PLEASE DO NOT WRITE ON THIS QUIZ
|
|
- Willa Brown
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 PLEASE DO NOT WRITE ON THIS QUIZ Critical Thinking: Quiz 4 Chapter Three: Argument Evaluation Section I. Indicate whether the following claims (1-10) are either true (A) or false (B). 1. If an arguer precedes his or her conclusion with the phrase it very likely that, then the argument is probably meant to be deductive. 2. Categorical syllogisms are generally intended to be deductive arguments. 3. Arguments from definition are typically inductive arguments. 4. Predictive arguments are a common pattern of inductive reasoning. 5. An argument from analogy is common pattern of deductive reasoning. 6. An argument must have true premises in order to be sound. 7. An argument may be valid even if the conclusion of the argument is false. 8. Deductive arguments are either 100% valid or 100% invalid 9. In a cogent inductive argument, there will always remain some room for doubt about whether the conclusion of the argument is true. 10. Valid means basically the same thing as true. Section II. Multiple Choice 11. The argument Frogs and other amphibians are ectothermic. An ectotherm is an organism in which internal metabolic sources of heat are of relatively small or quite negligible importance in controlling body temperature. Thus, it necessarily follows that amphibians do not maintain their body heat from internal metabolic processes. is a. an argument by definition. b. an inductive generalization. c. a hypothetical syllogism. d. an argument by elimination. 12. The argument If Denise plays first base, then Laura plays shortstop; if Laura plays shortstop, then Tess plays catcher; so, if Denise plays first base, then Tess plays catcher is a. a modus ponens argument. b. a modus tollens argument. c. an affirming the consequent argument. d. a chain argument 13. The argument Jim is either a Buddhist or Jim is a Christian. I happen to know Jim is not a Christian. So, it follows that he must be a Buddhist, is a. an argument by elimination. b. an inductive generalization. c. a categorical syllogism. d. an argument by mathematics.
2 14. A three-statement argument in which all the premises begin with the words all, some, or no is called a(n) a. argument from analogy. b. hypothetical syllogism. c. modus ponens argument. d. categorical syllogism. 15. If an argument fails the strict necessity test, the argument should a. always, without exception, be treated as an inductive argument. b. always, without exception, be treated as a deductive argument. c. sometimes be treated as a deductive argument provided the language or context makes clear the author intended to offer a logically conclusive argument. d. none of the above. 16. Terms such as definitely, conclusively, this logically implies that, and this entails that are examples of a. inductive indicator words b. conclusion indicator words c. premise indicator words d. deductive indicator words 17. Inductive inferences can be either a. valid or invalid. b. sound or unsound. c. true or false. d. strong or weak. 18. Which inductive pattern does the following argument best represent? The human brain is like a very complex computer. Both computer and the brain receive and store data for future reference. Both make calculations and draw conclusions from data they have collected. But when a computer is filled with inaccurate information, it will nearly always yield inaccurate calculations and yield false conclusions. Hence, it seems likely the same is true of the human brain. For these reasons, it is imperative that we avoid filling our brains with inaccurate and misleading information. a. Statistical argument. b. Argument from authority c. Predictive argument d. Argument from analogy 19. The argument All men are women; Justin Bieber is a man; so, Justin Bieber is a woman is a. valid but unsound. b. invalid and unsound. c. strong and uncogent. d. weak and uncogent. 20. In order for an argument to be sound, the argument must a. have true premises b. be strong c. be valid d. both a and b e. both a and c
3 21. In order for an argument to be cogent, the argument must a. have true premises b. be strong c. be valid d. both a and b e. both a and c 22. The primary difference between a deductive and an inductive argument is that a. in a deductive argument, the conclusion is always certain or necessary, whereas an inductive argument often has a false conclusion. b. an inductive argument can only establish mere opinions, but deductive arguments establish facts. c. the author of a deductive argument intends for their conclusion to follow from the premises with strict logical necessity, whereas the author of an inductive argument intends for their conclusion to follow with probability. d. all of the above 23. Consider the following argument: Some SRJC instructors are Republican. Some SRJC instructors are Democrats. So, All SRJC instructors are either Republicans or Democrats. a. This argument is Sound. b. This argument is Unsound due to an invalid inference. c. This argument is Unsound because the first premise is probably false. d. This argument is Unsound because the second premise is probably false. 24. Ninety percent of instructors at Santa Rosa Junior College ride bikes to work, even in the rain. Sean Martin is an instructor at Santa Rosa Junior College. So, Sean Martin likely rides a bike to work, even when it s raining. a. This argument is Cogent. b. This argument is Uncogent due to a weak inference. c. This argument is Uncogent because the first premise is probably false. d. This argument is Uncogent because the second premise is probably false. Section III: For problems 25-34, indicate whether the given argument is best treated as deductive (A) or inductive (B). 25. No government has the right to force people to pay taxes. Therefore, the United States government has no right to force people to pay taxes. 26. On Monday, Irene wore a New York Mets jacket to class. On Wednesday, Irene wore a New York Mets hat to class. On Friday, Irene wore a New York Mets sweatshirt to class. It's pretty clear Irene is a New York Mets fan. 27. There is loud music blaring from Matt's house, lots of cars are parked out front, and I just saw two dudes carrying kegs of beer into the house. Let's check it out. It looks like Matt is having a party. 28. I think it s safe to assume that Jason Israel will be our starting point guard next year. Both of our starting guards are graduating this spring and no one else on the team has Jason s speed and ball handling skills. 29. If Wendy got an A in her Calculus class, then her boyfriend took her out to celebrate. Her boyfriend did take her out to celebrate. Clearly, therefore, Wendy did get an A in her Calculus class.
4 30. It s a good bet there are other advanced civilizations elsewhere in our galaxy. Consider the following facts: There are billions of stars in our galaxy. We know of many such stars that have planets orbiting them. Some of these planets may have developed life, and over many millions of years some of those planets will probably develop intelligent life capable of producing advanced technology. (Adapted from Carl Sagan on Advanced Civilization ) 31. Determinism is the view that everything that happens is fully determined by the laws of nature and the way the world was long before we were born. Either determinism is false or humans have no free will. But humans do have free will, so determinism is false. (Adapted from Peter van Inwagen, The incompatibility of Free Will and Determinism) 32. Everything that comes to exist must have a cause of its coming to be. Thus, the universe itself must necessarily have a cause, since it obviously came to exist. 33. In a recent Gallup poll, 72 percent of Californians said they support the death penalty for minor crimes such as drug possession and petty theft. Gallup polls are, in general, highly reliable. Thus, approximately 72 percent of Californians probably do approve of using the death penalty to punish minor crimes such as drug possession and petty theft. 34. Many teenagers who listen to heavy metal music act violently later on. So, it seems likely that listening to heavy metal music causes young people to engage in violent behavior. Section IV: For problems 35-39, determine whether the following deductive arguments are either valid (A) or invalid (B). 35. Yesterday, the professor said that anyone caught cheating on the exam would receive an F on the test. And I happen to know that several students did receive an F on the exam. So it follows that some students must have been caught cheating. 36. All Republicans are opposed to the federal healthcare law. Barack Obama is a Republican. So, Barack Obama is opposed to the federal healthcare law. 37. Some Asian American voters are Republicans. Many Republicans voted for Donald Trump. Hence, it follows that at least some Asian Americans voted for Donald Trump. 38. Whatever Oprah says is true. Oprah said that eating meat is dangerous. So eating meat must be dangerous. 39. Some animals are blue. Some animals are birds. So, at least some animals must be blue birds. Section IV: For problems Indicate whether each of the following inductive arguments are strong (A) or weak (B). 40. If it rains, the ceremony will be moved indoors. According to the National Weather Service, there s a 75 percent chance of rain. So, it would be sensible to prepare to set up for the ceremony indoors.
5 41. Last Tuesday I went to the Icky Enchilada for lunch. I ordered a burrito that turned out to have a cockroach in it. I ate there again on Thursday evening and I found fingernail clippings in my refried beans. On Saturday, I decided not to order food there, yet they served my beer in a glass that had lipstick on it. I d have to say the Icky Enchilada is not a very sanitary place to dine. 42. For the last 3 years, I ve visited Chicago on the Fourth of July, and the weather was always sunny and beautiful. My cousin Jim, who visits Chicago for a Blues music festival every June, has always commented on the mild and pleasant weather. I think I ll take the family to Chicago for Christmas this year since the weather there is always so nice and warm. 43. Four out of my five professors this semester are women. I guess most professors are women. 44. Last Monday evening I crashed my car. Just before the accident, I noticed the moon was full. A few weeks ago, I was walking across the quad and I tripped on a rock. Oddly, this happened just as I was noticing the moon was full. So, I suppose I ought to make sure I mark my calendar so that I ll remember to stay home during the next full moon. 45. According to my dentist, Dr. Snow, fluoride helps prevent tooth decay by making the tooth more resistant to acid attacks from plaque bacteria and sugars in the mouth. Moreover, the American Dental Association and virtually every other major association of professional dentists as well as faculty at dentistry colleges agree that fluoride is a safe and effective method of reducing the occurrence of tooth decay. Admittedly, a minority of experts disagree with this conclusion. Yet, it seems reasonable to accept that fluoride likely does help prevent tooth decay.
Directions: For Problems 1-10, determine whether the given statement is either True (A) or False (B).
Critical Thinking Exam 2: Chapter 3 PLEASE DO NOT WRITE ON THIS EXAM. Directions: For Problems 1-10, determine whether the given statement is either True (A) or False (B). 1. Valid arguments never have
More informationLogic: The Science that Evaluates Arguments
Logic: The Science that Evaluates Arguments Logic teaches us to develop a system of methods and principles to use as criteria for evaluating the arguments of others to guide us in constructing arguments
More informationLOGIC LECTURE #3: DEDUCTION AND INDUCTION. Source: A Concise Introduction to Logic, 11 th Ed. (Patrick Hurley, 2012)
LOGIC LECTURE #3: DEDUCTION AND INDUCTION Source: A Concise Introduction to Logic, 11 th Ed. (Patrick Hurley, 2012) Deductive Vs. Inductive If the conclusion is claimed to follow with strict certainty
More informationLecture 3 Arguments Jim Pryor What is an Argument? Jim Pryor Vocabulary Describing Arguments
Lecture 3 Arguments Jim Pryor What is an Argument? Jim Pryor Vocabulary Describing Arguments 1 Agenda 1. What is an Argument? 2. Evaluating Arguments 3. Validity 4. Soundness 5. Persuasive Arguments 6.
More informationPhilosophy 1100: Ethics
Philosophy 1100: Ethics Topic 1 - Course Introduction: 1. What is Philosophy? 2. What is Ethics? 3. Logic a. Truth b. Arguments c. Validity d. Soundness What is Philosophy? The Three Fundamental Questions
More informationLogic Book Part 1! by Skylar Ruloff!
Logic Book Part 1 by Skylar Ruloff Contents Introduction 3 I Validity and Soundness 4 II Argument Forms 10 III Counterexamples and Categorical Statements 15 IV Strength and Cogency 21 2 Introduction This
More informationIn view of the fact that IN CLASS LOGIC EXERCISES
IN CLASS LOGIC EXERCISES Instructions: Determine whether the following are propositions. If some are not propositions, see if they can be rewritten as propositions. (1) I have a very refined sense of smell.
More informationHandout 2 Argument Terminology
Handout 2 Argument Terminology 1. Arguing, Arguments, & Statements Open Question: What happens when two people are in an argument? An argument is an abstraction from what goes on when people arguing. An
More informationRelevance. Premises are relevant to the conclusion when the truth of the premises provide some evidence that the conclusion is true
Relevance Premises are relevant to the conclusion when the truth of the premises provide some evidence that the conclusion is true Premises are irrelevant when they do not 1 Non Sequitur Latin for it does
More informationPhilosophical Arguments
Philosophical Arguments An introduction to logic and philosophical reasoning. Nathan D. Smith, PhD. Houston Community College Nathan D. Smith. Some rights reserved You are free to copy this book, to distribute
More informationPRACTICE EXAM The state of Israel was in a state of mourning today because of the assassination of Yztzak Rabin.
PRACTICE EXAM 1 I. Decide which of the following are arguments. For those that are, identify the premises and conclusions in them by CIRCLING them and labeling them with a P for the premises or a C for
More informationPHI 1500: Major Issues in Philosophy
PHI 1500: Major Issues in Philosophy Session 3 September 9 th, 2015 All About Arguments (Part II) 1 A common theme linking many fallacies is that they make unwarranted assumptions. An assumption is a claim
More informationArtificial Intelligence: Valid Arguments and Proof Systems. Prof. Deepak Khemani. Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Artificial Intelligence: Valid Arguments and Proof Systems Prof. Deepak Khemani Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Madras Module 02 Lecture - 03 So in the last
More informationWhat is a logical argument? What is deductive reasoning? Fundamentals of Academic Writing
What is a logical argument? What is deductive reasoning? Fundamentals of Academic Writing Logical relations Deductive logic Claims to provide conclusive support for the truth of a conclusion Inductive
More information1.5. Argument Forms: Proving Invalidity
18. If inflation heats up, then interest rates will rise. If interest rates rise, then bond prices will decline. Therefore, if inflation heats up, then bond prices will decline. 19. Statistics reveal that
More informationThere are two common forms of deductively valid conditional argument: modus ponens and modus tollens.
INTRODUCTION TO LOGICAL THINKING Lecture 6: Two types of argument and their role in science: Deduction and induction 1. Deductive arguments Arguments that claim to provide logically conclusive grounds
More informationC. Exam #1 comments on difficult spots; if you have questions about this, please let me know. D. Discussion of extra credit opportunities
Lecture 8: Refutation Philosophy 130 March 19 & 24, 2015 O Rourke I. Administrative A. Roll B. Schedule C. Exam #1 comments on difficult spots; if you have questions about this, please let me know D. Discussion
More informationThe antecendent always a expresses a sufficient condition for the consequent
Critical Thinking Lecture Four October 5, 2012 Chapter 3 Deductive Argument Patterns Diagramming Arguments Deductive Argument Patterns - There are some common patterns shared by many deductive arguments
More informationSession 10 INDUCTIVE REASONONING IN THE SCIENCES & EVERYDAY LIFE( PART 1)
UGRC 150 CRITICAL THINKING & PRACTICAL REASONING Session 10 INDUCTIVE REASONONING IN THE SCIENCES & EVERYDAY LIFE( PART 1) Lecturer: Dr. Mohammed Majeed, Dept. of Philosophy & Classics, UG Contact Information:
More informationPhilosophy 1100: Introduction to Ethics. Critical Thinking Lecture 1. Background Material for the Exercise on Validity
Philosophy 1100: Introduction to Ethics Critical Thinking Lecture 1 Background Material for the Exercise on Validity Reasons, Arguments, and the Concept of Validity 1. The Concept of Validity Consider
More informationThis online lecture was prepared by Dr. Laura Umphrey in the School of Communication at Northern Arizona University
This online lecture was prepared by Dr. Laura Umphrey in the School of Communication at Northern Arizona University Motivated Reasoning We as humans exercise something called motivated reasoning to reconcile
More informationWhat is an argument? PHIL 110. Is this an argument? Is this an argument? What about this? And what about this?
What is an argument? PHIL 110 Lecture on Chapter 3 of How to think about weird things An argument is a collection of two or more claims, one of which is the conclusion and the rest of which are the premises.
More informationLogical (formal) fallacies
Fallacies in academic writing Chad Nilep There are many possible sources of fallacy an idea that is mistakenly thought to be true, even though it may be untrue in academic writing. The phrase logical fallacy
More informationUnit. Categorical Syllogism. What is a syllogism? Types of Syllogism
Unit 8 Categorical yllogism What is a syllogism? Inference or reasoning is the process of passing from one or more propositions to another with some justification. This inference when expressed in language
More informationPHILOSOPHY 102 INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC PRACTICE EXAM 1. W# Section (10 or 11) 4. T F The statements that compose a disjunction are called conjuncts.
PHILOSOPHY 102 INTRODUCTION TO LOGIC PRACTICE EXAM 1 W# Section (10 or 11) 1. True or False (5 points) Directions: Circle the letter next to the best answer. 1. T F All true statements are valid. 2. T
More information2. Refutations can be stronger or weaker.
Lecture 8: Refutation Philosophy 130 October 25 & 27, 2016 O Rourke I. Administrative A. Schedule see syllabus as well! B. Questions? II. Refutation A. Arguments are typically used to establish conclusions.
More informationInductive Reasoning. Inductive Reasoning Example #1
Inductive Reasoning Inductive reasoning begins with a series of specific facts or data (evidence) and moves to a general statement or conclusion based on the evidence. In inductive reasoning, the specific
More informationRevisiting the Socrates Example
Section 1.6 Section Summary Valid Arguments Inference Rules for Propositional Logic Using Rules of Inference to Build Arguments Rules of Inference for Quantified Statements Building Arguments for Quantified
More informationThree Kinds of Arguments
Chapter 27 Three Kinds of Arguments Arguments in general We ve been focusing on Moleculan-analyzable arguments for several chapters, but now we want to take a step back and look at the big picture, at
More informationA short introduction to formal logic
A short introduction to formal logic Dan Hicks v0.3.2, July 20, 2012 Thanks to Tim Pawl and my Fall 2011 Intro to Philosophy students for feedback on earlier versions. My approach to teaching logic has
More informationPHI Introduction Lecture 4. An Overview of the Two Branches of Logic
PHI 103 - Introduction Lecture 4 An Overview of the wo Branches of Logic he wo Branches of Logic Argument - at least two statements where one provides logical support for the other. I. Deduction - a conclusion
More informationCritical Thinking 5.7 Validity in inductive, conductive, and abductive arguments
5.7 Validity in inductive, conductive, and abductive arguments REMEMBER as explained in an earlier section formal language is used for expressing relations in abstract form, based on clear and unambiguous
More informationTest Item File. Full file at
Test Item File 107 CHAPTER 1 Chapter 1: Basic Logical Concepts Multiple Choice 1. In which of the following subjects is reasoning outside the concern of logicians? A) science and medicine B) ethics C)
More information1. To arrive at the truth we have to reason correctly. 2. Logic is the study of correct reasoning. B. DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS
I. LOGIC AND ARGUMENTATION 1 A. LOGIC 1. To arrive at the truth we have to reason correctly. 2. Logic is the study of correct reasoning. 3. It doesn t attempt to determine how people in fact reason. 4.
More informationOverview of Today s Lecture
Branden Fitelson Philosophy 12A Notes 1 Overview of Today s Lecture Music: Robin Trower, Daydream (King Biscuit Flower Hour concert, 1977) Administrative Stuff (lots of it) Course Website/Syllabus [i.e.,
More informationHandout 1: Arguments -- the basics because, since, given that, for because Given that Since for Because
Handout 1: Arguments -- the basics It is useful to think of an argument as a list of sentences.[1] The last sentence is the conclusion, and the other sentences are the premises. Thus: (1) No professors
More informationLogic. A Primer with Addendum
Logic A Primer with Addendum The Currency of Philosophy Philosophy trades in arguments. An argument is a set of propositions some one of which is intended to be warranted or entailed by the others. The
More informationLogic Appendix: More detailed instruction in deductive logic
Logic Appendix: More detailed instruction in deductive logic Standardizing and Diagramming In Reason and the Balance we have taken the approach of using a simple outline to standardize short arguments,
More informationArgumentation Module: Philosophy Lesson 7 What do we mean by argument? (Two meanings for the word.) A quarrel or a dispute, expressing a difference
1 2 3 4 5 6 Argumentation Module: Philosophy Lesson 7 What do we mean by argument? (Two meanings for the word.) A quarrel or a dispute, expressing a difference of opinion. Often heated. A statement of
More informationIntroduction to Philosophy
Introduction to Philosophy Philosophy 110W Russell Marcus Hamilton College, Fall 2013 Class 1 - Introduction to Introduction to Philosophy My name is Russell. My office is 202 College Hill Road, Room 210.
More informationLecture 4: Deductive Validity
Lecture 4: Deductive Validity Right, I m told we can start. Hello everyone, and hello everyone on the podcast. This week we re going to do deductive validity. Last week we looked at all these things: have
More informationThe Little Logic Book Hardy, Ratzsch, Konyndyk De Young and Mellema The Calvin College Press, 2013
The Little Logic Book Hardy, Ratzsch, Konyndyk De Young and Mellema The Calvin College Press, 2013 Exercises for The Little Logic Book may be downloaded by the instructor as Word documents and then modified
More informationA R G U M E N T S I N A C T I O N
ARGUMENTS IN ACTION Descriptions: creates a textual/verbal account of what something is, was, or could be (shape, size, colour, etc.) Used to give you or your audience a mental picture of the world around
More information5.6.1 Formal validity in categorical deductive arguments
Deductive arguments are commonly used in various kinds of academic writing. In order to be able to perform a critique of deductive arguments, we will need to understand their basic structure. As will be
More informationPHILOSOPHER S TOOL KIT 1. ARGUMENTS PROFESSOR JULIE YOO 1.1 DEDUCTIVE VS INDUCTIVE ARGUMENTS
PHILOSOPHER S TOOL KIT PROFESSOR JULIE YOO 1. Arguments 1.1 Deductive vs Induction Arguments 1.2 Common Deductive Argument Forms 1.3 Common Inductive Argument Forms 1.4 Deduction: Validity and Soundness
More informationIntro Viewed from a certain angle, philosophy is about what, if anything, we ought to believe.
Overview Philosophy & logic 1.2 What is philosophy? 1.3 nature of philosophy Why philosophy Rules of engagement Punctuality and regularity is of the essence You should be active in class It is good to
More informationIntroduction to Logic. Instructor: Jason Sheley
Introduction to Logic Instructor: Jason Sheley In this section we will learn: What is the difference between Deduction and Induction? Why use different types of logic? What is a valid argument? Invalid?
More informationChapter 1. What is Philosophy? Thinking Philosophically About Life
Chapter 1 What is Philosophy? Thinking Philosophically About Life Why Study Philosophy? Defining Philosophy Studying philosophy in a serious and reflective way will change you as a person Philosophy Is
More informationHOW TO ANALYZE AN ARGUMENT
What does it mean to provide an argument for a statement? To provide an argument for a statement is an activity we carry out both in our everyday lives and within the sciences. We provide arguments for
More informationChapter 1 Why Study Logic? Answers and Comments
Chapter 1 Why Study Logic? Answers and Comments WARNING! YOU SHOULD NOT LOOK AT THE ANSWERS UNTIL YOU HAVE SUPPLIED YOUR OWN ANSWERS TO THE EXERCISES FIRST. Answers: I. True and False 1. False. 2. True.
More informationTutorial A03: Patterns of Valid Arguments By: Jonathan Chan
A03.1 Introduction Tutorial A03: Patterns of Valid Arguments By: With valid arguments, it is impossible to have a false conclusion if the premises are all true. Obviously valid arguments play a very important
More informationMCQ IN TRADITIONAL LOGIC. 1. Logic is the science of A) Thought. B) Beauty. C) Mind. D) Goodness
MCQ IN TRADITIONAL LOGIC FOR PRIVATE REGISTRATION TO BA PHILOSOPHY PROGRAMME 1. Logic is the science of-----------. A) Thought B) Beauty C) Mind D) Goodness 2. Aesthetics is the science of ------------.
More informationReading and Evaluating Arguments
Reading and Evaluating Arguments Learning Objectives: To recognize the elements of an argument To recognize types of arguments To evaluate arguments To recognize errors in logical reasoning An argument
More informationArgument and Persuasion. Stating Opinions and Proposals
Argument and Persuasion Stating Opinions and Proposals The Method It all starts with an opinion - something that people can agree or disagree with. The Method Move to action Speak your mind Convince someone
More informationStatements, Arguments, Validity. Philosophy and Logic Unit 1, Sections 1.1, 1.2
Statements, Arguments, Validity Philosophy and Logic Unit 1, Sections 1.1, 1.2 Mayor Willy Brown on proposition 209: There is still rank discrimination in this country. If there is rank discrimination,
More informationStudy Guides. Chapter 1 - Basic Training
Study Guides Chapter 1 - Basic Training Argument: A group of propositions is an argument when one or more of the propositions in the group is/are used to give evidence (or if you like, reasons, or grounds)
More informationA Primer on Logic Part 1: Preliminaries and Vocabulary. Jason Zarri. 1. An Easy $10.00? a 3 c 2. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
A Primer on Logic Part 1: Preliminaries and Vocabulary Jason Zarri 1. An Easy $10.00? Suppose someone were to bet you $10.00 that you would fail a seemingly simple test of your reasoning skills. Feeling
More informationCHAPTER THREE Philosophical Argument
CHAPTER THREE Philosophical Argument General Overview: As our students often attest, we all live in a complex world filled with demanding issues and bewildering challenges. In order to determine those
More informationIn more precise language, we have both conditional statements and bi-conditional statements.
MATD 0385. Day 5. Feb. 3, 2010 Last updated Feb. 3, 2010 Logic. Sections 3-4, part 2, page 1 of 8 What does logic tell us about conditional statements? When I surveyed the class a couple of days ago, many
More informationWhat should I believe? What should I believe when people disagree with me?
What should I believe? What should I believe when people disagree with me? Imagine that you are at a horse track with a friend. Two horses, Whitey and Blacky, are competing for the lead down the stretch.
More informationChapter 1. Introduction. 1.1 Deductive and Plausible Reasoning Strong Syllogism
Contents 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Deductive and Plausible Reasoning................... 3 1.1.1 Strong Syllogism......................... 3 1.1.2 Weak Syllogism.......................... 4 1.1.3 Transitivity
More informationPractice Test Three Spring True or False True = A, False = B
Practice Test Three Spring 2015 True or False True = A, False = B 1. A sound argument is a valid deductive argument with true premisses. 2. A conclusion is a statement of support. 3. An easy way to determine
More informationBasic Concepts and Skills!
Basic Concepts and Skills! Critical Thinking tests rationales,! i.e., reasons connected to conclusions by justifying or explaining principles! Why do CT?! Answer: Opinions without logical or evidential
More informationPortfolio Project. Phil 251A Logic Fall Due: Friday, December 7
Portfolio Project Phil 251A Logic Fall 2012 Due: Friday, December 7 1 Overview The portfolio is a semester-long project that should display your logical prowess applied to real-world arguments. The arguments
More informationIntroducing Our New Faculty
Dr. Isidoro Talavera Franklin University, Philosophy Ph.D. in Philosophy - Vanderbilt University M.A. in Philosophy - Vanderbilt University M.A. in Philosophy - University of Missouri M.S.E. in Math Education
More informationUnit 4. Reason as a way of knowing. Tuesday, March 4, 14
Unit 4 Reason as a way of knowing I. Reasoning At its core, reasoning is using what is known as building blocks to create new knowledge I use the words logic and reasoning interchangeably. Technically,
More informationAppendix: The Logic Behind the Inferential Test
Appendix: The Logic Behind the Inferential Test In the Introduction, I stated that the basic underlying problem with forensic doctors is so easy to understand that even a twelve-year-old could understand
More informationAnswers to Practice Problems 6.5
Answers to Practice Problems 6.5 1. This philosopher coined the term abductive reasoning. a. Karl Popper b. Charles Sanders Peirce c. Aristotle d. G. W. F. Hegel 2. Sherlock Holmes is often said to be
More informationMATH1061/MATH7861 Discrete Mathematics Semester 2, Lecture 5 Valid and Invalid Arguments. Learning Goals
MAH1061/MAH7861 Discrete Mathematics Semester 2, 2016 Learning Goals 1. Understand the meaning of necessary and sufficient conditions (carried over from Wednesday). 2. Understand the difference between
More information!Validity!Soundness. Today s Lecture 1//21/10
!Validity!Soundness Today s Lecture 1//21/10 Announcements -- The syllabus (pdf) and Tuesday s lecture are posted on-line. See www.csun.edu/~jdblair/ -- Homework: Exercise 1.1: Part A (odds), Part C (odds).
More informationPHIL 251 Varner 2018c Final exam Page 1 Filename = 2018c-Exam3-KEY.wpd
PHIL 251 Varner 2018c Final exam Page 1 Your first name: Your last name: K_E_Y Part one (multiple choice, worth 20% of course grade): Indicate the best answer to each question on your Scantron by filling
More informationSelections from Aristotle s Prior Analytics 41a21 41b5
Lesson Seventeen The Conditional Syllogism Selections from Aristotle s Prior Analytics 41a21 41b5 It is clear then that the ostensive syllogisms are effected by means of the aforesaid figures; these considerations
More informationA Judgmental Formulation of Modal Logic
A Judgmental Formulation of Modal Logic Sungwoo Park Pohang University of Science and Technology South Korea Estonian Theory Days Jan 30, 2009 Outline Study of logic Model theory vs Proof theory Classical
More informationL4: Reasoning. Dani Navarro
L4: Reasoning Dani Navarro Deductive reasoning Inductive reasoning Informal reasoning WE talk of man* being the rational animal; and the traditional intellectualist philosophy has always made a great point
More informationPractice Test Three Fall True or False True = A, False = B
Practice Test Three Fall 2015 True or False True = A, False = B 1. The inclusive "or" means "A or B or both A and B." 2. The conclusion contains both the major term and the middle term. 3. "If, then" statements
More informationHANDBOOK (New or substantially modified material appears in boxes.)
1 HANDBOOK (New or substantially modified material appears in boxes.) I. ARGUMENT RECOGNITION Important Concepts An argument is a unit of reasoning that attempts to prove that a certain idea is true by
More informationChapter 4: More Inductive Reasoning
Chapter 4: More Inductive Reasoning Let s review. You ve learned about the structure of arguments (premises and a conclusion), how to recognize arguments, and about deductive and inductive arguments. Now,
More informationInductive Logic. Induction is the process of drawing a general conclusion from incomplete evidence.
Inductive Logic Induction is the process of drawing a general conclusion from incomplete evidence. An inductive leap is the intellectual movement from limited facts to a general conviction. The reliability
More informationTheory of Knowledge Series
Online Free Resources Theory of Knowledge Series Ways of Knowing info@lanternaeducation.com www.lanternaeducation.com What are Ways of Knowing? Ways of Knowledge All knowledge comes from somewhere. Even
More informationBaronett, Logic (4th ed.) Chapter Guide
Chapter 6: Categorical Syllogisms Baronett, Logic (4th ed.) Chapter Guide A. Standard-form Categorical Syllogisms A categorical syllogism is an argument containing three categorical propositions: two premises
More informationIntroduction Symbolic Logic
An Introduction to Symbolic Logic Copyright 2006 by Terence Parsons all rights reserved CONTENTS Chapter One Sentential Logic with 'if' and 'not' 1 SYMBOLIC NOTATION 2 MEANINGS OF THE SYMBOLIC NOTATION
More informationPHIL / PSYC 351. Thinking and Reasoning
PHIL / PSYC 351 Thinking and Reasoning The Instructors My name is Jonathan Livengood. I am an assistant professor of philosophy. My primary area of specialization is philosophy of science. Jonathan Livengood
More informationCriticizing Arguments
Kareem Khalifa Criticizing Arguments 1 Criticizing Arguments Kareem Khalifa Department of Philosophy Middlebury College Written August, 2012 Table of Contents Introduction... 1 Step 1: Initial Evaluation
More informationCritical Thinking is:
Logic: Day 1 Critical Thinking is: Thinking clearly and following rules of logic and rationality It s not being argumentative just for the sake of arguing Academics disagree about which departments do
More informationCHAPTER 13: UNDERSTANDING PERSUASIVE. What is persuasion: process of influencing people s belief, attitude, values or behavior.
Logos Ethos Pathos Chapter 13 CHAPTER 13: UNDERSTANDING PERSUASIVE What is persuasion: process of influencing people s belief, attitude, values or behavior. Persuasive speaking: process of doing so in
More informationCritical Thinking - Wk 3. Instructor: Jason Sheley
Critical Thinking - Wk 3 Instructor: Jason Sheley Quick Quiz Give an example of a statement. Give an example of sentence that is not a statement. Give an example of an argument Validity, Truth, Soundness,
More informationConditionals II: no truth conditions?
Conditionals II: no truth conditions? UC Berkeley, Philosophy 142, Spring 2016 John MacFarlane 1 Arguments for the material conditional analysis As Edgington [1] notes, there are some powerful reasons
More informationThe Roman empire ended, the Mongol empire ended, the Persian empire ended, the British empire ended, all empires end, and none lasts forever.
BASIC ARGUMENTATION Alfred Snider, University of Vermont World Schools Debate Academy, Slovenia, 2015 Induction, deduction, causation, fallacies INDUCTION Definition: studying a sufficient number of analogous
More informationIndian Institute of Technology Kanpur. NP-TEL National Programme On Technology Enhanced Learning. Course Title Introduction to Logic
Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur NP-TEL National Programme On Technology Enhanced Learning Course Title Introduction to Logic Lecture-06 Strength of Inductive arguments, Counter example method by
More informationARGUMENTS. Arguments. arguments
ARGUMENTS Arguments arguments 1 Argument Worksheet 1. An argument is a collection of propositions with one proposition, the conclusion, following from the other propositions, the premises. Inference is
More informationA Brief Introduction to Key Terms
1 A Brief Introduction to Key Terms 5 A Brief Introduction to Key Terms 1.1 Arguments Arguments crop up in conversations, political debates, lectures, editorials, comic strips, novels, television programs,
More informationT. Parent. I shall explain these steps in turn. Let s consider the following passage to illustrate the process:
Reconstructing Arguments Argument reconstruction is where we take a written argument, and re-write it to make the logic of the argument as obvious as possible. I have broken down this task into six steps:
More informationII Plenary discussion of Expertise and the Global Warming debate.
Thinking Straight Critical Reasoning WS 9-1 May 27, 2008 I. A. (Individually ) review and mark the answers for the assignment given on the last pages: (two points each for reconstruction and evaluation,
More informationAnnouncements. Quiz #4. Review, see me before the Final Exam for help. Average? High Score? BUT, everyone will get +1pt!
Announcements Quiz #4 Review, see me before the Final Exam for help. Average? 37/50, 74% High Score? 45 BUT, everyone will get +1pt! #47 was graded incorrectly. Answer should be C. Critical Thinking Ninjas!
More informationModule - 02 Lecturer - 09 Inferential Statistics - Motivation
Introduction to Data Analytics Prof. Nandan Sudarsanam and Prof. B. Ravindran Department of Management Studies and Department of Computer Science and Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Madras
More informationPhil 3304 Introduction to Logic Dr. David Naugle. Identifying Arguments i
Phil 3304 Introduction to Logic Dr. David Naugle Identifying Arguments Dallas Baptist University Introduction Identifying Arguments i Any kid who has played with tinker toys and Lincoln logs knows that
More informationPart II: How to Evaluate Deductive Arguments
Part II: How to Evaluate Deductive Arguments Week 4: Propositional Logic and Truth Tables Lecture 4.1: Introduction to deductive logic Deductive arguments = presented as being valid, and successful only
More informationA. Problem set #3 it has been posted and is due Tuesday, 15 November
Lecture 9: Propositional Logic I Philosophy 130 1 & 3 November 2016 O Rourke & Gibson I. Administrative A. Problem set #3 it has been posted and is due Tuesday, 15 November B. I am working on the group
More informationIDHEF Chapter 2 Why Should Anyone Believe Anything At All?
IDHEF Chapter 2 Why Should Anyone Believe Anything At All? -You might have heard someone say, It doesn t really matter what you believe, as long as you believe something. While many people think this is
More informationReasoning SYLLOGISM. follows.
Reasoning SYLLOGISM RULES FOR DERIVING CONCLUSIONS 1. The Conclusion does not contain the Middle Term (M). Premises : All spoons are plates. Some spoons are cups. Invalid Conclusion : All spoons are cups.
More information