常用汉藏梵英佛学术语 林崇安教授编着 王厚华协助整理 COMMON CHINESE-TIBETAN-SANSKRIT-ENGLISH BUDDHIST TERMINOLOGY COMPILED BY CHUNG-AN LIN ASSISTED BY HOU-WHA WANG 财团法人内观教育基金会

Transcription

1 常用汉藏梵英佛学术语 林崇安教授编着 王厚华协助整理 COMMON CHINESE-TIBETAN-SANSKRIT-ENGLISH BUDDHIST TERMINOLOGY COMPILED BY CHUNG-AN LIN ASSISTED BY HOU-WHA WANG 财团法人内观教育基金会 2008 年

2 新版自序 公元 1991 年, 有感于国内外的佛学研究日益蓬勃, 在学术交流上, 佛学术语的对译有其需要, 因而在王厚华同学的协助整理下, 编集常用的佛学术语, 由慧炬出版社出版了 基本汉藏梵英佛学术语 一书 当年受限于计算机软件的不足, 书中的藏文是以罗马对音列出, 未尽理想 ; 现在因缘又具, 由厚华协助处理计算机文字, 编出了含有藏文的新版 常用汉藏梵英佛学术语 和 佛学法类 [ 汉藏梵英 ] 术语 二书, 并改正书中的一些错字 本书 常用汉藏梵英佛学术语 是依法数列出常用的佛学术语, 共有三百个法数, 将近二千个术语, 这些术语采用玄奘法师的译语为主, 此中又以显教的基本术语为多, 兼及一些因明和密宗的常用术语 为了使佛法利益有缘的大众, 今将新版的 常用汉藏梵英佛学术语辞典 置于网站, 供大众分享 愿正法久住! 林崇安序于内观教育基金会 2008 年 2 月 20 日

3 常用佛学术语 CHINESE TIBETAN SANSKRIT ENGLISH 一生所系 [ 一生补处 ] eka-jāti-pratibaddha one hindered by one birth 一剎那 eka-kṣaṇa an instant 一相庄严三摩地 [ 一相三昧 ] [ 一行三昧 ] ekavyῡha-samādhi meditative stabilization of single arrangement 一乘 eka-yāna single vehicle 一时 ekasmin samaye once; on a certain time 一间 ekavīcika one interruption 一踰缮那 eka-yojana a length of 500 armspans [ 一由旬 ] dvi akuśalamahābhῡmikā 2 bases of big unvirtuous 二大不善地法 dharmāḥ mental factors 1 无惭 āhrīkya non-shame 2 无愧 anapatrāpya non-embarrassment 二次第 [ 密续 ] dvi krama 2 stages of tantric practice 1 生起次第 utpannakrama generation stage 2 圆满次第 niṣpannakrama completion stage 二事 [ 二利 ] dvi artha 2 purposes 1 自事 [ 自利 ] svārtha purpose of self 2 他事 [ 利他 ] parārtha others' purpose; altruism 二涅盘 dvi nirvāṇa 2 nirvanas 1 有余涅盘 sāvaśeṣanirvāṇa nirvana with remainder 2 无余涅盘 nirvāvaśeṣanirvāṇa nirvana without remainder 二智 dvi jñāna 2 kinds of knowledge 1 尽所有智 yathājñāna knowledge of all conventional phenomena 2 如所有智 yāvatajñāna knowledge of all ultimate phenomena 二无我 dvi nairātmya 2 selflessnesses 1 补特伽罗无我 [ 人无我 ] pudgalanairātmya selflessness of persons 2 法无我 dharmanairātman selflessness of phenomena 二量 dvi pramāṇa 2 types of valid cognition 1 现量 pratyakṣapramāṇa direct valid cognition 2 比量 anumānapramāṇa inferential valid cognition 1

4 二业 dvi karma 2 kinds of karma 1 定业 niyatavedanīyakarma 2 不定业 aniyatavedanīyakarma karma whose fruits will definitely be experienced karma whose fruits will not definitely be experienced 二业 dvi karma 2 kinds of karma 1 有漏业 sāstravakarma contaminated action 2 无漏业 anāstravakarma uncontaminated action 二业 dvi karma 2 kinds of karma 1 思业 cetanā-karman actions of intention 2 思已业 cetayitvā-karman intended actions 二资粮 dvi saṃbhāra [sambhāra-dvaya] 2 types of meritorious collections 1 福德资粮 puṇyasaṃbhāra accumulation of merits 2 智慧资粮 jñānasaṃbhāra accumulation of wisdom 二种大乘 dvi mahāyāna 2 great vehicles 1 般若乘 prajñāpāramitāyāna perfection vehicle 2 密咒乘 mantrayāna secret mantra vehicle [ 金刚乘 ] [vajrayāna] [adamantine vehicle] 二种成就 dvi siddhi 2 actual attainments 1 最上成就 [ 出世成就 ] 2 共同成就 [ 世间成就 ] uttama siddhi sādhāraṇa siddhi supreme attainments common attainments 二种我执 dvi ātmagrāha 2 kinds of grasping at self 1 补特伽罗我执 dvi pudgalātmagrāha a 俱生人我执 b 分别人我执 sahaja pudgalātmagrāha parīkalpita pudgalātmagrāha 2 法我执 dvi dharmātmagrāha a 俱生法我执 b 分别法我执 二种定 [ 二种等至 ] sahaja dharmātmagrāha parikalpita dharmātmagrāha dvi samāpatti 2 kinds of grasping at the self of a person innate grasping at the self of a person intellectual grasping at the self of a person 2 types of grasping at the self of a phenomenon innate grasping at the self of a phenomenon intellectual grasping at the self of a phenomenon 2 types of meditative absorptions 1 灭尽定 nirodhasamāpatti absorption of cessation 2 无想定 naivasaṃjñā nāsaṃjñāyatana absorption of lacking discrimination 二种所知 dvi prameya 2 objects of knowledge 2

5 1 总 sāmānya generalities 2 别 viśeṣa particularities 二种所知 dvi prameya 2 objects of knowledge 1 共相 sāmānyalakṣaṇa 2 自相 svalakṣaṇa generally characterized phenomena self characterized phenomena 二种所知 dvi prameya 2 objects of knowledge 1 常 nitya permanent 2 无常 anitya impermanent 二种发心 dvi cittotpāda 2 kinds of bodhicitta 1 世俗发心 saṃvṛticittotpāda conventional bodhicitta 2 胜义发心 parārthacittotpāda ultimate bodhicitta 二种等引智 [ 根本智 ] dvi samāhitajñāna 2 wisdoms of meditative equipoise 1 无间道 ānantaryamārga uninterrupted path 2 解脱道 vimuktimārga path of release 二种菩提心 dvi cittotpāda 2 kinds of bodhicitta 1 愿菩提心 praṇidhānabodhicittotpād a wishing bodhicitta 2 行菩提心 prasthānacittotpāda committed bodhicitta 二种识 dvi vijñāna 2 types of consciousness 1 因位识 hetukālavijñāna causal consciousness 2 果位识 kāryakālavijñāna resultant consciousness 二障 dvi āvaraṇa 2 obstructions 1 烦恼障 kleśāvaraṇa afflictive obstructions 2 所知障 jñeyāvaraṇa 二谛 dvi satya 2 truths obstructions to knowledge of objects 1 胜义谛 paramārtha-satya ultimate truth 2 世俗谛 saṃvṛti-satya conventional truth 二边 dvi anta 2 extremes 1 常边 nityānta extreme of eternalism 2 断边 ucchedānta extreme of nihilism 二边 dvi anta 2 extremes 1 有边 astianta extreme of existence 2 无边 ananta extreme of non-existence 三三摩地 tri samādhi 3 meditative stabilizations 1 空三摩地 śῡnyatā-samādhi emptiness meditative stabilization 3

6 2 无相三摩地 animitta-samādhi 3 无愿三摩地 apraṇihita-samādhi signless meditative stabilization desireless meditative stabilization 三三摩地 tri samādhi 3 meditative stabilizations 1 有寻有伺三摩地 2 无寻唯伺三摩地 savitakkavicārasamādhi avitakkavicāramattasamā dhi meditative stabilization with signs and effort meditation stabilization with signs but without effort 3 无寻无伺三摩地 avitakkāvicārasamādhi meditation stabilization with neither signs nor effort 三士 tri puruṣa 3 types of person 1 下士 adhamapuruṣa beginner 2 中士 madhyamapuruṣa intermediate 3 上士 uttamapuruṣa advanced 三支 [ 因明 ] 3-membered proof; 3 parts of a syllogism 1 宗 pratijñā thesis; proposition 2 因 hetu sign; reason 3 喻 udāharaṇa example 三世 [ 三时 ] tri kāla 3 periods; 3 times 1 过去世 atīta past 2 现在世 adya present 3 未来世 anāgata future 三有 tri bhavāḥ 3 states of birth 1 死有 maraṇabhava death state 2 中有 antarābhava intermediate state 3 生有 uppattibhava birth state 三有 tri bhavāḥ 3-fold place of existence 1 欲有 kāmabhava places of desire 2 色有 rῡpabhava places of form 3 无色有 arῡpabhava places of formless 三行 tri saṃskārakarma 3 types of karma formation 1 福行 puṇya meritorious actions 2 非福行 apuṇya non-meritorious actions 3 不动行 āniñjya unfluctuating actions; invariable actions 三色处 tividhena rῡpasaṅgaho 3-fold compilation of form 1 有见有对色 sanidassanasappaṭigharῡ paṃ form seen and touched by sense-organs 4

7 2 无见有对色 3 无见无对色 anidassanasappaṭigharῡp aṃ anidassana-appaṭigharῡp aṃ form which cannot be seen, but can be touched by sense-organs form which can neither be seen nor touched by sense-organs 三身 trikāya [kāya-traya] 3 bodies of a buddha 1 法身 dharmakāya truth body a 自性身 svabhāvikakāya nature body b 智慧法身 jñānadharmakāya wisdom truth body 2 报身 sambhogakāya complete enjoyment body 3 化身 nirmāṇakāya emanation body 三忍 tri kṣānti 3 types of patience 1 耐他怨害忍 2 安受众苦忍 3 法思胜解忍 patience of not retaliating against someone who harms you patience of willingly enduring sufferings patience of discriminative awareness of the dharma 三灾 tribhayāni 3 destructions 1 火灾 agnibhayaṃ destruction caused by fire 2 水灾 udakabhayaṃ destruction caused by water 3 风灾 vātabhayaṃ destruction caused by wind 三受 tri vedanāḥ 3 feelings 1 乐受 sukha-vedanā joyous feeling 2 苦受 duḥkha-vedanā painful feeling 3 不苦不乐受 [ 舍受 ] upekṣā-vedanā neutral feeling 三明 tri vidyāḥ 3 insights 1 宿住智证明 pῡrva-nivāsāṇusmṛti 2 死生智证明 3 漏尽智证明 三法印, cyuty-utpāda-jñāna-sākṣā tkriya-vidyā āsrava-kṣaya-jñāna-sākṣā t-kriya-vidyā tri dṛṣṭinamitta mudra 1 诸行无常 sarvasaṃskāranityata 2 诸法无我 sarvadharmaśῡnyāasvā mika insight into the mortal conditions of self and others in previous lives knowledge of vanishing and reappearing of beings nirvāṇa insight 3 seals of buddhist doctrine all products are impermanent all phenomena are empty and selfless 3 涅盘寂静 nirvāṇaśānta nirvana is peace 5

8 三要 [ 修行 ] tri pradhānamārga 3 principal aspects of the path 1 出离 niḥsaraṇa renunciation 2 菩提心 bodhicitta mind of enlightenment 3 正见 saṃyakdṛṣṭi right view 三施 tridānāni 3 types of giving 1 财施 dravyadānaṃ giving material help 2 法施 dharmadānaṃ giving dharma teachings 3 无畏施 abhayadānaṃ giving protection from fear 三相 [ 因明 ] tri rῡpa 3 modes of reasoning 1 宗法 pakṣadharma property of the subject 2 随遍 [ 同品定有 ] 3 倒遍 [ 异品遍无 ] anvayavyāpti vyatirekavyāpti subsequent pervasion counter pervasion 三相 [ 三性 ] trīṇi lakṣaṇāni 3 characteristics 1 遍计所执 parikalpita imputed phenomena 2 依他起 paratantra dependent phenomena 3 圆成实 pariniṣpanna ultimate phenomena 三界九地 tridhātu navabhῡmi 3 realms and 9 levels 1 欲界 kamādhātu desire realm [nānātva-kāyā [ 五趣杂居地 ] [beings with different nānātva-saṃjñinaḥ tad bodies and different [ 身异想异 ] yathāmanuṣyā ekat thoughts] yāścadevāḥ] 2 色界 rῡpadhātu form realm a 离生喜乐 [ 初静虑 ] b 定生喜乐 [ 第二静虑 ] c 离喜妙乐 [ 第三静虑 ] d 舍念清净 [ 第四静虑 ] prathamadhyāna dvitīyadhyāna tritīyadhyāna caturthadhyāna first concentration second concentration third concentration fourth concentration 3 无色界 ārῡpyadhātu formless realm a 空无边处 ākāśānantya infinite space b 识无边处 vijñānānantya infinite consciousness c 无所有处 akiṃcanya nothingness d 非想非非想 [ 有顶 ] bhavāgra 三毒 tri viṣa 3 poisons 1 贪 rāga desire peak of cyclic existence 2 瞋 krodha hatred; anger 3 痴 moha ignorance 6

9 三律仪 tri saṃvara 3 types of vows 1 别解脱律仪 prātimokṣasaṃvara vows of individual liberation 2 菩萨律仪 bodhisattvasaṃvara bodhisattva vows 3 密咒律仪 mantrasaṃvara secret mantra vows 三苦 tri duḥkhatā 3 sufferings 1 苦苦 duḥkha duḥkhatā suffering of pain 2 坏苦 vipriṇāma duḥkhatā suffering of change 3 行苦 saṃskāra duḥkhatā pervasive suffering 三乘 trīṇi yānāni [tri-yāna] 3 vehicles 1 声闻乘 śrāvakayāna hearer's vehicle 2 独觉乘 pratyekabuddhayāna solitary realizer's vehicle 3 菩萨乘 bodhisattvayāna bodhisattva's vehicle 三师 tri ācāryāḥ 3 teachers 1 戒和尚 upadhyācāryaḥ preceptor 2 羯磨师 karmavācācāryaḥ announcing-preceptor 3 教授师 anuśāsanācāryaḥ instructor 三根 trīṇi indriya-vaimātratā 3 levels of intelligence 1 钝根 mṛdvindriyaḥ poor intellect 2 中根 madhyendriyaḥ moderate intellect 3 利根 tīkṣṇendriyaḥ sharp intellect 三时业 trīṇi karmāṇi 3 kinds of karma dṛṣṭa-dharma-vedanīya-ka karma bearing fruit in this 1 顺现法受业 rma present life upapadya-vedanīya-karm karma bearing fruit in the 2 顺次生受业 a next life 3 顺后次受业 apara-pāryāya-vedanīya-k arma karma bearing fruit in the distant future 三清净地 tri viśuddhibhῡmi 3 pure stages 1 第八地 aṣṭambhῡmi eighth stage 2 第九地 navambhῡmi ninth stage 3 第十地 daśambhῡmi tenth stage 三智 tri jñāna 3 kinds of knowledge 1 一切智 sarvajñāna knowledge of bases 2 道相智 mārgajñāna knowledge of paths 3 一切相智 vastujñāna omniscient mind 三量 trīṇi pramāṇāni 3 awarenesses 1 现量 pratyakṣa-pramāṇa direct valid cognizer 2 比量 anumāna-pramāṇa inferential valid cognizer 3 圣教量 āgama-pramāṇa authoritative valid cognizer 三结 tri saṃyojana 3 constant fetters 1 萨迦耶见 satkāyadṛṣṭi view of the transitory collection as real I and mine 2 戒禁取 sīlavrataparāmārśa conception of [bad] ethics 7

10 and modes of conduct as supreme 3 疑 vicikitsā doubt 三无自性 tri niḥsvabhāvatā 3 identityless phenomena 1 相无自性性 lakṣana niḥsvabhāvatā identitylessness of characteristics 2 生无自性性 utpatti niḥsvabhāvatā identitylessness of production 3 胜义无自性性 paramārtha identitylessness of ultimate niḥsvabhāvatā phenomena 三无为法 tri asaṃskṛtādharmāḥ 3 uncompounded phenomena 1 虚空无为 ākāśa space 2 择灭无为 pratisaṃkhyānirodha analytical cessation 3 非择灭无为 apratisaṃkhyānirodha non-analytical cessation 三无漏根 trīṇi indriyāṇi 3 uncontaminated sense powers 1 未知当知根 anaññataññassāmitindriya ṃ sense power of knowing all that is unknown 2 已知根 aññindriyaṃ sense power of knowing all 3 具知根 aññātāvindriyaṃ sense power of that which has the quality of knowing all 三涅盘 tri nirvāṇa 3 nirvanas 1 有余涅盘 sāvaśeṣanirvāṇa nirvana with remainder 2 无余涅盘 nirvaśeṣanirvāṇa nirvana without remainder 3 无住涅盘 apratiṣṭhitanirvāṇa nirvana without abiding 三善根 tri kuśalamῡla 3 root virtues 1 无贪善根 alobhakuśalamῡla 2 无瞋善根 adveṣakuśalamῡla 3 无痴善根 amohakuśalamῡla root of virtue devoid of desire root of virtue devoid of hatred root of virtue devoid of ignorance 三善趣 tri sugati 3 happy migrators; 3 happy migrations 1 天 deva gods 2 人 manuṣya humans 3 阿素洛 asura demigods 三圣 trīṇi āryāḥ 3 nobles 1 释迦牟尼佛 śākyamuni buddha shākyamuni buddha 2 药师佛 bhāiṣajyaguru vāiḍῡrya prabhaḥ bhaisajyaguru buddha 3 阿弥陀佛 amitābhaḥ amitābha buddha 三圣 [ 西方 ] trīṇi āryāḥ 3 nobles 1 阿弥陀佛 amitābha buddha amitābha buddha 8

11 2 观世音菩萨 avalokiteśvara avalokiteshvara bodhisattva bodhisattva 3 大势至菩萨 mahāsthāmaprāpta mahāsthāmaprāpta bodhisattva bodhisattva 三圆满 tri saṃpanna 3 excellent accomplishments 1 自事圆满 svārthasaṃpanna accomplishment of one's own goals 2 他事圆满 parārthasaṃpanna accomplishment of others' goals 3 方便圆满 accomplishment of the dvavyārthasiddhiupāyasa means for achieving both ṃpanna goals 三恶趣 [ 三恶道 ] tridurgati 3 bad migrators; 3 bad migrations 1 地狱 nāraka hell beings 2 饿鬼 preta hungry ghosts 3 傍生 [ 畜生 ] tiryāñc animals 三业 trīṇi karmāṇi 3 actions 1 善业 sukhitakarma karma giving rise to happiness 2 恶业 duḥkhitakarma karma giving rise to suffering 3 无记业 upekṣakakarma karma giving rise to indifferent feelings 三业 trīṇi karmāṇi 3 actions 1 身业 kāyakarmaṃ physical actions 2 语业 vākkarmaṃ verbal actions 3 意业 manokarmaṃ mental actions 三业 trīṇi karmāṇi 3 actions 1 福业 puṇyakarma virtuous karma 2 非福业 apuṇyakarma non-virtuous karma 3 不动业 acalakarma unfluctuating karma 三业果 tri karmaphala 3 types of karmic effect 1 异熟果 vipākaphala fruitional effect 2 等流果 niṣyandaphala causally concordant effect 3 增上果 adhipatiphala owned effect 三解脱门 trivimokṣamukha 3 doors of liberation 1 空解脱门 śῡnyatāvimokṣamukha liberation through emptiness 2 无相解脱门 animittavimokṣamukha liberation through signlessness 3 无愿解脱门 praṇihitavimokṣamukha 三聚 [ 三品 ] tri skandha 3 heaps liberation through wishlessness 1 敬礼 namaḥvandana heap of prostration 9

12 2 悔过 deśayā heap of confession 3 随喜 anumoda heap of rejoicing [ 回向 ] [pariṇāma] [dedication] 三聚净戒 trividhāni śīlāni 3 types of morality morality of abstention from 1 律仪戒 duṣkṛtasaṃavaraśīla misbehaviour kuśaladhārmasṃagrahaśīl morality of integrating 2 摄善法戒 a virtues morality of working for the 3 饶益有情戒 sattvakṛtyaśīla welfare of other sentient beings 三际 trikāṇḍaka 3 times 1 前际 pῡrvānta past time 2 后际 aparānta future time 3 中际 madhyānta present time 三种化身 tri nirmāṇakāya 3 emanation bodies of a buddha 1 事业化身 śilpin nirmāṇakāya artisan emanation 2 受生化身 janma nirmāṇakāya miscellaneous emanation 3 最胜化身 uttama nirmāṇakāya supreme emanation 三种示导 trīṇi prātihāryāni 3 kinds of miracle 1 神变示导 ṛddhiprātihāryaṃ miracle of body 2 记心示导 anuśāsanīprātihāryaṃ miracle of mind 3 教诫示导 ādeśanāprātihāryaṃ miracle of speech 三种正因 tri saṃyakhetu 3 correct reasons 1 果正因 kāryahetu correct reason of effect 2 自性正因 svabhāvahetu correct reason of nature 3 不可得正因 [ 不觅正因 ] anupalabdhihetu correct reason of non-cognition 三种似因 tri hetuvābhāsa 3 wrong reasons 1 不成因 asiddhahetu unestablished reason 2 相违因 viruddhahetu contradictory reason 3 不定因 anekāntikahetu uncertain reason 三种定 tri samādhi 3 meditative stabilizations 1 健行定 śuraṃgamasamādhi meditative stabilization going like a hero 2 如幻定 māyopamasamādhi meditative stabilization like an illusion 3 金刚喻定 vajropamasamādhi meditative stabilization like a vajra 三种所知 tri prameyabhāva 3 objects of knowledge 10

13 1 现前 pratyakṣa manifest phenomena 2 隐晦 prokṣa obscure phenomena 3 非常隐晦 atiprokṣa extremely obscure phenomena 三种慈悲 trikarῡṇa 3 types of compassion 1 众生缘慈 sattvālambanā 2 法缘慈 dharmālambanā 3 无缘慈 anālambanālambanā compassion merely observing sentient beings compassion observing the doctrine compassion observing the lack of true existence 三种萨埵 tri sattva 3 types of sattvas [beings] 1 誓句萨埵 samayasattva commitment being 2 智慧萨埵 jñānasattva wisdom being 3 定萨埵 samādhisattva concentration being 三慧 tri vidhā prajñā 3 types of wisdom 1 闻所成慧 śruta-mayīprajñā wisdom acquired through hearing 2 思所成慧 cintā-mayī prajñā wisdom acquired through contemplation 3 修所成慧 bhāvanā-mayī prajñā wisdom acquired through meditation 三学 tri śikṣā 3 trainings 1 增上戒学 [ 戒学 ] 2 增上心学 [ 定学 ] 3 增上慧学 [ 慧学 ] adhiśīlaśikṣā ; adhicittaśikṣā; samādhiśikṣā adhiprajñāśikṣā training in higher discipline; ethics training in higher meditative stabilization training in higher wisdom 三藏 tripiṭaka 3 scriptural collections 1 经藏 sutrāntapiṭaka sets of discourses 2 律藏 vinayapiṭaka sets of discipline 3 论藏 abhidharmapiṭaka sets of manifest knowledge 三转法轮 tri dharmacakra 3 turnings of the wheel of dharma 1 第一法轮 [ 四谛法轮 ] [ ] prathama dharmacakra the first turning of the wheel of dharma 2 第二法轮 [ 无相法轮 ] [ ] mādhya dharmacakra the second turning of the wheel of dharma 3 第三法轮 [ 分别法轮 ] [ ] antya dharmacakra 三归依 triśaraṇagamanaṃ 3 refuges the third turning of the wheel of dharma 1 归依佛 buddhaṃ śaraṇaṃ taking the buddha as 11

14 gacchāmi refuge 2 归依法 dharmaṃ śaraṇaṃ taking the dharma as gacchāmi refuge 3 归依僧 saṅghaṃ śaraṇaṃ gacchāmi taking the saṅgha as refuge 三宝 triratnāni [ratnatraya] 3 Jewels 1 佛宝 buddha buddha, the fully enlightened one 2 法宝 dharma dharma, the teachings 3 僧宝 saṅgha sangha, the holy community 四力对治 catvāri pratipak ṣabala 4 opponent forces 1 依止力 āśraya-bala force of reliance 2 对治力 pratipakṣa-bala force of overcoming misdeeds through antidotes 3 能破力 viduśaṇa-bala force of repentance 4 防护力 niviṛtti-bala force of not repeating the misdeeds 四大宗派 catvāri siddhānta 4 tenets 1 婆沙部 [ 说分别部 ] vaibhāṣika vaibhāṣika 2 经量部 sautrāntika sautrāntika a 随教行经量部 āgama-anusārin sautrāntika b 随理行经量 nyāya-anusārin 部 sautrāntika 3 唯识宗 cittamātrin mind only school a 随教行唯识宗 b 随理行唯识宗 āgama-anusārin cittamātrin nyāya-anusārin cittamātrin sautrāntika-follower of scripture sautrāntika-follower of reasoning cittamātrin-follower of scripture cittamātrin-follower of reasoning 4 中观宗 mādhyamika middle way school a 中观宗自续 mādhyamika svātantrika mādhyamika svātantrika 派 b 中观宗应成 mādhyamika prāsaṅgika; mādhyamika prāsaṅgika 派 consequence school 四大洲 catvāri dvīpāni 4 continents 1 东胜身洲 Pῡrvavideha East Continent; Great Body 2 南赡部洲 Jambudvīpa South Continent; Jambudvīpa 3 西牛货洲 Aparagodānīya West Continent; Using Oxen 4 北俱卢洲 Uttarakuru North Continent; Unpleasant Sound 四三摩地 catvāri samādhi 4 meditative stabilizations 1 健行三摩地 śuraṃgamasamādhi meditative stabilization going as a hero 12

15 2 虚空库三摩地 gaganagañjasamādhi 3 无垢三摩地 vimalasamādhi 4 狮子奋迅三摩地 siṃhavijṛmbhi tasamādhi meditative stabilization like a sky treasury stainless meditative stabilization meditative stabilization like a loftily looking lion 四不定 catur aniyata 4 changeable mental factors 1 睡眠 middha sleep 2 恶作 kaukṛtya regret 3 寻 vitarka investigation 4 伺 vicāra analysis 四生 caturyoni 4 types of birth 1 卵生 jārāyujā birth from an egg 2 胎生 aṇḍajā birth from a womb 3 湿生 samsvedajā birth from heat and moisture 4 化生 upapādukājā miraculous birth 四加行位 caturprayogamārga 4 levels of the path of preparation [ 四顺抉择分 ] [ ] [catvāri nirvedha bhāgīya] [ 四善根 ] [ ] [catvāri kuśalamῡla] [4 good roots] 1 暖 uṣmagata heat 2 顶 mῡrdhan peak 3 忍 kṣānti forbearance 4 世第一法 laukikāgryadharma supreme mundane qualities 四正断 catvāri samyakprahāṇa 4 thorough abandonings utpannānāṃ non-generation of 1 未生恶令不生 kuśalamῡlānāṃ afflictions not yet generated saṃrakṣaṇaṃ 2 已生恶令灭 3 未生善令生 4 已生善令增长 utpannānāṃ akuśalānāṃ prahāṇaṃ anutpannānāṃ samutpāda anutpannānāṃ punarnutpāda abandoning of afflictions already generated generation of pure phenomena not yet generated increasing of pure phenomena already generated 四有 catvāro bhavāḥ 4 states of birth 1 中有 antarābhava intermediate state 2 生有 uppattibhava birth state 3 本有 sākṣinbhava live state 4 死有 maraṇabhava death state 四向四果 aṭṭha āryapudgalāḥ 4 enterers and 4 abiders 1 预流向 [ 须陀洹向 ] śrota-āpatti-pratipannaka enterer into the fruit of a stream-winner 13

16 2 预流果 [ 须陀洹果 ] 3 一来向 [ 斯陀含向 ] 4 一来果 [ 斯陀含果 ] 5 不还向 [ 阿那含向 ] 6 不还果 [ 阿那含果 ] śrota āpanna sakṛdāgāmi-pratipannaka sakṛd āgāmina anāgāmi-pratipannaka stream-winner enterer into the fruit of a once-returner abider in the fruit of a once-returner enterer into the fruit of a never returner ana āgāmina abider in the fruit of a never returner 7 阿罗汉向 arhat-pratipannaka enterer into the fruit of a foe-destroyer 8 阿罗汉果 arhat abider in the fruit of a foe-destroyer 四劫 [ 四中劫 ] caturkalpāḥ 4 intermediate aeons 1 成劫 vivarta-kalpaḥ aeons of the formation 2 住劫 vivarta-siddha-kalpaḥ aeons of its persistence 3 坏劫 saṃvarta-kalpaḥ aeons of its dissolution 4 空劫 saṃvarta-siddha-kalp aḥ aeons of vacuity 四吠陀 catvāri brahminveda 4 vedas of brahmins 1 梨俱吠陀 ṛg-vedaḥ science of poetry 2 夜柔吠陀 yajur-vedaḥ science of sacrifice 3 娑摩吠陀 sāma-vedaḥ science of aphorisms 4 阿闼婆吠陀 atharva-vedaḥ science of administration 四作意 catvāri manaskāra 4 mental engagements 1 力励运转作意 balavāhana forcible engagement 2 有间缺运转作意 sacchidravāhana interrupted engagement 3 无间缺运转作意 niśchidravāhana uninterrupted engagement 4 无功用运转作意 anābhogovāhana spontaneous engagement 四空 catvāri śῡnyatā 4 emptinesses 1 有性空 bhāva śῡnyatā emptiness of a thing 2 无性空 abhāva śῡnyatā emptiness of non-things 3 本性空 prakṛtī śῡnyatā emptiness of nature 4 他性空 parabhāva śῡnyatā emptiness of other-nature 四姓 catvāri varṇāḥ 4 castes of Hintu society 1 婆罗门 [ 净行 ] brāhmaṇaḥ priest caste 2 剎帝力 [ 王种 ] kṣatrīyaḥ warrior caste 3 吠舍 [ 商贾 ] vāiśyaḥ merchant caste 4 戌陀罗 [ 农猎人 ] śῡdraḥ labourer caste 14

17 四依 catvāri pratisaraṇāni 4 reliances 1 依义不依语 artha-pratisaraṇena bhavitavyaṃ na vyañjana-pratisaraṇena 2 依法不依人 3 依智不依识 4 依了义经不依不了义经 dharma-pratisaraṇena bhavitavyaṃ na pudgala-pratisaraṇena jñāna-pratisaraṇena bhavitavyam na vijñ āna-pratisaraṇena nītārtha-sῡtra-pratisaraṇe na bhavitavyaṃ na neyārtha-sῡtra-pr atisaraṇe na relying on meaning and not on the expression relying on teachings and not on the person relying on wisdom and not on an ordinary mind relying on definitive teachings and not on interpretive teachings 四取 catvāri upādānāni 4 compulsive acquisitions 1 欲取 rāga compulsive acquisition of desire 2 见取 dṛṣṭi compulsive acquisition of view 3 戒禁取 śīlavṛataparāmarśa compulsive acquisition of regarding moral discipline and practices as superior 4 我语取 ahamdṛṣṭi compulsive acquisition of the view of self 四法印, catvāri dṛṣṭinamitta mudra 4 seals of buddhist doctrine 1 诸行无常 sarvasaṃskāranityatā 2 诸漏皆苦 sarvasāstravaduḥ khata all products are impermanent all contaminated things are miserable 3 诸法无我 sarvadharmaśῡnyāasvāmi ka all phenomena are empty and selfless 4 涅盘寂静 nirvāṇaśānta nirvana is peace 四念住 catvāri smṛtyῡpasthāna 4 mindful establishments mindful establishments of 1 身念住 kāya-smṛty-upasthānaṃ body vedanā-smṛty-upasthāna mindful establishments of 2 受念住 ṃ feelings mindful establishments of 3 心念住 citta-smṛty-upasthānaṃ thoughts mindful establishments of 4 法念住 dharma-smṛtyupasthānaṃ phenomena catvāraḥ śramaṇakāraka 四法作沙门 4 precepts of a monk dharmāḥ 1 他骂不应返骂 not to become angry when 2 他瞋不应返瞋 roṣitena na pratiroṣitvyaṃ incited to angry 3 他调不应返调 4 他打不应返打 ākruṣtena na bhaṇḍitena na tāḍiteṅa na not to scold another not to reveal another's not to hit another in return pratyākroṣtaryaṃ pratiroṣitvyaṃ pratitāḍitavyaṃ although being scold faults when he does so when being hit 15

18 四事业 catvāri samudacāra 4 types of virtuous activity 1 息灾 śānticāra activity of peace 2 增益 vipulacāra activity of increase 3 怀爱 bhāgyacāra activity of power 4 降伏 raudracāra activity of force 四食 catvāriāhārāḥ 4 types of food 1 段食 kavatikāhārāḥ coarse food 2 触食 sparśāhārāḥ food of touch 3 意思食 manaḥsamśetanāhārāḥ food of mental thought 4 识食 vijñānāhārārāḥ food of consciousness 四神足 catvāraḥ ṛddhipāda 4 legs of manifestation; 4 legs of emanation 1 欲神足 chandaḥ leg of manifestation of aspiration 2 勤神足 vīryaḥ leg of manifestation of effort 3 心神足 cittaḥ leg of manifestation of thought 4 观神足 mīmāṃsā leg of manifestation of analysis 四威仪 catur vidhacāra 4 activities 1 行 gamanaṃ walking 2 住 vasanaṃ standing 3 坐 niśīdanaṃ sitting 4 卧 śayānaṃ sleeping 四记问 catvāri vyākaraṇāni 4 methods of dealing with questions 1 一向记 ekāṃśavyākaraṇaṃ direct answer 2 分别记 vibhajyavyākaraṇaṃ discriminating answer 3 反问记 paripṛcchāvyākaraṇaṃ questioning in return 4 默置记 sthāpanīyavyākaraṇaṃ silence 四现量 catvāri pratyakṣapramāṇa 4 direct valid cognizers 1 根现量 indriya-pratyakṣa-pramāṇ a sense direct valid cognizer 2 意现量 mānasa-pratyakṣa-pramā ṇa mental direct valid cognizer 3 自证现量 svasaṃvedana-pratyakṣa self-knowing direct valid -pramāṇa cognizer 4 瑜伽现量 yogi-pratyakṣa-pramāṇa yogic direct valid cognizer 四密续 catvāri tantra 4 classes of tantra 1 作续 krīya tantra action tantra 2 行续 cārya tantra performance tantra 3 瑜伽续 yoga tantra yoga tantra 4 无上瑜伽续 anuttarayoga highest yoga tantra 四众 catvāraḥ paraṣadāḥ 4 types of monastic community 16

19 1 苾刍 [ 比丘 ] bhikṣu monk 2 苾刍尼 [ 比丘尼 ] 3 邬波索迦 [ 优婆塞, 近事男 ] 4 邬波斯迦 [ 优婆夷, 近事女 ] bhikṣunī upāsaka upāsikā nun layman laywoman 四智 catvāri jñānāni 4 wisdoms 1 大圆镜智 ādarśajñāna mirror-like wisdom 2 平等性智 samatajñāna wisdom of equality 3 妙观察智 pratyavekṣanājñāna wisdom of discrimination 4 成所作智 kṛtyānusthāna jñāna wisdom of accomplishment 四无色定 [ 四无色等至 ] catvāri arῡpasamāpatti 1 空无边处 ākāśānantyāyatanaṃ 2 识无边处 vijñānānantyāyatanaṃ 4 formless meditative absorptions meditative absorption of infinite space meditative absorption of infinite consciousness 3 无所有处 ākiñcanyāyatanaṃ meditative absorption of nothingness 4 非想非非想处 [ 有顶 ] naivasaṃjñānāsaṃjñāyat anaṃ meditative absorption of neither-discrimination-nor-n on-discrimination [peak of cyclic existence] 四无所畏 catvāravāiśāradya 4 fearlessnesses fearlessness with respect to 1 正等觉无畏 asserting that I am sarvadharmābhisambodhi completely and perfectly vaiśāradyaṃ enlightened with respect to all phenomena 2 漏永尽无畏 3 说障法无畏 4 说出道无畏 四无为法 sarvāsravakṣayajñānavai śāradyaṃ antarāyikadharmānyathāt vaniścitavyākaraṇavaiśār adyaṃ sarvasampadadhigamāya nairyāṇikapratipattathatva vaiśāradyaṃ catvāri saṃskṛtadharma 1 虚空无为 ākāśa space fearlessness with respect to teaching that the afflictive obstructions and obstructions to omniscience are to be ceased fearlessness with respect to teaching the paths of deliverance fearlessness with respect to teaching that the obstructions are to be ceased 4 uncompounded phenomena 2 非择灭无为 apratisaṃkhyānirodha non-analytical cessation 3 择灭无为 pratisaṃkhyānirodha analytical cessation 4 真如 tathatā suchness 17

20 四无量 catvārapramāṇa 4 immeasurables 1 慈无量 maitrīapramāṇa immeasurable love 2 悲无量 karuṇāpramāṇa immeasurable compassion 3 喜无量 muditāpramāṇa immeasurable joy 4 舍无量 upekṣāpramāṇa immeasurable equanimity 四无碍解 catvāriṃpratisaṃvid 4 perfect specific understandings 1 义无碍解 arthapratisavid specific perfect understanding of meaning 2 法无碍解 dharmapratisavid specific perfect understanding of dharma 3 词无碍解 niruktipratisavid specific perfect understanding of definitive words 4 辩无碍解 pratibhānapratisavid specific perfect understanding of confidence 四喜 catvāri muditā 4 joys 1 初喜 muditā joy 2 胜喜 pramuditā great joy 3 极喜 viśeṣamuditā exalted joy 4 俱生喜 sahajamuditā innate joy 四圣谛 catvāri āryasatya 4 noble truths 1 苦圣谛 duḥkhasatya true sufferings 2 集圣谛 samudayasatya true origins of suffering 3 灭圣谛 nirodhasatya true cessations of suffering 4 道圣谛 mārgasatya true paths out of suffering 四业 [ 俱舍 ] catvāri karmāṇi 4 actions 1 黑黑异熟业 karmaṃ kṛṣṇa-vipākaṃ black result due to black actions 2 白白异熟业 3 黑白黑白异熟业 karmaṃ śuklaṃ śukla-vipākaṃ karmaṃ kṛṣṇa-śuklaṃ kṛṣna-śukla-vipākaṃ white result due to white actions black-white result due to black-white actions 4 非黑非白无异熟业能尽诸业 karmaṃ akṛṣṇam aśuklaṃ akṛṣnaśukha-vipākaṃ karmaṃ karma-kṣayāya saṃvartati lacking result and destroying the actions due to non-black and non-white actions 四种分别 caturvidho vikalpaḥ 4 conceptions 1 所取分别 grāhya-vikalpa conceptions of grasping at objects a 杂染所取分别 kleṣagrahyakalpa grasping at deluded phenomena b 清净所取分别 vyavadānagrahyakalpa grasping at purified phenomena 2 能取分别 grāhaka-vikalpa conceptions of grasping at 18

21 the subject c 实有能取分别 dravyagrahakalpa grasping at substantial phenomena d 假有能取分别 prajñāptigrahakalpa grasping at imputed phenomena 四种反省 catvāri āśaya 4 thought transformations 1 暇满难得 realizing the preciousness of human birth 2 死亡无常 realizing the impermanence of life 3 轮回痛苦 realizing the faults of cyclic existence realizing that pleasure and 4 业果决定 suffering result from good and bad actions, respectively 四种妙陀罗尼门 catvāri dhāraṇī 4 doors of retention 1 忍陀罗尼门 kṣāntidhāraṇī retention of patience 2 咒陀罗尼门 mantradhāranī retention of secret speech 3 词陀罗尼门 [ 法陀罗尼 ] vākya dhārani formula for retaining words 4 义陀罗尼门 arthadhārani formula for retaining meaning 四种定 [ 加行道 ] catvāri samādhi 4 meditative stabilizations 1 明得 saṃvedana āloka-labdha-samādhi 2 明增 vṛddha-āloka-samādhi 3 入真义一分 [ 印顺定 ] tattva-artha-eka-deśapravi ṣṭa-samādhi 4 无间 ānantarya-samādhi 四种所缘 catvāri śamathālaṃbana meditative stabilization of achieving perception of emptiness meditative stabilization of the increase of the perception of emptiness meditative stabilization which understands suchness one-sidedly uninterrupted meditative stabilization 4 objects of calm abiding meditation 1 遍满所缘 vyāpyālambana pervasive objects a 有分别影相所缘 b 无分别影相所缘 savikalpakapratibimba nirvikalpakapratibim analytical image non-analytical image c 事边际所缘 vastvantālambana limits of phenomena d 所作成就所 thorough achievement of kṛtyānuṣṭāna 缘 the purpose caritaviśodhana-ālamban object for purifying 2 净行所缘 a behaviour a 多贪行者 [rāga] [desire] 缘不净 [aśubha] [ugliness] 19

22 b 多瞋行者 [dveṣa] [hatred] 缘修慈 [maitri] [love] c 多痴行者 [moha] [obscuration] 缘众缘性诸缘起 [pratītyasamutpāda] [dependent-arising] d 憍慢行者 [māna] [pride] 缘界差别 [dhātu] [division of constituents] e 寻思行者 [vikalpa] [discursiveness] 缘入出息念 [ānāpāna] [inhalation and exhalation of the breath] 3 善巧所缘 kauśalyālambana skilful objects a 蕴善巧 skandha aggregates b 界善巧 dhātu constituents c 处善巧 āyatana sources d 缘起善巧 pratītyasamutpāda dependent-arising e 处非处善巧 sthānāsthāna appropriate and inappropriate 4 净惑所缘 kleśaviśodhana-ālambana objects for purifying afflictions 四种灌顶 catvarabhiṣeka 4 initiations 1 瓶灌 kalaśābhiṣeka vase initiation 2 密灌 guhyābhiṣeka secret initiation 3 智慧灌顶 prajñājñābhiṣeka wisdom initiation 4 名词灌顶 śabdābhiṣeka word initiation 四德 [ 涅盘 ] catvāraḥ guṇa 4 qualities 1 常 nityaṃ permanence 2 乐 sukhaṃ joy; bliss 3 我 ātman personality 4 净 śuddhi purity 四缘 catvāraḥ pratyayāḥ 4 conditions 1 因缘 hetu pratyaya causal condition 2 等无间缘 samanantara pratyaya immediate condition 3 所缘缘 ālambana pratyaya objective condition 4 增上缘 adhipat pratyaya fundamental condition 四静虑 catvāri dhyāna 4 concentrations 1 初静虑 prathamadhyāna first concentration a 寻 vitarka investigation b 伺 vicāra analysis c 喜 prīti joy d 乐 sukha bliss e 心一境性 cittaikāgratā mental one-pointedness 2 第二静虑 dvitīyadhyāna second concentration 20

23 a 内等净 adhyātmasamprasāda internal clarity b 喜 prīti joy c 乐 sukha bliss d 心一境性 cittaikāgratā mental one-pointedness 3 第三静虑 tritīyadhyāna third concentration a 舍 upekṣā equanimity b 念 smṛti mindfulness c 正知 saṃprajanya introspection d 乐 sukha bliss e 心一境性 cittaikāgratā mental one-pointedness 4 第四静虑 caturthadhyāna fourth concentraion a 舍清净 upekṣāpariśuddha thoroughly pure equanimity b 念清净 smṛtipariśuddha thoroughly pure mindfulness c 不苦不乐受 aduḥkhāsukhavedanā neutral feeling d 心一境性 cittaikāgratā mental one-pointedness 四边 [ 四生 ] cāturanta 4 extremes 1 自生 ātmaja production from self 2 他生 paraja production from others 3 共生 ubhyaja production from both 4 无因生 akāraṇaja production without causes 四颠倒 catvāri viparyāsāḥ 4 wrong thoughts 1 常 nitya to apprehend what is impermanent as permanent 2 乐 prīti to apperhend what is miserable as happiness 3 净 suddhi 4 我 ātman 四魔 catvāri mārāḥ 4 devils to apperhend what is impure as pure to apperhend what is selfless as having a self 1 蕴魔 skandhamāra evil of aggregates 2 烦恼魔 kleṣamāra evil of afflictions 3 死魔 mṛtyupatimāra evil of death 4 天子魔 devaputramāra evil of the son of a god 四摄事 catvāri saṃgraha-vastῡni 4 qualities making for amicable association 1 布施摄事 dānaṃ giving 2 爱语摄事 priya-vāditā affectionate speech 3 利行摄事 artha-caryā conduct profitable to others 4 同事摄事 samānārthatā cooperation with others to lead them into the truth 五力 pañca-balāni 5 forces 21

24 1 信力 śraddhā force of faith 2 精进力 vīryaḥ force of enthusiastic perseverance 3 念力 smṛtiḥ force of mindfulness 4 定力 samādhiḥ force of concentration 5 慧力 prajñā force of wisdom 五支作法 5-membered proof; 5 parts of a syllogism 1 宗 pratijñā thesis; proposition 2 因 hetu sign; reason 3 喻 udāharaṇa demonstration of the pervasion in an example 4 合 upanaya application 5 结 nigamana summary; conclusion 五方佛 pañca jīnā 5 buddha families 1 毗卢遮那佛 [ 大日如来 ] vairocanaḥ vairocana 2 不动佛 [ ] akśobhyaḥ akshobhya 3 宝生佛 ratnasambhavaḥ ratnasambhava 4 阿弥陀佛 [ 无量光佛 ] amitābhaḥ amitābha 5 不空成就佛 amoghasiddhiḥ amoghasiddhi 五次第 [ 密咒 ] pañca mantraparamparā 5 stages of mantra vehicle 1 语远离 vākavivekita isolation of speech 2 心远离 cittavivekita isolation of mind 3 幻身 māyākāya illusory body 4 光明 prabhāsvara clear light 5 双运 yuganadda unification 五戒 pañca śīlāni 5 ethics; 5 precepts 1 离杀生 [ 不杀生 ] prāṇātighātād viratiḥ not killing 2 离不与取 [ 不偷盗 ] a-dattādānād viratiḥ not stealing 3 离欲邪行 [ 不邪淫 ] 4 离虚诳语 [ 不妄语 ] kāma-mithyācārād viratiḥ mṛṣāvādāt prati viratiḥ 5 不饮酒 madyapānaviratiḥ not indulging in sexual misconduct not lying not taking intoxicating drinks 五位 [ 胎中 ] pañca pratisandhyaḥ 5 periods in womb 1 羯剌蓝位 kalalam viscous foetus 2 頞部昙位 arbudam oval-shaped foetus 3 闭尸位 peśi hard fleshy foetus 4 键南位 ghanaḥ soft fleshy foetus 22

25 5 钵罗奢佉位 praśakha 5 protuberances 5 certainties of Sambhogakaya 1 处决定 sthāna-niyata definite abode 五决定 [ 报身佛 ] [ ] pañca niyata 2 身决定 kāya-niyata definite body 3 时决定 kāla-niyata definite time 4 法决定 dharma-niyata definite doctrine 5 眷属决定 pariṣadaniyata definite retinue 五妙欲 [ 五种功德 ] [ ] pañca guṇa 5 qualities of desires 1 色 rῡpa visible form [as the quality of fire] 2 声 śabda sound [as the quality of space] 3 香 gandha odor [as the quality of earth] 4 味 rasa taste [as the quality of water] 5 触 spraṣṭavya tangible object [as the quality of wind] 五别境 pañca viniyata 5 determining mental factors 1 欲 chanda aspiration 2 胜解 adhimokṣa belief 3 念 smṛti mindfulness 4 三摩地 [ 定 ] samādhi stabilization 5 慧 prajñā knowledge 五明 pañca vidyā 5 sciences 1 声明 śabdavidyā linguistics 2 工业明 [ 工巧明 ] śilpa 3 医方明 cikitsā medicine 4 因明 hetu logic and epistemology 5 内明 adhyātma inner science 五果 pañca phala 5 effects 1 等流果 niṣyandaphala causally concordant effect 2 增上果 adhipatiphala owned effect 3 士用果 puruṣakāraphala effect caused by persons 4 异熟果 vipākaphala fruitional effect 5 离系果 visaṃyogaphala cessational effect 五法 [ 唯识 ] pañcadharma 5 phenomena arts 1 名 nāma name 2 相 lakṣya signs 3 分别 vikalpana conceptualization 4 正智 akalpanajñāna non-conceptual wisdom 5 如如 tathatā reality 23

26 五法蕴 [ 无漏 ] pañcānastravaskandha 5 uncontaminated aggregates 1 戒蕴 śīla moral discipline 2 定蕴 samādhi concentration 3 慧蕴 prajñā wisdom 4 解脱蕴 vimukti thorough liberation 5 解脱智见蕴 vimuktijñāna that which sees the wisdom of thorough liberation 五苾刍 [ 五比丘 ] pañcavargīyaḥ 5 good disciples 1 阿若憍陈如 ajñātakauṇḍinya ajnyātakauṇḍinya 2 十力迦叶 [ 婆沙波 ] dasabala-kāsyapa [vāṣpas] dasabala-kāsyapa [vāṣpas] 3 跋提 bhadrika bhadrika 4 摩诃男 [ 大名 ] mahānāmaḥ mahānāmas 5 阿说示 [ 马胜 ] aśvajit ashvajit 五神通 pañca abhijñā 5 extraordinary knowledges; 5 clairvoyances 1 神境智证通 ṛddhividhijñānaṃ knowledge of miracles 2 天眼智证通 divyaṃcakṣu knowledge of the divine eye 3 天耳智证通 divyamśrotaṃ knowledge of the divine ear 4 他心智证通 paracittajñānaṃ knowledge of others' minds 5 宿住随念智证通 pῡrvanirvāsānusmṛtijñāna ṃ 五根 pañcendriyaṃ 5 powers memory of former lives 1 信根 śraddhā power of faith 2 精进根 vīryaḥ power of effort 3 念根 smṛtiḥ power of mindfulness 4 定根 samādhiḥ power of meditative stabilization 5 慧根 prajñā power of wisdom 五根本气 pañca mῡlavāyu 5 principal winds 1 持命气 prāṇavāyu life supporting wind 2 下行气 apānavāyu downward moving wind 3 上行气 udānavāyu upward moving wind 4 平住气 smānavāyu equally abiding wind 5 遍行气 vyāpakavāyu pervasive wind 五眼 pañca cakṣῡṃṣi 5 eyes 1 肉眼 māṃṣa-cakṣus fleshy eye 2 天眼 divya-cakṣus divine eye 3 慧眼 prajñā-cakṣus wisdom eye 24

27 4 法眼 dharma-cakṣus dharma eye 5 佛眼 buddha-cakṣus buddha's eye 五道 [ 位 ] pañca mārga 5 paths 1 资粮道 saṃbhāramārga path of accumulation 2 加行道 prayogamārga path of preparation 3 见道 darśanamārga path of seeing 4 修道 bhāvanamārga path of meditation 5 究竟道 [ 无学道 ] aśaikṣamārga 五过失 pañca ādīnava 5 faults 1 懈怠 kausīdya laziness path of no more learning 2 忘圣言 avavāda-sammoṣa forgetting the advice 3 惛沉掉举, laya, auddhatya laxity and excitement 4 不作行 anabhisaṃskāra non-application 5 作行 abhisaṃskāra [over]application 五遍行 pañca sarvatraga 5 omnipresent mental factors 1 受 vedanā feeling 2 想 saṃjñā discrimination 3 思 cetanā intention 4 作意 manaskāra mental engagement 5 触 sparśa contact 五停心观 [ 五种净行所缘 ] 1 不净观 [ 白骨观 ] pañca smṛti aśubha 2 慈悲观 maitri love 5 meditations; 5 objects for purifying behaviour ugliness 3 缘起观 pratītyasamutpāda dependent-arising 4 界分别观 dhātu division of constituents 5 持息念 [ 数息观 ] ānāpāna smṛti inhalation and exhalation of the breath 五净居 [ 天 ] pañca śuddhāvāsakāyika 5 pure celestrial places 1 无烦天 avṛha not great 2 无热天 atapas without pain 3 善现天 sudṛśa excellent appearance 4 善见天 sudarśana excellent perception 5 色究竟天 akaniṣṭha not low 五智 pañca-jñānāni 5 wisdoms 1 法界体性智 dharma-dhātu-viśuddhiḥ wisdom of the embodied nature of dharmadhātu 2 大圆镜智 ādarśa-jñānam mirror-like wisdom 3 平等性智 samatā-jñānam wisdom of equality 4 妙观察智 pratyavekṣaṇā-jñānam wisdom of discrimination 25

28 5 成所作智 kṛtyānusthāna-jñānam wisdom of accomplishment 五无间 pañcānantaryāṇi 5 boundless actions 1 杀父 pitṛagāta killing one's father 2 杀母 mātṛagāta killing one's mother 3 杀阿罗汉 arhatgāta killing an Arhat 4 破和合僧 saṃghabheda causing a schism within the spiritual community 5 出佛身血 drawing blood from the tathāgatasyāntike body of a buddha with evil duṣticittarῡdhirotpādanam intention 五顺上分结 pañcordhvabhāgīya 5 higher bonds of desire still existing in the upper realms 1 色贪 rῡpataṇhā desire of form realm 2 无色贪 arῡpataṇhā desire of formless realm 3 无明 [ ] avidyā ignorance 4 慢 māna pride 5 掉举 auddhatya excitement 五顺下分结 pañcāvarabhāgīya 5 bonds in the lower desire-realms 1 欲贪 rāga desire 2 瞋 pratigha anger 3 萨迦耶见 [ 身见 ] satkāyadṛṣṭi 4 戒禁取 śīlavrataparāmarśa view of the transitory collection as real I and mine conception of [bad] ethics and modes of conduct as supreme 5 疑 vicikitsā doubt 五补特伽罗 pañca pudgala 5 persons on the Hinayana paths 1 预流果 śrotāpanna stream winner; stream enterer 2 一来果 sakṛdāgāmin once returner 3 不还果 anāgāmin never returner 4 阿罗汉果 arhan; arhat foe-destroyer 5 独觉果 pratyekabuddha solitary realizer 五种粗细心 pañca vijñānaskandhagotradhar ma 5 phenomena on the level of the aggregate of consciousness 1 八十分别心 eithty indicative minds 2 白显之心 mind of radiant white appearance 3 红增之心 mind of radiant red increase 4 黑得之心 mind of radiant black near attainment 26

29 5 死光明心 mind of the clear light of death 五种性 pañca-gotrāḥ 5 families 1 声闻乘种性 hearer family 2 独觉乘种性 pratyekabuddhayānābhi-s amaya-gotraḥ solitary family 3 如来乘种性 śrāvaka-yānābhisamayagotraḥ tathāgatayānābhisamayagotraḥ tathāgata family 4 不定种性 aniyata-gotraḥ indefinite family 5 决定种性 a-gotrakaḥ definite family 五盖 pañca nīvaraṇa 5 obstructions 1 贪欲盖 kāmacchanda aspiration to attributes of the desire realm 2 瞋恚盖 vyāpāda harmfulness 3 惛沉睡眠盖 styānamiddha lethargy and sleep 4 掉举恶作盖 auddhatyakaukṛtya excitement and contrition 5 疑盖 vicikitsā doubt 五篇罪 pañca āpatti 5 downfalls 1 波罗夷 pārājikā defeats 2 僧残 saṅghāvaśeṣa remainders 3 舍堕 pāyattikāḥ propelling downfalls 4 提舍尼 [ 向彼悔 ] 5 突吉罗 [ 恶作 ] prātideśanīyāni duṣkṛta individual confessions faults 五趣 [ 五道 ] pañca jagati 5 migrators 1 天趣 deva gods 2 人趣 manuṣya human beings 3 地狱趣 nāraka hell beings 4 饿鬼趣 preta hungry ghosts 5 傍生趣 [ 畜生趣 ] tiryāñc animals 五浊 pañca kaṣāyāḥ 5 dregs 1 见浊 dṛṣṭikaṣāya degenerated views 2 烦恼浊 kleśakaṣāya degenerated delusions 3 众生浊 sattvakaṣāya degenerated persons 4 命浊 āyukaṣāya degenerated lifespan 5 劫浊 kālpakaṣāya degenerated time 五蕴 pañca skandha 5 aggregates 1 色蕴 rῡpaskandha form 2 受蕴 vedanāskandha feeling 3 想蕴 saṃjñāskandha discrimination 27

30 4 行蕴 saṃskāraskandha compositional factors 5 识蕴 vijñānaskandha consciousness 六力 ṣaḍ bala 6 forces 1 听闻力 śruta hearing 2 思惟力 cintā thinking 3 忆念力 smṛti mindfulness 4 正知力 samprajanya introspection 5 精进力 vīrya effort 6 串习力 paricaya familiarity 六大烦恼地法 ṣaḍ kleśamahābhῡmikādharm 6 bases of big afflictions a 1 痴 avidyā ignorance 2 放逸 pramāda non-conscientiousness 3 懈怠 kauśīdya laziness 4 不信 āśraddhya non-faith 5 惛沉 styāna lethargy 6 掉举 auddhatya excitement 六支 [ 时轮 ] ṣaḍ kālacakrautpannakramay ogānga 6 limbs of the completion stage practice according to the Kalachakra tantra 1 别摄 pratyāhāra collection 2 静虑 dhyānā absorption 3 中善 prāṇayāma wind control 4 认持 grahaṇa retention 5 随念 anusmṛti mindfulness 6 三摩地 samādhi meditative stabilization 六句义 [ 胜论派 ] ṣaḍ vaiśeṣikapadārtha 6 principles of the particularists 1 实句义 dravya substance 2 德句义 guṇa quality 3 业句义 karma action 4 同句义 sāmānya generality 5 异句义 viśeṣa particularity 6 和合句义 saṃgraha composition 六因 ṣaḍ hetavaḥ 6 types of causes 1 能作因 kāraṇahetu acting cause 2 俱有因 sahabhῡhetu simultaneously arising cause 3 异熟因 vipākahetu ripening cause 4 相应因 saṃprayuktahetu concomitant cause 5 遍行因 sarvatragahetu omnipresent cause 6 同类因 sambhāgahetu equal-state cause 六合释 ṣaḍ samāsāḥ 6 methods of compounding 28

31 1 不尽释 [ 邻近释 ] 2 彼士释 [ 依士释 ] 3 分合释 [ 相违释 ] 4 多谷释 [ 多财释 ] 5 持业释 [ 同依释 ] 6 双分释 [ 带数释 ] avyayībhāvaḥ tatpuruṣaḥ dvandvaṃ bahuvrīhiḥ karmadhārayaḥ dviguḥ adverbial compounds dependent determinate compounds copulative or aggregative compounds relative or attributive compounds descriptive determinate compounds numeral determinate compounds 六受身 ṣaḍ vedanākāyā 6 aggregates of feeling 1 眼触为缘所生诸受 2 耳触为缘所生诸受 3 鼻触为缘所生诸受 4 舌触为缘所生诸受 5 身触为缘所生诸受 6 意触为缘所生诸受 cakṣuḥsaṃsparśajā vedanā śrotrasaṃsparśajā vedanā ghrāṇasaṃaparśajā vedanā jihvāsaṃaparśajā vedanā kāyasaṃaparśajā vedanā manaḥsaṃsparśajā vedanā feeling produced through visual contact feeling produced through olfactory contact feeling produced through aural contact feeling produced through gustatory contact feeling produced through physical contact feeling produced through mental contact 六味 ṣaḍ rasāḥ 6 types of taste 1 苦味 tiktaḥ bitter 2 酸味 āmlaḥ sour 3 甘味 madhuraḥ sweet 4 辛味 kaṭukaḥ hot 5 咸味 lavaṇaḥ salty 6 淡味 kaṣāyaḥ astringent 六法 [ 那洛 ] ṣaḍ nādapādadharma 6 doctrines of Naropa 1 拙火 caṇdaliyoga yoga of psychic heat 2 幻身 māyākāyayoga yoga of illusory body 3 光明 prabhāsvarayoga yoga of clear light 4 迁识 saṃkrāntiḥyoga yoga of consciousness transference 5 梦观 svapanayoga yoga of dreams 6 中有 antarabhāvayoga yoga of intermediate rebirth 六波罗蜜多 ṣaḍ pāramita 6 perfections 1 布施波罗蜜多 dāna giving 2 净戒波罗蜜多 śīla ethics 29

32 3 安忍波罗蜜多 kṣānti patience 4 精进波罗蜜多 vīrya effort 5 静虑波罗蜜多 dhyāna concentration 6 般若波罗蜜多 prajñā wisdom 六界 [ 六大 ] ṣaḍ dhātῡni [ṣaḍ bhῡta] 6 elements 1 地界 pṛthivīdhātu earth 2 水界 apodhātu water 3 火界 tejasdhātu fire 4 风界 vāyudhātu wind 5 空界 ākāśadhātu space 6 识界 vijñānadhātu consciousness 六城 [ 中印 ] ṣaḍ madhyadeśanagara 6 cities of central India 1 王舍城 rājagṛha rājagṛha 2 毗舍离城 [ 广严城 ] 3 室罗筏城 [ 舍卫城 ] vaiśāli śrāvastī vaishāli shrāvastī 4 瞻波城 campā champaka 5 娑枳多城 sāketa sāketa 6 波罗奈城 vārāṇasī varaṇasi 六派 [ 外道 ] [ ] ṣaḍ tarkavāda 1 顺世派 [ 路伽耶 ] lokāyatika 6 ancient Hindu schools of the non-buddhists lokāyatas 广主派 bārhaspatya bārhaspatya 迦尔瓦卡派 cārvāka hedonist 2 耆那派 jaina follower of jina 尼干子 nirgrantha nirgrantha a 裸形派 digambara digambara b 白衣派 śvetāmbara shvetāmbara 3 数论派 [ 僧佉派 ] saṃkhya saṃkhya 伽毗罗派 kāpila follower of kapila 4 弥曼差派 [ 伺察派 ] mimāṃsaka analyser 5 胜论派 [ 卫世师 ] vaiśeṣika particularist 食屑仙派 kaṇādaka follower of kaṇāda 6 正理派 [ 尼夜耶 ] naiyāyika logician 足目派 akṣipādaka follower of akṣipāda 其他外道宗派 other schools 30

33 吠檀多派 vedānta vedantins 瑜伽派 yogācāra yogacara 遍入派 [ 毗纽天 ] vaiśṇava vaishṇava 自在天派 [ 涂灰 ] iśvara ishvara 邪命论 ājīvaka ājīvaka 不可知论 ajñāna agnosticism 梵天派 brāhmaṇ brāhmaṇas 六思身 ṣaḍ cintanaskandha 6 aggregates of intention 1 眼触所生思 cakṣuḥsaṃsparśajā cetanā intention produced through visual contact 2 耳触所生思 śrotrasaṃsparśajā cetanā intention produced through aural contact 3 鼻触所生思 ghrāṇasaṃaparśajā cetanā intention produced through olfactory contact 4 舌触所生思 jihvāsaṃaparśajā cetanā 5 身触所生思 kāyasaṃaparśajā cetanā intention produced through gustatory contact intention produced through physical contact 6 意触所生思 manaḥsaṃsparśajā cetanā intention produced through mental contact 六神通 ṣaḍ abhijñā 6 extraordinary knowledges 1 神境智证通 ṛddhividhijñānam knowledge of miracles 2 天眼智证通 divyaṃcakṣu knowledge of the divine eye 3 天耳智证通 divyamśrotam knowledge of the divine ear 4 他心智证通 paracittajñānam 5 宿住随念智证通 pῡrvanirvāsānusmṛtijñāna m 6 漏尽智证通 āśravakṣaya-jñānaṃ 六师 [ 外道 ] 1 阿耆多翅舍钦婆罗 ṣaḍ śāstārāḥ ajita-keśakambalaḥ 2 尼干陀若提子 nirgrantha jñāti-putraḥ 3 富楼那迦叶 pῡraṇa kāśyapaḥ 4 末伽黎拘舍梨子 maskārī gośaliputraḥ knowledge of others' thoughts knowledge of recollecting past lives knowledge of the extinction of contamination 6 teachers of the non-buddhists ajita-keshakambala [of carvāka] nirgrantha jnyāti-putra [of jaina] pῡraṇa kāshyapa [of ajīvaka] maskārī goshaliputra [of ajīvaka] 5 迦鸠驮迦旃延 kakuda kātyanaḥ kakuda kātyana [of ajīvaka] 6 散若夷毘罗胝子 sañjaya vairaṭiputraḥ sanyjaya vairaṭiputra [of ajñāna] 31

34 六根 ṣaḍ indriya 6 senses 1 眼根 cakṣurindriya eye sense power 2 耳根 śrotrendriya ear sense power 3 鼻根 ghrāṇendriya nose sense power 4 舌根 jihvendriya tongue sense power 5 身根 kāyendriya body sense power 6 意根 manendriya mental sense power 六根本烦恼 ṣaḍ mῡlakleśa 6 root afflictions 1 贪 rāga desire 2 瞋 pratigha anger 3 慢 māna pride 4 无明 avidyā ignorance 5 见 [ 不正见 ] dṛṣṭi afflicted view 6 疑 vicikitsā doubt 六欲天 ṣaḍ kāmadeva 6 classes of the gods in the desire realm 1 四大王众天 caturmahārājakāyika four great kings 2 三十三天 trāyastriṃsā gods of the Thirty-three 3 夜摩天 yāmā gods of non-combat 4 睹史多天 tuṣita gods of Tushita 5 乐变化天 nirmāṇarataya gods enjoying emanations 6 他化自在天 paranirmitavaśavartina gods controlling other's emanations 六庄严 ṣaḍ alaṅkāra 6 ornaments 1 龙树 nāgarjuna nāgarjῡna 2 提婆 [ 圣天 ] āryadeva āryadeva 3 无着 asanga asanga 4 世亲 vasubandhu vasubandhu 5 陈那 dignāga dignāga 6 法称 dharmakīrtī dharmakīrtī 六无为法 [ 百法 ] ṣaḍ asaṃskṛtādharma 6 uncompounded phenomena 1 虚空无为 ākāśa space 2 择灭无为 pratisaṃkhyānirodha analytical cessation 3 非择灭无为 apratisaṃkhyānirodha non-analytical cessation 4 不动灭无为 āniñjya state of being unmoved by pleasure or pain 5 想受灭无为 saṃjñāvedayitanirodha 6 真如无为 tathatā suchness state without discrimination and feeling 六想 ṣaḍ saññā uppādetabbā 6 discriminations 1 无常想 aniccasaññā discrimination of 32

35 impermanence 2 苦想 anicce dukkhasaññā discrimination of suffering 3 无我想 dhukkhe anattasaññā discrimination of selflessness 4 不净想 asubhasaññā discrimination of ugliness 5 死想 maraṇasaññā discrimination of death 6 一切世间不可 discrimination of sabbaloke disaffection with everything 乐想 anabhiratisaññā worldly 6 aggregates of 六想身 ṣaḍ saṃjñāskandha discriminations 1 眼触所生想 cakṣuḥsaṃsparśajā saṃjñā discrimination produced through visual contact 2 耳触所生想 3 鼻触所生想 śrotrasaṃsparśajā saṃjñā ghrāṇasaṃsparśajā saṃjñā discrimination produced through aural contact discrimination produced through olfactory contact 4 舌触所生想 jihvāsaṃsparśajā saṃjñā 5 身触所生想 kāyasaṃsparśajā saṃjñā discrimination produced through gustatory contact discrimination produced through physical contact 6 意触所生想 manaḥsaṃsparśajā saṃjñā 六境 ṣaḍ saṃvṛta 6 objects 1 色 rῡpa visible form 2 声 śabda sound 3 香 gandha odor 4 味 rasa taste discrimination produced through mental contact 5 触 spraṣṭavya tangible object 6 法 dharma phenomena 六随念 ṣaḍ anusmṛtayaḥ 6 recollections 1 佛随念 buddhānussati recollection of buddha 2 法随念 dhammānussati recollection of dharma 3 僧随念 saṅghānussati recollection of sangha 4 戒随念 sīlānussati recollection of moral-discipline 5 舍随念 cāgānussati recollection of giving 6 天随念 devatānussati recollection of the deity 六趣 [ 六道 ] ṣaḍ jagati 6 migrators 1 天趣 deva gods 2 人趣 manuṣya human beings 3 阿素洛趣 asura demigods 4 地狱趣 nāraka hell beings 5 饿鬼趣 pretā hungry ghosts 33

36 6 傍生趣 [ 畜生趣 ] tiryāk animals 六识 ṣaḍ vijñāna 6 consciousnesses 1 眼识 cakṣuvi jñāna eye consciousness 2 耳识 śrotravi jñāna ear consciousness 3 鼻识 ghrānavijñāna nose consciousness 4 舌识 jihavijñāna tongue consciousness 5 身识 kāyavijñāna body consciousness 6 意识 manovijñāna mental consciousness 六触 ṣaḍ sparśa 6 contacts 1 眼触 cakkhusamphasso contact through association with eye 2 耳触 sotasamphasso contact through association with ear 3 鼻触 ghānasamphasso contact through association with nose 4 舌触 jihvāsamphasso contact through association with tongue 5 身触 kāyasamphasso contact through association with body 6 意触 manosamphasso contact through association with mind 七支 [ 普贤 ] saptāṅgapῡjā 7 branch practices 1 礼敬诸佛 namaḥvandanā prostration 2 广修供养 pῡjaṃ offering 3 忏悔业障 deśayā confession 4 随喜功德 anumoda rejoicing 5 请转法轮 samcodāta requesting 6 请佛住世 prārthanā supplication 7 普皆回向 pariṇāma dedication 七支和合 [ 报身 ] saptaṅga saṃbhukta 7 features of complete enjoyment body 1 受用圆满 saṃbhogaṅga complete enjoyment 2 和合 saṃbhuktaṅga embracing each other 3 大乐 mahāsukhaṅga great bliss 4 无自性 abhāvaṅga non-inherent existence 5 大悲周遍 sampῡrṇakaruṇāṅga completely pervaded by compassion 6 利生无间 anācchedaṅga uninterrupted continuity 7 无灭 anirodhaṅga non-cessation 七因果口诀 sapta hetuphala upadeśa 7-fold quintessential instructions 1 知母 mātrajñāna recognizing all sentient beings as mothers 2 念恩 parigrahasmṛtayaḥ being mindful of their kindness 3 报恩 kṛtajña repaying their kindness 34

37 4 慈 manajñanamaitrī heartwarming love 5 悲 karῡṇa compassion 6 增上意乐 adhyāśaya resolute thought 7 菩提心 bodhicitta motive of enlightenment 七事 [ 相应教 ] saptatīkāṅga 7-limbed topics 1 蕴 skandha aggregates 2 处 āyatana sources of perception 3 界 dhātu sensory spheres 4 缘起 pratītyasamudpāda dependent arising 5 食 āhāra food 6 圣谛 satya noble truth 7 菩提分 bodhiaṅga limbs of enlightenment 七众 sapta bauddhaparṣadāḥ 7-fold followers 1 苾刍 [ 比丘 ] bhikṣu monk 2 苾刍尼 [ 比丘尼 ] bhikṣuṇī nun 3 式叉摩那 [ 学法女 ] śikṣamāṇā probationary nun 4 沙弥 [ 勤策男 ] śrāmaṇera novice monk 5 沙弥尼 [ 勤策女 ] śrāmaṇerikā novice nun 6 邬波索迦 [ 优婆塞, 近事男 ] upāsaka layman 7 邬波斯迦 [ 优婆夷, 近事女 ] upāsikā laywoman 七等觉支 sapta bodhyaṇgāni 7 branches of enlightenment 1 念等觉支 smṛti saṃbodhyaṅgaṃ mindfulness 2 择法等觉支 dharma pravicaya saṃbodhyaṅgaṃ wisdom 3 精进等觉支 vīrya saṃbodhyaṅgaṃ effort 4 喜等觉支 prīti saṃbodhyaṅgaṃ joy 5 轻安等觉支 praśrabdhi saṃbodhyaṅgaṃ suppleness 6 定等觉支 samādhi saṃbodhyaṅgaṃ concentration 7 舍等觉支 upekṣā saṃbodhyaṅgaṃ equanimity 七圣财 saptāryadhana 7 jewels of the Aryas 1 信财 śraddhā-dhanaṃ faith 2 戒财 śīla-dhanaṃ moral discipline 3 惭财 hrī-dhanaṃ shame 4 愧财 apatrāpya-dhanaṃ embarrassment 勤财 vīrya-dhanaṃ effort 35

38 5 闻财 śruta-dhanaṃ hearing 6 舍财 tyāga-dhanaṃ generosity 7 慧财 prajñā-dhanaṃ knowledge; wisdom 七慢 sapta māna 7 prides 1 慢 māna pride 2 过慢 mahāmāna exalted pride 3 慢过慢 mānātimāna exaggerated pride 4 我慢 asmimāna egotistic pride 5 增上慢 abhimāna presumptuous pride 6 卑慢 ῡnamana modest pride 7 邪慢 mithyāmāna perverted pride 七种作意 sapta manaskāra 7 mental contemplations 1 了相作意 mental contemplation of lakṣaṅapratisaṃvedīmana individual knowledge of the skāra character 2 胜解作意 adhimokṣikamanaskāra mental contemplation arisen from belief 3 远离作意 prāvivekyamanaskāra mental contemplation of 4 摄乐作意 ratisaṃgrāhakamanaskār a 5 观察作意 mīmāṃsāmanaskāra 6 加行究竟作意 prayoganiṣṭhamanaskāra 7 加行究竟果作意 prayoganiṣṭhaphalamana skāra thorough isolation mental contemplation of withdrawal or joy mental contemplation of analysis mental contemplation of final training mental contemplation that is the fruit of final training 七种觉知 sapta buddhividhi 7 awarenesses 1 现识 pratyakṣa direct perceivers 2 比推 anumāṇa inferential cognizers 3 决断识 paricchinna-jñana subsequent cognizers 4 意伺 manaḥparīkṣā correctly assuming consciousnesses 5 显而未定 aniyata-pratibhāsa awarenesses to which the object appears but is not acertained 6 犹疑 saṃshaya doubting 7 颠倒识 viparyaya-jñāna wrong consciousnesses 七宝 sapta ratna 7 treasures 1 金 suvarṇam gold 2 银 rῡpyam silver 3 琉璃 vāiḍῡryam lapis lazuli 4 玻璃 [ 水晶 ] sphaṭikam crystal 5 砗磲 musālagalva agate 6 赤珠 lohita-muktikā rubies 7 玛瑙 aśmagarbha cornelian 36