow hirn to Mühlhausen Week-Iong crisis in Mühlhausen Eleven Mühlhausen Articles Expulsion of Müntzer and Heinrich Pfeiffer from Mühlhausen Visits Hans Hut in Bibra (?) In Nuremberg; printing of A Manifest Expose of False Faith; confiscation

4 190 late Novemberearly December (?) December early December (?) December-Nevv Year 1525 (?) 1525 February (?) la te February 28 February 9 March 16 March 17 March la te March-early April (?) 9-15 April mid-april April 26 April 26/27 April 27 April April late April Chronology Printing in Nuremberg of A Highly Provoked Vindication; confiscation Return of Pfeiffer to Mühlhausen In Basel; meeting vvith Oecolampadius and Hugvvald In Klettgau and Hegau; composition of 'some articles, dravvn from the Gospel, on hovv one should govern' Temporary arrest in Fulda Return to Mühlhausen Rector of St Mary's, Mühlhausen Muster of Mühlhausen's militia Citizenry summoned to St Mary' s; election of Eternal Council Installation of Eternal Council Formation of Eternal League of God Introduction of the Reformation in Mühlhausen Peasant rebellion in vvestern Thuringia (Werra valley troop) Joint strategy of suppression agreed by princes at Naumburg Müntzer' sand Pfeiffer' s march to Langensalza Müntzer's open letter to his follovvers in Allstedt ('Manifesto to the Miners') Sack of abbey of Volkenroda Formation of Mühlhausen Thuringian troop Luther's Admonition to Peace: A

5 Chronology 191 late April-early May 30 April-6 May mid-may 11 May 14 May 15 May 16 May 17 May 22 May 25 May 27May late May 19 August Reply to the Twelve Articles o[ the Peasants in Swabia Luther's preaching tour of western Saxony and Thuringia; formation of Frankenhausen (North Thuringian) troop Campaign of Mühlhausen Thuringian troop in the Eichsfeld Luther' s Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes o[ Peasants March of Mühlhausen contingent under Müntzer to Frankenhausen Attack by Brunswick-Hessian army on Frankenhausen rebels' camp repelled Battle of Frankenhausen; 6000 rebels killed; Müntzer captured Interrogation and torture in Heldrungen castle 'Recantation' Flight of 300 rebels from Mühlhausen; Pfeiffer captured Capitulation of Mühlhausen Execution of Müntzer and Pfeiffer outside Mühlhausen' s walls Luther's A Shocking History and God's Judgement on Thomas Müntzer Supplication by Ottilie von Gersen to duke George of Saxony

6 Suggestions for Further Reading A comprehensive survey of re cent literature on Müntzer is contained in Tom Scott, 'From Polemic to Sobrlety: Thomas Müntzer in Recent Research', Journal of Ecclesiastical His tory, XXXIX (1988). In place of the many miscellaneous translations of Müntzer's tracts and letters see the fine crltical edition in English: The Collected Works of Thomas Müntzer, ed. Peter Matheson (Edinburgh, 1988). The only full-iength biography in English remains that of Erlc W. Gritsch, Reformer without a Church. The Life and Thought of Thomas Muentzer, 1488(?)-1525 (Philadelphia, 1967). Still stimulating is Gordon Rupp, 'Thomas Müntzer. The Reformer as Rebel' in idem, Patterns of Reformation (London, 1969), a masterpiece of sympathetic insight, now overtaken in several aspects of interpretation and detail. The standard work in German is Walter EIliger, Thomas Müntzer, Leben und Werk, 2nd edn (Göttingen, 1975). A massive biography, offering many new insights, which remains wedded to a narrowly theological interpretation and a dose dialectical relationship between Müntzer and Luther. In Reformation als Revolution. Soziale Bewegung und religiöser Radikalismus in der deutschen Reformation (Munich, 1977), part 2, Richard van Dülmen attempts a broad 193

7 194 Suggestions for Further Reading analytic setting in sociological terms, marred by excessive reliance upon Manfred Bensing (see below) and a careless reading of the sources. Hans-Jürgen Goertz, 'Thomas Müntzer. Revolutionary in a Mystical Spirit' in idem (ed.), Profiles of Radical Reformers. Biographical Sketches from Thomas Müntzer to Paracelsus (Kitchener, Ont./Scottdale, Pa., 1982) gives a useful introductory survey, enlightening on Müntzer's theological background. Müntzer's theology Apart from Goertz's survey (see above) see Steven E. Ozment, Mysticism and Dissent. Religious Ideology and Social Protest in the Sixteenth Century (New Haven/London, 1973), ch. 3, who concentrates on A Manifest Expose of False Faith. Still the most penetrating analysis is Hans-Jürgen Goertz, Innere und Äußere Ordnung in der Theologie Thomas Müntzers (Studies in the History of Christian Thought, 11) (Leiden, 1967), although the 'order of creation' is now known to have other roots than those suggested by hirn. Luther and Müntzer Gordon Rupp, '''True History": Martin Luther and Thomas Müntzer' in Derek Beales and Geoffrey Best (eds), History, Society and the Churches. Essays in Honour of Owen Chadwick (Cambridge, 1985) is the envoi of a distinguished scholar, who places Müntzer in a wider intellectual context. Mark U. Edwards, Jr, Luther and the False Brethren (Stanford, Cal., 1975) gives a sane and balanced analysis which does not blindly accept the Lutheran position. The classic account, which stresses the differences rather than the similarities between the two reformers, is by Carl Hinrichs, Luther und Müntzer. Ihre Auseinandersetzung über Obrigkeit und Widerstandsrecht (Arbeiten zur Kirchengeschichte, XXIX), 2nd edn (Berlin, 1962). The most recent

8 Suggestions for Further Reading 195 summary is by Erie W. Gritseh, 'Thomas Müntzer and Luther: A Tragedy of Errors', in Hans J. Hillerbrand (ed.), Radical Tendencies in the Reformation: Divergent Perspectives (Sixteenth Century Essays and Studies, IX) (Kirksville, Mo., 1988). Müntzer and the Peasants' War Hans-Jürgen Goertz, 'The Mystic with the Hammer. Thomas Müntzer's Theological Basis for Revolution', Mennonite Quarterly Review, L (1976) is a masterly essay which reconciles Müntzer's theology and revolutionary involvement. Manfred Bensing, Thomas Müntzer und der Thüringer Aufstand 1525 (Leipziger Übersetzungen und Abhandlungen zum Mittelalter, series B III) (Berlin, 1966) provides an exhaustive East German account with a wealth of useful detail but often polemical and tendentious in interpretation. G. H. Williams, The Radical Reformation (Philadelphia, 1962), ch. 2 contains a summary based on the older literature. Tom Scott, 'The "Volksreformation" of Thomas Müntzer in Allstedt and Mühlhausen', Journal of Ecclesiastical History, XXXIV (1983) offers a reassessment of Müntzer's Christian leagues, the backbone of his active theological vision; certain details are now revised in the present work. Peter Blickle, The Revolution of The German Peasants' War from a New Perspective (Baitimore, Md/London, 1981), ch. 8 gives a thumbnail sketch of Müntzer's revolutionary theology. Idem, 'Gab es eine Volksreformation? Überlegungen zur begrifflichen Präzisierung der reformatorischen Bewegung' in Horst Bartei, Gerhard Brendler et al. (eds), Martin Luther. Leistung und Erbe (Berlin, 1986) advances an important critique of the Marxist concept of the 'people's Reformation', wh ich argues that, in these terms, Müntzer' s programme was unique neither to hirn nor to central Germany.

9 196 Suggestions for Further Reading Müntzer and Anabaptism Werner O. Packull, Mysticism and the Early South-German Austrian Anabaptist Movement (Studies in Anabaptist and Mennonite History, XIX) (Scottdale, Pa./Kitchener, Ont., 1977) is a pioneering study which assigns Müntzer a relatively modest role. By contrast he is seen as crucial to Hans Hut, in particular, by Abraham Friesen, 'Thomas Müntzer and the Anabaptists', Journal of Mennonite Studies, IV (1986). James M. Stayer, Anabaptists and the Sword, new edn (Lawrence, Kan., 1976) offers useful comments on Müntzer's view of worldly authority. Wide-ranging extracts of important articles in abbreviated translation are contained in idem and Werner O. Packull (eds), The Anabaptists and Thomas Müntzer (Dubuque, Iowa, 1980). The Historiography of Müntzer Abraham Friesen, Reformation and Utopia. The Marxist Interpretation of the Reformation and its Antecedents (Veröffentlichungen des Instituts für europäische Geschichte, Mainz, LXXI) (Wiesbaden, 1974) is a problematic account of the Marxist approach to the Reformation, especially to the concept of an 'early bourgeois revolution', which presents an analysis of works no longer necessarily normative amongst East German scholars. Max Steinmetz, Das Müntzerbild von Martin Luther bis Friedrich Engels (Leipziger Übersetzungen und Abhandlungen zum Mittelalter, series B IV) (Berlin, 1971) remains the classic East German account.

10 Index Aesticampianus, Johannes Rhagius, 9 Agricola, Johann, 22, 23, 181 Allendorf, 42 Allstedt, 7,17,44,47,49,56-7, 59-60, 64, 65-9, 77, 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 87, 90, 91, 92, 94 n. 35, 95 n. 43,97,98, 103, 104,107,108,114,115,121, 130, 136, 145, 147, 148, 152, 154,157,158,162, 169, 172, 174, 182 St John's Church, 49, 69 St Wigberti's Church, 49, 90 Altendorf, Christopher von, 158 Ammern, 120, 144 Amsdorf, Nikolaus von, 26, 40 Anabaptists, 41, 51, 53, 100, 119, 128, 129, 182 Annaberg, 18, 19 Antwerp, 13 Aquinas, St Thomas, 6, 11 Aristotle, 6 Armenia,51 Aschersleben, 2, 5, 6, 9, 10, 78 Augsburg, 42, 100 Augustine, St, bishop of Hippo, 12 Baal, priests of, 29, 37, 82 Banse, Thilo, 77, 78, 85 Basel, 41, 128, 40, 169 Bendeleben, Balthasar von, 15X Berlepsch, Sittich von, , 144, 147, 148, Bernard, St, 21 Beuditz, 13, 17 Bibra, 100 Bischoff from Wolferode, 154 Black Forest peasant troop. see Christian Union of the Black Forest Blankenburg, 173 Bodungen, Eberhard von, 144 Bohemia, 18, 26, , ,39,86 Bollstedt, 113 Book 0/ Spiritual Poverty, 34. Bosse, Hans, 98 Brandenburg, margraves, margraviate of, 5 cardinal Albert of, elector of Mainz, archbishop of Magdeburg, 42 Brig valley, 140 Brück, Gregor, 69, 91 Brunswick, 1,2,3,6-8,9, ,27,29,39 St Martin's Grammar Schoo\, X St Michael's Church, 6 Bucer, Martin, 76, 181 Buchner, Georg, 165 Bünau, Heinrich von,

11 198 Index Bundesordnung, see Federal Ordinance Bundschuh rebellions, 140 Bunyan, John, 14 Calvin, John, 119 Chaldean priests, 73, 75 Christian Union of the Black Forest, 133, 136, 137, 139, 178 n.39 Constance, bishopric of, 132 council of, 36 Lake Constance, 129 Constantine, emperor, 13 Constitutional Dralt, 132, 133-7, 162,171,184 Croatia,51 Cyriacus, St, 9 Czech Brethren, see Unity of Czech Brethren Daniel, prophet, 69, 72, 73, 74, 87,117,161 Dappen, Bernhard, 10 Denck, Hans, 128 Devotio Moderna, 7 Dingelstädt, 156 Dittichenrode, Kurt von, 158 Dreschsel, Thomas, 26 Duderstadt, 157 Ebeleben, 156, 157, 160, 173 Apel von, 173 Eck,Johann,12 Eckhart, Meister, 34 Egranus, Johannes Sylvius, 13, 14, 17, 19,21,22,23,24,25,27, 31,40 'Propositions' of, 25 Ehrich, 165 Eiche, 111, 115, 116, 120 Eichsfeld, 120, 152, 156, 157, 158, 171, 173 Eisenach, 91, 149, 161, 169, 182 Eisleben, I, 130, 174 Elijah, prophet. 29, 37, 117, 161 Elizabeth, wife of Zechariah, 101 Elsterberg, 17, 28 Emmaus,63 Erfurt, 18, 23, 39-40, 41, 60, 109, 165, 182 St Peter's monastery, 39 Erzgebirge, 18 Esau, brother of Jacob, 72 Eusebius, 12, 13, 36, 70 Fabri, Johann, 132, 133, 135 Federal Ordinance, 138, 157, 162 France, 153 Franconia, 9, 13, 148 Frankenhausen, 157, 158, 159, 161,164,165,166,169,170 Army, 155, 156, 157,159,161, 162,165,167,169, 172, 173,174 Articles, 138, 162, 171, 173 Battle of, 135, 161, 165-6, 182 Frankfurt an der Oder, 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 Freiburg im Breisgau, Frose,9 Fuchs, Heinrich, 149 Fulda, 141 Fürer, Christoph, 128 Gabriel, archangei, 101 Gaismair, Michael, 184 Tirolean Constitution, 184 Gans, Michael, 28 Gehofen, Matern von, 165 Geneva, 119 German Theology, 182 Gersen, Ottilie von, 57, 99, 110, 130, 169 Gideon, commander of the Israelites, 161 Glaucha, 42 St George's nunnery, 42 Goldacker, Hans von, 172 Hartmann von, 172 Görmar, 120, 155, 156, 169 Goslar,114 Grebel, Conrad, , 130 GrieBen, 129, 139

12 Index 199 Günther, Franz, 10, 22, 41 Haferitz, Simon, 49, 60, 64, 66, 67,90 Hainich, 148 Hainleite, 148 Hake, Heinrich, 158 Halberstadt, archbishopric, city, ecclesiastical principality, 1, 2,6,69 Halberstadt Breviary, 50 Haldecke, Claus, 147 Halle an der Saale, 5, 6, 42, 43, 44,47,78 Neuwerk monastery, 43 Hanner, Heinrich, 8 Hanseatic League, 7 Hartenstein, Steffan, 165 Harz, district, mountains, 1, 148 Hausmann, Nikolaus, 24, 27, 28, 29, 31, 37 Hegau, 129, 130, 140, 153 Hegesippus, 12, 36, 70 Heldrungen fortress, 165, 167, 168 Hergot, Hans, 100, 184 On the New Transformation of a Christian Life, 184 Hessen, landgraviate of, 109, 148, 149,171 landgrave Philip of, 143, 179 n. 84 Heygendorf, 77 Hilkiah, high priest, 82 Hofer, Nikolaus, 23 Hohnstein, count Ernst von, 157 Hölzel, Hieronymus, 104 Höngeda, 155 Hopfgarten, Rudolf von, 156 Hornborch, Hans, 8 Horsmar, 116 Hubmaier, Balthasar, 129, 130, 132, 134, 135, 137, 138, 140 Hüfingen, 139 Hugwald, Ulrich, 129 Hus, John, 30, 31, 36 Hussites, 26, 30 see also Taborites, Unity of Czech Brethren, Waldensians Hut, Hans, 100, 128, 149, 182 Ingolstadt, 12 Italy, 153 Jacob, son of Isaac, 72 Jena, 11,28 Jerome, St, 9, 12, 38 Jews, 62, 104 Joachim of Fiore, 37, 38 Joachimsthal, 18 John the Baptist, 63, 100, 117, 161 Jonas, Justus, 64 Joseph, husband of Mary, 101 Joseph, patriarch, 72 Josephus, 12 Josiah, king, 76, 77, 81 Jüterbog, 10, 17, 18,22,41 Karlstadt, Andreas Bodenstein von, 11, 12, 41, 65, 76, 84, 91, 104, 181 Kern, Jodocus, 95 n. 55 Klettgau, 129, 130, 139, 140, 153 Knaut, Ziliax, 66 Krump, Barthel, 154 Valentin, 154 Kürschner, Bonaventura, 164 Kutzleben, Me\chior von, 77, 78, 81, 173 Kyffhäuser mountains, 180 n. 84 Lang, Johann, 41, 60 Langensalza, 90,111, 112, 113, 149, 152, 154, 155, 172 Leipzig, 1, 3, 5, 9, 12, 13, 18, 109, 167 Pleißenburg palace, 12 Leo X, pope, 7 Letter of Articles, 132, 134, 135, 137-9, 162 Linse, Hans, 124 n. 34 Löbe, Hans, 30

13 200 Index Lorraine, duke Anthony of, 133, 134 Luther, Martin, 1,2,3,7,9,10, 11, 12, 13, 19,22,25,30,31, 33,40,41,50,53,57,58,59, 61,62,64,68,69,71,75,79, 87,88,89,90,91,92,102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107, 110, 149,150,151,152,167,174, 181, 182 Admonition to Peace, Against the Robbing and Murdering Hordes 01 Peasants, 152 Invocavit sermons, 41 Letter to the Princes 01 Saxony concerning the Rebellious Spirit, 69, 88-9, 91,104, 150 Ninety-Five Theses, 7, 8, 33 Secular Authority: To What Extent It Should Be Obeyed,75 Sermon on Grace and Indulgence, 8 A Shocking History and God's Judgement on Thomas Müntzer, 152 Magdeburg, city, ecclesiastical principality, 6, 47, 90 Magnificat, 56, 100, 161 Maier, Clewi, 139 Mainz, archbishops, ecclesiastical principality, 42, 109 Mallerbach, 65, 66, 75, 83, 91, 115 Mansfeld, county of, 47, 67, 83, 106, 151, 162, 164 count Albrecht von, 164, 170 count Ernst von, 59, 60, 156, 157, 158, 159, 164, 165, 167 Marienthai, 23 Mary, Blessed Virgin, 21, 101 Meinhard, Christoph, 130, 174 Melanchthon, Philipp, 12, 26, 40, 91, 181 Memmingen, 138 Montzer, Matthias, 2 Mortizburg fortress, 42 see also Halle an der Saale Mozarabs, 51 Mühlhausen, 7, 24, 92, 98, 104, ,119-21,123,127, 128, 130, 139, 140, 141-9, 151, 152, 155, 156, 158, 159, 160,168,169,171,174 Churches and parishes: All Saints, 145; St Blasius, 142; St George, 116, 143; St Jacob, 116; St Margaret, 116; St Mary, 141, 143, 145, 148,151; St Nicholas, 109, 111,112,114,116,141, 143,145,148; St Peter, 143 Committee of Eight, 109, 110, 111, 112, 119, 120, 142, 147 Convents: Dominicans, 110, 142, 143; Franciscans, 114, 142; Mary Magdalen, 143, 145 Eleven Articles, 112, 115, ,119, 120-1, 135, 136, 138-9, 142, 145, 146 Eternal Council, 116, 146, 147, 155, 160 Recess, 110, 111, 119, 142 September crisis (1524), , ,127 Teutonic Knights, 143, 146 Mühlhausen-Thuringian army, 155, 156-8, 160, 162, 164, 173 Müller, Hans, from Bulgenbach, 136, 139 Münster, anabaptist kingdom of Zion in, 119, 142 Müntzer, Thomas, Biblicism, 35, 40, 57-8, 72, 103, 184 Birth, birthplace, 1-2 Education, 1,3,5-6 Humanism, 9, 27, 35, 39

14 Index 201 Leagues, 6, 24, 68, 76-7, 78, 81-7,90,91,94-5, n. 39, , 136, 145, 147-8, 152,154,157,172,173,175, 183; Etemal League of God, 24, , 124 n. 34, 147-8, 154, 166, 169, 178 n. 38, 183 Liturgy, 50-1, 53-6, 99; German Church Service, 50,53-6,87, 100; German Evangelical Mass, 50, 51, 56, 85; Order and Explanation, 51, 53, 56 Marriage,57 Peasants' War, xvii, 87, 135-6, , 148-9, , , 181, 183 Theology, xviii, 6, 7-8, 9-13, 19,21,25-6,27,29,31, 33-8,53,57-9,61-4,70-4, 86-7, 101-3, 104-8, 129, 171-2, Tracts: On Counterfeil Faith, 61,62-4, 100; A Highly Provoked Vindication and a Refutation, 103-8, 127, 162; A Manifest Expose of False Failh, 91, 92, 99,100-3, 129, 134; An Open Letter to His Dear Brothers... in Stolberg, 58; Prague Manifesto, 13,28,29,31, 32-8, 39, 40, 61, 68, 86, 100; Protestation or Proposition, 53, 61, 63; Sermon to the Princes, 38, 60, 70-4, 75, 76, 83, 89; Testimony of the First Chapter of the Gospel of Luke, 92, 99, 100 in Allstedt, 17,47-8,50,56-7, 59,60,65-8,69,77,83-5, 87,90,91,97,98,99, 100 in Brunswick, 6-8, 10 in Halle, 5, 6 in Mühlhausen, 98, 108, ,119-21, 123, 141, in Nordhausen, 41, 42 in Nuremberg, 104, 127-8, 130 in Prague, 29-31, 33, 38-9 in South-West Germany, , 138, in Stolberg, 1, 42 in Wittenberg, 9 in Zwickau, 5, 18-19, 21-4, 25, 27 Muslims, 62 Naumburg, 13, 18, 149 Naundorf, abbey, 49, 65, 66, 84, 115 Nebuchadnezzar, king, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 75 Neuwerk monastery, see Halle an der Saale Nordhausen, 7,41,42, 92, 114, 148, 151 Nuremberg, 7, 60, 100, 104, 127, 128, 130, 167 St Sebaldus's Church, 100 St Sebaldus's School, 128 Oecolampadius, Johannes, 41, 128, 129 Orlamünde, 11, 12,27,76,77,78, 98 Otthera, Dr Johann von, 146 Pack, Dr Otto von, 173 Paul, St, 72 Peasants' War, 41, 87,100,181, 184 in Central Germany, xvii, 137, 148, 152, , 161-2, in Franconia, 148, 168, 169 in South-West Germany, 132, 135 Müntzer and the Peasants' War, see Müntzer, Thomas, Peasants' War

15 202 Index Pelt, Hans, 8, 29 Pfaffenrode, 146 Pfaffenstürme, 23 Pfeiffer, Heinrich, 109,110,111, 112, 114, 115, 116, 117, 119, 120,121,123,127,128,141, 142, 144, 145, 146, 147, 154, 155, 156, 157, 160, 161, 162, 169, 171, 173 Plato,9 Prague, 5, 26, 28, 29-31, 32, 33, 38,39 Bethlehem Chapel, 31 Collegium Carolinum, 30 Corpus Christi Chapel, 31 St Mary's Church, 31 Quedlinburg, 2, 3 Querfurt, county of, 47 Quintilian, 9 Rautenzweig, Claus, 83, 157, 172 Reichart, Hans, 81, 83, 84, 94 n. 35, 98 Rhegius, Urbanus, 42 Rietnorthausen, 151 Rinck, Melchior, 149 Rodemann, Sebastian, 111, 114, 143 Römer, Hans, 149, 182 Roth, Stephan, 21 Rothenburg ob der Tauber, 9, 13 Rucker, Nickel, 67, 84, 90, 97 Rüdiger, Martin, 92 Russia,51 Saaz, see Zatec Sangerhausen, 77, 78, 80, 81, 85, 151,158,162,164,170,173 Saverne, 133, 134 Saxony, region, 1, 5, 28, 130, 140, 151,157 albertine (ducal) lands, 47, 77, 88, 109, 149, 162 ernestine (electoral) lands, 17, 47,88,89,109,149; see also Thuringia archbishop Ernest, 6, 43 elector Frederick (the Wise), 42,47,48,57,59,60,61, 66, 68, 69, 74, 88, 91, 92 duke George, 77, 88, 132, 143, 147,151,159,166,169 duke (later elector) John (the Constant), 42, 47, 64, 65, 66,67,68,69,88,91 prince (later elector) John Frederick (the Magnanimous), 68, 69 Schellenberg, Burkhard von, 139 Schleupner, Dominicus, 100 Schlotheim, 156 Mary Magdalen nunnery, 156 Schmalkalden, 159 Schneeberg, 18, 76 Schönwerda, 77 Schwarzburg, counts, county of, 162, 173 count Günther von, 157 Schwertfeger, Georg, 161 Heinrich, see Pfeiffer, Heinrich Seimenitz, Felicitas von, 43, 44 Senff, Jörg, 83 Sobek, Burian, 31 Sommerschuh, Hans, 29 Spalatin, Georg, 60, 61, 142 Stein, Wolfgang, 42 Stella (Stuler), Dr Erasmus, 19 Stolberg, 1, 2, 3, 42, 58, 151, 162 Storch, Nikolaus, 21, 25, 26, 27, 30 see also 'Zwickau prophets' Strasbourg, 76 Strauß, Jakob, 91, 181 Stübner, Balthasar, 154 Markus, see Thoma, Markus Suso, Heinrich, 13 Swabia, 138, 149, 162 Twelve Articles of Upper Swabia, 138, 149, 162, 173 Swabian League, 167 Taborites, Taboritism, 26, 27, 28, 30,37,38

16 Index 203 see also Bohemia, Hussites, Prague, 'Zwickau prophets' Tauler, Johann, 11-12, 13,27,34 Tetzel, Johann, 7 Thoma (Stübner), Markus, 26, 28, 30,38,40 Thuringia, 42, 47, 92, 109, 128, 138, 149, 159, 164, 165, 166, 173 see also Saxony, region Turks, 37, 39, 62, 68, 80, 101 Ufhoven, 172 Unity of Czech Brethren, 30, 31 see also Hussites Vienna,132 Villingen, 137, 138, 139 Volkenroda, abbey, 155 Waldensians, 26 Waldshut, 129, 130, 132, 139, 140 Walkenried, 165 abbey of, 49 Wallhausen, 151 Wartburg fortress, 40 Weimar, 42, 47, 66, 69, 76, 90, 93 n. 19,97,99 Weißenfels, 13, 18 Werra valley, 149 Wettich, Johann, 111, 114, 143 Wettin, Saxon house of, see Saxony, albertine and ernestine lands; named Saxon princes Winkeler, Claus, 8 Wittenberg, reforming movement, town, university, 5, 6, 7, 9, 10,11,12,19,23,26,27,30, 31,33,35,39,40,41,56,57, 61,104,108,151,181 Witzleben, Friedrich von, 77, 80, 85 Wolfenbüttel, 182 Zatec, 28 Zechariah, New Testament priest, 101 Zeiß, Hans, 47, 57, 66, 67, 69, 80, 81, 82, 87, 90, 91, 92, 130, 142, 151, 157, 170, 174 Zürich, 41, 51, 76, 129, 130, 140 Zwickau, 5, 13, 14, 17-19, 21-4, 25,27,28,29,39,49 St Catherine's Church, 21, 22, 23,24,25 St Mary's Church, 14,21,22 'Zwickau prophets', 24, 25, 26, 27, 40, 56; see also Storch, Nikolaus Zwingli, Huldrych, 76, 129, 130, 139, 140, 141, 181 Sixty-Seven Axioms, 76